diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index c16c16b..2673afd 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ deployments/<name>/   # one folder per stack
 | Script | What it does |
 |--------|--------------|
 | [`setup-host.sh`](scripts/setup-host.sh) | Set hostname per the naming schema (derives FQDN + Node ID) and render the shared MOTD with auto-computed border spacing. |
-| [`harden-ssh.sh`](scripts/harden-ssh.sh) | SSH hardening: post-quantum hybrid KEX, fresh Ed25519 host keys, key-only auth, external SFTP subsystem, sshguard. |
+| [`harden-ssh.sh`](scripts/harden-ssh.sh) | SSH hardening: post-quantum hybrid KEX (every spelling the host's OpenSSH supports; `SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX=1` adds a curve25519 fallback for clients with no PQ method), fresh Ed25519 host keys, key-only auth, external SFTP subsystem, sshguard. |
 | [`harden-jumphost.sh`](scripts/harden-jumphost.sh) | Bastion hardening on top of `harden-ssh`: `ssh-admins` (shell) vs `ssh-jumpers` (ProxyJump-only) with a PermitOpen allow-list. |
 | [`harden-firewall.sh`](scripts/harden-firewall.sh) | Deny-by-default host firewall: **iptables** on Alpine/Debian, **firewalld** on Alma/RHEL (set `FW_BACKEND` to override), **skipped on Proxmox** (`pve-firewall` owns the ruleset). Loopback, established, ICMP, SSH (configurable port) + registered ports; persisted natively (no boot hook). Same `allow`/`deny`/`list`/`disable` sub-commands on both. |
 | [`sshuser.sh`](scripts/sshuser.sh) | Add/edit/remove SSH users on a hardened jump host (Gum TUI or CLI flags). Installed standalone as `sshuser`. |
@@ -166,6 +166,55 @@ path, hostname, boot hooks, and the sshguard log source/backend.
 **simplex** remains **Alpine-targeted** — it depends on `awall` and Tor hidden
 services with Alpine-specific wiring, so it isn't part of the tri-distro set.
 
+### Key exchange and old clients
+
+The KEX list is built from what the host's OpenSSH actually supports (`ssh -Q kex`),
+not from its version number, and it offers **every spelling** of each algorithm.
+That matters: OpenSSH called the same hybrid `sntrup761x25519-sha512@openssh.com`
+before the method was standardised and `sntrup761x25519-sha512` after, and SSH
+matches algorithm names as exact strings — so a server offering only the new
+spelling rejects a client implementing the identical algorithm under the old one,
+with `Unable to negotiate ... no matching key exchange method found`.
+
+Client floor for a PQ-only host, from the OpenSSH release notes:
+
+| Client | Result |
+|---|---|
+| 9.9+ | works — knows both spellings, and ML-KEM |
+| 8.9 – 9.8 | works — its default proposal carries `sntrup761x25519-sha512@openssh.com` |
+| 8.5 – 8.8 | has the algorithm but does **not offer it** by default; needs `KexAlgorithms +sntrup761x25519-sha512@openssh.com` client-side |
+| < 8.5 | no PQ hybrid exists — locked out by design |
+| **Windows in-box `ssh.exe`** | **locked out at every version, including a fully-patched 9.5p2** |
+
+The Windows case is not an age problem, which makes it easy to misdiagnose: Microsoft's
+fork **compiles `sntrup761` out**, because it needs C99 variable-length arrays that MSVC
+does not support (Win32-OpenSSH #2140, #2391). So a fully-patched Windows 11 reports
+`OpenSSH_for_Windows_9.5p2` — new enough on paper — and still lists zero PQ methods in
+`ssh -Q kex`. Two ways out, in order of preference:
+
+1. **Use a client that has PQ.** Check what is already on the box before installing
+   anything — Git for Windows bundles genuine upstream OpenSSH:
+
+   ```powershell
+   & "$env:ProgramFiles\Git\usr\bin\ssh.exe" -Q kex | Select-String 'mlkem|sntrup'
+   ```
+
+   If that prints anything, use that binary and install nothing. Otherwise
+   `winget install --id Microsoft.OpenSSH.Preview` (10.0.0.0p2 added both algorithms).
+   **`Add-WindowsCapability` does not help** — it installs the same in-box 9.5p2. Mind
+   the `PATH` order: the MSI appends `C:\Program Files\OpenSSH`, but
+   `C:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH` is already ahead of it, so a bare `ssh` still resolves
+   to the old binary. Confirm with `(Get-Command ssh).Source`.
+2. **`SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX=1`** — also offer `curve25519-sha256` (and its
+   `@libssh.org` spelling). Off by default. A session that negotiates it is secure
+   against a classical attacker but has **no** store-now-decrypt-later protection.
+   Modern clients still pick a PQ method, because the client's preference order
+   decides. Set it per host rather than fleet-wide, and drop it once the old client
+   is gone.
+
+> `harden-ssh.sh` rewrites `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` wholesale on every run, so hand
+> edits to that file do not survive a re-run. Use the knob, not `sed`.
+
 ## Host firewall
 
 [`scripts/harden-firewall.sh`](scripts/harden-firewall.sh) installs a
diff --git a/cloud-init/base.yml b/cloud-init/base.yml
index 1ce5c02..6813d1d 100644
--- a/cloud-init/base.yml
+++ b/cloud-init/base.yml
@@ -29,6 +29,9 @@ runcmd:
     DATACENTER="Globally Everywhere"
     SSH_PORT=22
     ALLOWED_IP=                      # optional: whitelist your client IP in sshguard
+    SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX=0          # 1 = also offer curve25519-sha256 for clients
+                                     # with no post-quantum KEX (old Windows ssh.exe);
+                                     # costs store-now-decrypt-later protection
     ENABLE_FIREWALL=1                # deny-by-default host firewall (0 to skip;
                                      # always skipped on Proxmox -- pve-firewall owns it)
     OPEN_PORTS=""                    # extra inbound ports, e.g. "80/tcp 443/tcp"
@@ -54,5 +57,6 @@ runcmd:
 
     # SSH hardening (key-only, PQ KEX, sshguard) + deny-by-default host firewall.
     SSH_PORT="$SSH_PORT" ALLOWED_IP="$ALLOWED_IP" \
+    SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX="$SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX" \
     ENABLE_FIREWALL="$ENABLE_FIREWALL" OPEN_PORTS="$OPEN_PORTS" \
     FORCE=1 bash scripts/harden-ssh.sh
diff --git a/cloud-init/jumphost.yml b/cloud-init/jumphost.yml
index 681d647..8967ac6 100644
--- a/cloud-init/jumphost.yml
+++ b/cloud-init/jumphost.yml
@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@ runcmd:
     DATACENTER="Globally Everywhere"
     SSH_PORT=22
     ALLOWED_IP=                      # optional: whitelist your client IP
+    SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX=0          # 1 = also offer curve25519-sha256 for clients
+                                     # with no post-quantum KEX (old Windows ssh.exe);
+                                     # costs store-now-decrypt-later protection
     ENABLE_FIREWALL=1                # deny-by-default host firewall (0 to skip;
                                      # always skipped on Proxmox -- pve-firewall owns it)
     JUMP_TARGETS="10.0.0.5:22 10.0.0.6:22"   # hosts jumpers may ProxyJump to
@@ -57,6 +60,7 @@ runcmd:
     # Bastion hardening (admins shell + jumpers ProxyJump whitelist + optional
     # login notifications).
     SSH_PORT="$SSH_PORT" ALLOWED_IP="$ALLOWED_IP" JUMP_TARGETS="$JUMP_TARGETS" \
+    SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX="$SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX" \
     ENABLE_FIREWALL="$ENABLE_FIREWALL" \
     NTFY_URL="$NTFY_URL" NTFY_TOKEN="$NTFY_TOKEN" NTFY_EMAIL="$NTFY_EMAIL" NTFY_REGION="$NTFY_REGION" \
     FORCE=1 bash scripts/harden-jumphost.sh
diff --git a/scripts/harden-jumphost.sh b/scripts/harden-jumphost.sh
index be031b2..1cdbdca 100644
--- a/scripts/harden-jumphost.sh
+++ b/scripts/harden-jumphost.sh
@@ -77,19 +77,47 @@ fi
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # 2. PQ KEX detection
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-log "Checking OpenSSH version supports PQ KEX..."
-SSH_VER=$(ssh -V 2>&1 | grep -oE 'OpenSSH_[0-9]+\.[0-9]+' | head -1 | sed 's/OpenSSH_//')
-SSH_MAJOR=${SSH_VER%%.*}
-SSH_MINOR=${SSH_VER##*.}
-HAS_MLKEM=0; HAS_SNTRUP=0
-[[ $SSH_MAJOR -gt 9 || ( $SSH_MAJOR -eq 9 && $SSH_MINOR -ge 0 ) ]] && HAS_SNTRUP=1
-[[ $SSH_MAJOR -gt 9 || ( $SSH_MAJOR -eq 9 && $SSH_MINOR -ge 9 ) ]] && HAS_MLKEM=1
-[[ $HAS_SNTRUP -eq 1 || $HAS_MLKEM -eq 1 ]] || die "OpenSSH ${SSH_VER} has no PQ KEX. Need >= 9.0."
-log "OpenSSH ${SSH_VER}: ML-KEM=${HAS_MLKEM} sntrup761=${HAS_SNTRUP}"
+log "Checking which key exchange methods this OpenSSH supports..."
+# Cosmetic only -- every decision below comes from `ssh -Q kex`, not this. A build
+# whose banner does not match (OpenSSH_for_Windows_9.5p2, vendor forks) must not
+# abort the run: without the guard, grep's non-match fails the pipeline under
+# pipefail and set -e kills the script here with no message at all.
+SSH_VER=$(ssh -V 2>&1 | grep -oE 'OpenSSH_[0-9]+[.][0-9]+' | head -1 | sed 's/OpenSSH_//' || true)
 
-KEX_LIST=""
-[[ $HAS_MLKEM  -eq 1 ]] && KEX_LIST="mlkem768x25519-sha256"
-[[ $HAS_SNTRUP -eq 1 ]] && KEX_LIST="${KEX_LIST:+$KEX_LIST,}sntrup761x25519-sha512"
+# Ask the binary what it supports rather than deriving it from the version -- the
+# same algorithm has two spellings and guessing wrong either breaks sshd_config or
+# locks out clients that implement it under the other name. See oslib.
+KEX_PQ="$(ssh_kex_pq_list)"
+KEX_LIST="$(ssh_kex_list)"
+
+if [[ -n "$KEX_PQ" ]]; then
+    if [[ "${SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX:-0}" == "1" ]]; then
+        KEX_NOTE='# --- Key exchange: post-quantum hybrid + classical fallback ---
+# curve25519-sha256 is offered for clients too old for any PQ method
+# (SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX=1). A session that negotiates it has NO store-now-
+# decrypt-later protection -- drop the fallback once those clients are gone.'
+        warn "SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX=1 -- offering curve25519-sha256 next to the PQ methods."
+        warn "  Admits clients with no PQ KEX at all (Windows in-box ssh.exe), at the cost of"
+        warn "  store-now-decrypt-later protection for any session that negotiates it."
+    else
+        KEX_NOTE='# --- Key exchange: post-quantum hybrid only ---
+# Every classical-only method is rejected, which is what protects the session key
+# against "store now, decrypt later". Clients with no PQ KEX cannot connect --
+# re-run with SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX=1 to also offer curve25519-sha256.'
+    fi
+else
+    # No post-quantum method on this host at all. Decide on THAT, not on an empty
+    # list: without the opt-in the classical names are never collected, so an empty
+    # list here would otherwise be misreported as "no usable KEX".
+    [[ "${SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX:-0}" == "1" ]] \
+        || die "OpenSSH ${SSH_VER:-?} has no post-quantum KEX (needs >= 8.5 built with sntrup761). Re-run with SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX=1 to accept classical-only."
+    [[ -n "$KEX_LIST" ]] \
+        || die "OpenSSH ${SSH_VER:-?} reports no usable key exchange method at all ('ssh -Q kex' returned nothing)."
+    KEX_NOTE='# --- Key exchange: CLASSICAL ONLY ---
+# This OpenSSH has no post-quantum method. No store-now-decrypt-later protection.'
+    warn "OpenSSH ${SSH_VER:-?} has no PQ KEX -- classical curve25519 only."
+fi
+log "OpenSSH ${SSH_VER:-?}: KexAlgorithms ${KEX_LIST}"
 
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # 3. Host keys (Ed25519 only)
@@ -174,7 +202,7 @@ LogLevel VERBOSE
 # --- Host key: Ed25519 only ---
 HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key
 
-# --- Post-quantum hybrid KEX only ---
+${KEX_NOTE}
 KexAlgorithms ${KEX_LIST}
 
 # --- Modern ciphers and MACs ---
diff --git a/scripts/harden-ssh.sh b/scripts/harden-ssh.sh
index 406f55d..6201f95 100644
--- a/scripts/harden-ssh.sh
+++ b/scripts/harden-ssh.sh
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@
 #   1. Generates fresh Ed25519 host keys; removes RSA/ECDSA/DSA host keys
 #   2. Generates an Ed25519 root keypair, installs the public key into
 #      /root/.ssh/authorized_keys, and PRINTS the private key to stdout once.
-#   3. Forces post-quantum hybrid KEX only (mlkem768x25519, sntrup761x25519).
+#   3. Forces post-quantum hybrid KEX only (mlkem768x25519, sntrup761x25519 --
+#      every spelling this OpenSSH supports). SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX=1 also
+#      offers curve25519-sha256 for clients with no PQ method at all.
 #   4. Modern ciphers and MACs only.
 #   5. Disables everything but an interactive terminal + SFTP (no forwarding,
 #      tunneling, X11, agent, password auth).
@@ -34,6 +36,16 @@
 #   SSH_PORT=2222 bash harden-ssh.sh        # change port
 #   ALLOWED_IP=1.2.3.4 bash harden-ssh.sh   # whitelist your client IP
 #   FORCE=1 bash harden-ssh.sh              # skip the confirm prompt
+#   SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX=1 bash harden-ssh.sh   # also offer curve25519-sha256
+#
+# SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX exists for one reason: clients too old for ANY
+# post-quantum KEX. The ssh.exe bundled with Windows is the common case -- its
+# `ssh -Q kex` lists no mlkem or sntrup at all, so it cannot connect to a
+# PQ-only host however the server spells the algorithms. Turning this on is a
+# real trade: a session that negotiates curve25519-sha256 is safe against a
+# classical attacker but has no store-now-decrypt-later protection. Prefer
+# upgrading the client (Git for Windows, WSL, or a current Win32-OpenSSH ship
+# OpenSSH 9.x) and leave this off.
 
 set -euo pipefail
 
@@ -67,23 +79,47 @@ if ! command -v ssh >/dev/null 2>&1; then
     install_openssh || die "Could not install OpenSSH; cannot harden. Fix the package error above, then re-run."
 fi
 
-log "Checking OpenSSH version supports PQ KEX..."
-SSH_VER=$(ssh -V 2>&1 | grep -oE 'OpenSSH_[0-9]+\.[0-9]+' | head -1 | sed 's/OpenSSH_//')
-SSH_MAJOR=${SSH_VER%%.*}
-SSH_MINOR=${SSH_VER##*.}
+log "Checking which key exchange methods this OpenSSH supports..."
+# Cosmetic only -- every decision below comes from `ssh -Q kex`, not this. A build
+# whose banner does not match (OpenSSH_for_Windows_9.5p2, vendor forks) must not
+# abort the run: without the guard, grep's non-match fails the pipeline under
+# pipefail and set -e kills the script here with no message at all.
+SSH_VER=$(ssh -V 2>&1 | grep -oE 'OpenSSH_[0-9]+[.][0-9]+' | head -1 | sed 's/OpenSSH_//' || true)
 
-# OpenSSH 9.0+ has sntrup761x25519-sha512; 9.9+ adds mlkem768x25519-sha256.
-HAS_MLKEM=0
-HAS_SNTRUP=0
-[[ $SSH_MAJOR -gt 9 || ( $SSH_MAJOR -eq 9 && $SSH_MINOR -ge 0 ) ]] && HAS_SNTRUP=1
-[[ $SSH_MAJOR -gt 9 || ( $SSH_MAJOR -eq 9 && $SSH_MINOR -ge 9 ) ]] && HAS_MLKEM=1
-[[ $HAS_SNTRUP -eq 1 || $HAS_MLKEM -eq 1 ]] \
-    || die "OpenSSH ${SSH_VER} has no PQ KEX. Need >= 9.0. Upgrade the base OS first."
-log "OpenSSH ${SSH_VER}: ML-KEM=${HAS_MLKEM} sntrup761=${HAS_SNTRUP}"
+# Ask the binary what it supports rather than deriving it from the version -- the
+# same algorithm has two spellings and guessing wrong either breaks sshd_config or
+# locks out clients that implement it under the other name. See oslib.
+KEX_PQ="$(ssh_kex_pq_list)"
+KEX_LIST="$(ssh_kex_list)"
 
-KEX_LIST=""
-[[ $HAS_MLKEM  -eq 1 ]] && KEX_LIST="mlkem768x25519-sha256"
-[[ $HAS_SNTRUP -eq 1 ]] && KEX_LIST="${KEX_LIST:+$KEX_LIST,}sntrup761x25519-sha512"
+if [[ -n "$KEX_PQ" ]]; then
+    if [[ "${SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX:-0}" == "1" ]]; then
+        KEX_NOTE='# --- Key exchange: post-quantum hybrid + classical fallback ---
+# curve25519-sha256 is offered for clients too old for any PQ method
+# (SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX=1). A session that negotiates it has NO store-now-
+# decrypt-later protection -- drop the fallback once those clients are gone.'
+        warn "SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX=1 -- offering curve25519-sha256 next to the PQ methods."
+        warn "  Admits clients with no PQ KEX at all (Windows in-box ssh.exe), at the cost of"
+        warn "  store-now-decrypt-later protection for any session that negotiates it."
+    else
+        KEX_NOTE='# --- Key exchange: post-quantum hybrid only ---
+# Every classical-only method is rejected, which is what protects the session key
+# against "store now, decrypt later". Clients with no PQ KEX cannot connect --
+# re-run with SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX=1 to also offer curve25519-sha256.'
+    fi
+else
+    # No post-quantum method on this host at all. Decide on THAT, not on an empty
+    # list: without the opt-in the classical names are never collected, so an empty
+    # list here would otherwise be misreported as "no usable KEX".
+    [[ "${SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX:-0}" == "1" ]] \
+        || die "OpenSSH ${SSH_VER:-?} has no post-quantum KEX (needs >= 8.5 built with sntrup761). Re-run with SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX=1 to accept classical-only."
+    [[ -n "$KEX_LIST" ]] \
+        || die "OpenSSH ${SSH_VER:-?} reports no usable key exchange method at all ('ssh -Q kex' returned nothing)."
+    KEX_NOTE='# --- Key exchange: CLASSICAL ONLY ---
+# This OpenSSH has no post-quantum method. No store-now-decrypt-later protection.'
+    warn "OpenSSH ${SSH_VER:-?} has no PQ KEX -- classical curve25519 only."
+fi
+log "OpenSSH ${SSH_VER:-?}: KexAlgorithms ${KEX_LIST}"
 
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # 2. Install packages (OS-gated inside oslib)
@@ -175,9 +211,7 @@ PidFile /run/sshd.pid
 # --- Host key: Ed25519 only ---
 HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key
 
-# --- Post-quantum hybrid KEX only ---
-# Anything not in this list (every classical-only KEX) is rejected, which is
-# what protects the session key against "store now, decrypt later".
+${KEX_NOTE}
 KexAlgorithms ${KEX_LIST}
 
 # --- Modern ciphers and MACs ---
@@ -391,8 +425,7 @@ terminal -- before answering yes -- to verify the new keys, port, and PQ
 KEX work. If something is wrong, this reload will end your current session.
 
 Test in another terminal first:
-  ssh -i ~/.ssh/<your saved key> -p ${SSH_PORT} \\
-      -o KexAlgorithms=${KEX_LIST} root@<host>
+  ssh -i ~/.ssh/<your saved key> -p ${SSH_PORT} root@<host>
 
 Reload sshd now? [y/N]
 EOF
diff --git a/scripts/oslib.sh b/scripts/oslib.sh
index ae35af6..e2f0177 100644
--- a/scripts/oslib.sh
+++ b/scripts/oslib.sh
@@ -172,6 +172,66 @@ sshd_service() {
     [[ "$OS_FAMILY" == debian ]] && echo ssh || echo sshd
 }
 
+# ============================================================================
+# SSH key exchange -- post-quantum hybrid, with an opt-in classical fallback.
+# ============================================================================
+# Build the KexAlgorithms list from what THIS OpenSSH build actually supports,
+# asked via `ssh -Q kex`, instead of inferring it from a version number. The
+# same algorithm has two spellings -- OpenSSH used
+# sntrup761x25519-sha512@openssh.com before the method was standardised and
+# sntrup761x25519-sha512 after -- and guessing wrong breaks in both directions:
+# a name the local sshd does not know is a fatal sshd_config error, while a name
+# the CLIENT does not know is an "Unable to negotiate ... no matching key
+# exchange method found" lockout even though both ends implement the algorithm.
+# Offering every spelling this host supports costs nothing and avoids both.
+#
+# SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX=1 additionally offers curve25519-sha256 (and its older
+# @libssh.org spelling): ordinary X25519 ECDH, secure against a classical
+# attacker but with NO post-quantum protection. It exists for clients too old
+# for any PQ method -- notably the ssh.exe bundled with Windows, which has none
+# -- and the callers warn when it is on.
+kex_supported() {  # kex_supported <algorithm-name>
+    ssh -Q kex 2>/dev/null | grep -qxF "$1"
+}
+
+# The post-quantum hybrids this host supports, every spelling it has. Empty when
+# this OpenSSH has none -- pre-8.5, or a build with sntrup761 compiled out (the
+# Microsoft fork does exactly that: it needs C99 VLAs, which MSVC lacks).
+ssh_kex_pq_list() {
+    local list="" k
+    for k in mlkem768x25519-sha256 \
+             sntrup761x25519-sha512 \
+             sntrup761x25519-sha512@openssh.com; do
+        if kex_supported "$k"; then list="${list:+$list,}$k"; fi
+    done
+    printf '%s\n' "$list"
+}
+
+# The classical fallback. Offered only when SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX=1.
+ssh_kex_classic_list() {
+    local list="" k
+    for k in curve25519-sha256 curve25519-sha256@libssh.org; do
+        if kex_supported "$k"; then list="${list:+$list,}$k"; fi
+    done
+    printf '%s\n' "$list"
+}
+
+# The KexAlgorithms value itself: PQ first, classical appended only on request.
+ssh_kex_list() {
+    local pq classic=""
+    pq="$(ssh_kex_pq_list)"
+    if [[ "${SSH_ALLOW_CLASSIC_KEX:-0}" == "1" ]]; then classic="$(ssh_kex_classic_list)"; fi
+    if [[ -n "$pq" && -n "$classic" ]]; then
+        printf '%s,%s\n' "$pq" "$classic"
+    else
+        printf '%s\n' "${pq}${classic}"
+    fi
+}
+
+ssh_kex_has_pq() {  # ssh_kex_has_pq <list>
+    case "$1" in *mlkem*|*sntrup*) return 0 ;; *) return 1 ;; esac
+}
+
 # ============================================================================
 # SSH-specific paths
 # ============================================================================