diff --git a/CHANGES b/CHANGES
index 7f9e569..3e70d7d 100644
--- a/CHANGES
+++ b/CHANGES
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+0.1.32-rc5 (2015-07-10)
+    - feature: -L <depth>: limit recursion depth when expanding as-sets
+      (default: not limited).
+
 0.1.32-rc4 (2015-07-06)
     - change: BIRD can't handle empty lists (NAME = []), so they are not
       generated at all.
diff --git a/bgpq3.c b/bgpq3.c
index f7a6c35..f975c1e 100644
--- a/bgpq3.c
+++ b/bgpq3.c
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ usage(int ecode)
 	printf(" -M match  : extra match conditions for JunOS route-filters\n");
 	printf(" -m len    : maximum prefix length (default: 32 for IPv4, "
 		"128 for IPv6)\n");
+	printf(" -L depth  : limit recursion depth (default: unlimited)\n"),
 	printf(" -l name   : use specified name for generated access/prefix/.."
 		" list\n");
 	printf(" -P        : generate prefix-list (default, just for backward"
@@ -131,7 +132,8 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
 	if (getenv("IRRD_SOURCES"))
 		expander.sources=getenv("IRRD_SOURCES");
 
-	while((c=getopt(argc,argv,"2346AbdDEF:S:jJf:l:m:M:W:Ppr:R:G:Th:Xs"))!=EOF) {
+	while((c=getopt(argc,argv,"2346AbdDEF:S:jJf:l:L:m:M:W:Ppr:R:G:Th:Xs"))
+		!=EOF) {
 	switch(c) {
 		case '2':
 			expand_as23456=1;
@@ -216,6 +218,13 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
 			break;
 		case 'l': expander.name=optarg;
 			break;
+		case 'L': expander.maxdepth=strtol(optarg, NULL, 10);
+			if (expander.maxdepth < 1) {
+				sx_report(SX_FATAL, "Invalid maximum recursion (-L): %s\n",
+					optarg);
+				exit(1);
+			};
+			break;
 		case 'm': maxlen=strtoul(optarg, NULL, 10);
 			if (!maxlen) {
 				sx_report(SX_FATAL, "Invalid maxlen (-m): %s\n", optarg);
diff --git a/bgpq3.h b/bgpq3.h
index 5907f22..8f1e599 100644
--- a/bgpq3.h
+++ b/bgpq3.h
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ struct bgpq_prequest {
 	struct bgpq_prequest* next;
 	char request[128];
 	int size;
-	int (*callback)(char*, void*);
+	int (*callback)(char*, void*, char*);
 	void *udata;
 };
 
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ struct bgpq_expander {
 	struct sx_radix_tree* tree;
 	struct sx_slentry* macroses;
 	struct sx_slentry* rsets;
+	struct sx_slentry* already;
 	int family;
 	char* sources;
 	uint32_t asnumber;
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@ struct bgpq_expander {
 	bgpq_gen_t    generation;
 	int identify;
 	int sequence;
+	int maxdepth;
 	unsigned char asn32;
 	unsigned char* asn32s[65536];
 	struct bgpq_prequest* firstpipe, *lastpipe;
diff --git a/bgpq_expander.c b/bgpq_expander.c
index e6b1b2a..33452fa 100644
--- a/bgpq_expander.c
+++ b/bgpq_expander.c
@@ -24,6 +24,25 @@ int pipelining=1;
 int expand_as23456=0;
 int expand_special_asn=0;
 
+struct limited_req {
+	int cdepth;
+	struct bgpq_expander* b;
+	FILE* f;
+};
+
+struct limited_req*
+lreq_alloc(struct bgpq_expander* b, int cdepth, FILE* f)
+{
+	struct limited_req* lr = malloc(sizeof(struct limited_req));
+	if (!lr)
+		return NULL;
+	memset(lr, 0, sizeof(struct limited_req));
+	lr->cdepth=cdepth;
+	lr->b=b;
+	lr->f=f;
+	return lr;
+};
+
 int
 bgpq_expander_init(struct bgpq_expander* b, int af)
 {
@@ -91,6 +110,23 @@ bgpq_expander_add_rset(struct bgpq_expander* b, char* rs)
 	return 1;
 };
 
+int
+bgpq_expander_add_already(struct bgpq_expander* b, char* rs)
+{
+	struct sx_slentry* le;
+	if(!b || !rs) return 0;
+	le=sx_slentry_new(rs);
+	if(!le) return 0;
+	if(!b->already) {
+		b->already=le;
+	} else {
+		struct sx_slentry* ln=b->already;
+		while(ln->next) ln=ln->next;
+		ln->next=le;
+	};
+	return 1;
+};
+
 int
 bgpq_expander_add_as(struct bgpq_expander* b, char* as)
 {
@@ -146,7 +182,7 @@ bgpq_expander_add_as(struct bgpq_expander* b, char* as)
 		} else if(!b->asn32) {
 			b->asn32s[0][23456/8]|=(0x80>>(23456%8));
 		};
-		return 0;
+		return 1;
 	};
 
 	if(asno<1 || asno>65535) {
@@ -193,7 +229,7 @@ bgpq_expander_add_prefix_range(struct bgpq_expander* b, char* prefix)
 };
 
 int
-bgpq_expanded_macro(char* as, void* udata)
+bgpq_expanded_macro(char* as, void* udata, char* request)
 {
 	struct bgpq_expander* ex=(struct bgpq_expander*)udata;
 	if(!ex) return 0;
@@ -201,8 +237,65 @@ bgpq_expanded_macro(char* as, void* udata)
 	return 1;
 };
 
+int bgpq_pipeline(struct bgpq_expander* b, FILE* f,
+	int (*callback)(char*, void*,char*), void* udata, char* fmt, ...);
+int bgpq_expand_irrd(FILE* f, int (*callback)(char*, void*,char*), void* udata,
+	char* fmt, ...);
+
 int
-bgpq_expanded_prefix(char* as, void* udata)
+bgpq_expanded_macro_limit(char* as, void* udata, char* request)
+{
+	struct limited_req* lr = (struct limited_req*)udata;
+	struct sx_slentry* already = lr->b->already;
+	if (!strncasecmp(as, "AS-", 3)) {
+addasset:
+		while(already) {
+			if (!strcasecmp(already->text, as)) {
+				SX_DEBUG(debug_expander>2,"%s is already expanding, ignore\n",
+					as);
+				return 0;
+			};
+			already=already->next;
+		};
+		if(lr->cdepth + 1 < lr->b->maxdepth) {
+			struct limited_req* lr1 = lreq_alloc(lr->b,lr->cdepth+1,lr->f);
+			bgpq_expander_add_already(lr->b,as);
+			if (pipelining) {
+				bgpq_pipeline(lr->b,lr->f,bgpq_expanded_macro_limit,lr1,
+					"!i%s\n",as);
+			} else {
+				bgpq_expand_irrd(lr->f,bgpq_expanded_macro_limit,lr1,
+					"!i%s\n",as);
+			};
+		} else {
+			SX_DEBUG(debug_expander>2, "ignoring %s at depth %i\n", as,
+				lr->cdepth+1);
+		};
+	} else if(!strncasecmp(as, "AS", 2)) {
+		char* cc = strchr(as, ':');
+		if (cc) {
+			if(!strncasecmp(cc+1, "AS-", 3)) goto addasset;
+			SX_DEBUG(debug_expander,"Unexpected sub-as object '%s' in "
+				"response to %s\n", as, request);
+		} else {
+			if(bgpq_expander_add_as(lr->b, as)) {
+				SX_DEBUG(debug_expander>2, ".. added asn %s\n", as);
+			} else { 
+				SX_DEBUG(debug_expander, ".. some error adding as %s (in "
+					"response to %s)\n", as, request);
+			};
+		};
+	} else {
+		sx_report(SX_ERROR, "unexpected object '%s' in expanded_macro_limit "
+			"(in response to %s)\n", as, request);
+	};
+	return 1;
+};
+
+
+
+int
+bgpq_expanded_prefix(char* as, void* udata, char* request)
 {
 	struct bgpq_expander* ex=(struct bgpq_expander*)udata;
 	char* d = strchr(as, '^');
@@ -215,7 +308,7 @@ bgpq_expanded_prefix(char* as, void* udata)
 };
 
 int
-bgpq_expanded_v6prefix(char* prefix, void* udata)
+bgpq_expanded_v6prefix(char* prefix, void* udata, char* request)
 {
 	struct bgpq_expander* ex=(struct bgpq_expander*)udata;
 	if(!ex) return 0;
@@ -226,27 +319,26 @@ bgpq_expanded_v6prefix(char* prefix, void* udata)
 int bgpq_pipeline_dequeue(FILE* f, struct bgpq_expander* b);
 
 int
-bgpq_pipeline(FILE* f, int (*callback)(char*, void*), void* udata,
-	char* fmt, ...)
+bgpq_pipeline(struct bgpq_expander* b, FILE* f,
+	int (*callback)(char*, void*,char*), void* udata, char* fmt, ...)
 {
 	char request[128];
 	int ret, rlen;
 	struct bgpq_prequest* bp=NULL;
-	struct bgpq_expander* d=(struct bgpq_expander*)udata;
 	va_list ap;
 	va_start(ap,fmt);
 	vsnprintf(request,sizeof(request),fmt,ap);
 	va_end(ap);
 
 	rlen=strlen(request);
-	if(rlen+d->qsize >= d->socksize) {
+	if(rlen+b->qsize >= b->socksize) {
 		SX_DEBUG(debug_expander, "looks like socket buffer shortage, "
-			"queued %i of %i, dequeueing\n", d->qsize, d->socksize);
-		bgpq_pipeline_dequeue(f, d);
+			"queued %i of %i, dequeueing\n", b->qsize, b->socksize);
+		bgpq_pipeline_dequeue(f, b);
 	};
 
 	SX_DEBUG(debug_expander,"expander: sending '%s' (queued %i of %i)\n",
-		request, d->qsize, d->socksize);
+		request, b->qsize, b->socksize);
 
 	bp=malloc(sizeof(struct bgpq_prequest));
 	if(!bp) {
@@ -268,15 +360,15 @@ bgpq_pipeline(FILE* f, int (*callback)(char*, void*), void* udata,
 	bp->callback=callback;
 	bp->udata=udata;
 	bp->size=rlen;
-	d->qsize+=rlen;
+	b->qsize+=rlen;
 
-	if(d->lastpipe) {
-		d->lastpipe->next=bp;
-		d->lastpipe=bp;
+	if(b->lastpipe) {
+		b->lastpipe->next=bp;
+		b->lastpipe=bp;
 	} else {
-		d->firstpipe=d->lastpipe=bp;
+		b->firstpipe=b->lastpipe=bp;
 	};
-	d->piped++;
+	b->piped++;
 
 	return 0;
 };
@@ -290,10 +382,10 @@ bgpq_pipeline_dequeue(FILE* f, struct bgpq_expander* b)
 		memset(request,0,sizeof(request));
 		if(!fgets(request,sizeof(request),f)) {
 			if(ferror(f)) {
-				sx_report(SX_FATAL,"Error reading data from RADB: %s (dequeue)"
+				sx_report(SX_FATAL,"Error reading data from IRRd: %s (dequeue)"
 					"\n", strerror(errno));
 			} else {
-				sx_report(SX_FATAL,"EOF from RADB (dequeue)\n");
+				sx_report(SX_FATAL,"EOF from IRRd (dequeue)\n");
 			};
 			exit(1);
 		};
@@ -309,38 +401,38 @@ bgpq_pipeline_dequeue(FILE* f, struct bgpq_expander* b)
 					*eon,request);
 				exit(1);
 			};
-			if(fgets(recvbuffer,togot+1,f)==NULL) {
+			if(fgets(recvbuffer,togot+2,f)==NULL) {
 				if(ferror(f)) {
-					sx_report(SX_FATAL,"Error reading RADB: %s (dequeue, "
+					sx_report(SX_FATAL,"Error reading IRRd: %s (dequeue, "
 						"result)\n", strerror(errno));
 				} else {
-					sx_report(SX_FATAL,"EOF from RADB (dequeue, result)\n");
+					sx_report(SX_FATAL,"EOF from IRRd (dequeue, result)\n");
 				};
 				exit(1);
 			};
-			SX_DEBUG(debug_expander>=3,"Got %s in response to %s",recvbuffer,
-				b->firstpipe->request);
+			if(fgets(request,sizeof(request),f)==NULL) {
+				if(ferror(f)) {
+					sx_report(SX_FATAL,"Error reading IRRd: %s (dequeue,final)"
+						")\n", strerror(errno));
+				} else {
+					sx_report(SX_FATAL,"EOF from IRRd (dequeue,final)\n");
+				};
+				exit(1);
+			};
+			SX_DEBUG(debug_expander>=3,"Got %s (%lu bytes of %lu) in response "
+				"to %s. final code: %s",recvbuffer,strlen(recvbuffer),togot,
+				b->firstpipe->request,request);
 
 			for(c=recvbuffer; c<recvbuffer+togot;) {
 				size_t spn=strcspn(c," \n");
 				if(spn) c[spn]=0;
 				if(c[0]==0) break;
 				if(b->firstpipe->callback) {
-					b->firstpipe->callback(c,b->firstpipe->udata);
+					b->firstpipe->callback(c,b->firstpipe->udata,
+						b->firstpipe->request);
 				};
 				c+=spn+1;
 			};
-
-			/* Final code */
-			if(fgets(recvbuffer,togot,f)==NULL) {
-				if(ferror(f)) {
-					sx_report(SX_FATAL,"Error reading RADB: %s (dequeue,final)"
-						")\n", strerror(errno));
-				} else {
-					sx_report(SX_FATAL,"EOF from RADB (dequeue,final)\n");
-				};
-				exit(1);
-			};
 		} else if(request[0]=='C') {
 			/* No data */
 		} else if(request[0]=='D') {
@@ -365,10 +457,10 @@ bgpq_pipeline_dequeue(FILE* f, struct bgpq_expander* b)
 };
 
 int
-bgpq_expand_irrd(FILE* f, int (*callback)(char*, void*), void* udata,
+bgpq_expand_irrd(FILE* f, int (*callback)(char*, void*,char*), void* udata,
 	char* fmt, ...)
 {
-	char request[128];
+	char request[128], response[128];
 	va_list ap;
 	int ret;
 
@@ -384,8 +476,8 @@ bgpq_expand_irrd(FILE* f, int (*callback)(char*, void*), void* udata,
 			ret,strerror(errno));
 		exit(1);
 	};
-	memset(request,0,sizeof(request));
-	if(!fgets(request,sizeof(request),f)) {
+	memset(response,0,sizeof(response));
+	if(!fgets(response,sizeof(response),f)) {
 		if(ferror(f)) {
 			sx_report(SX_FATAL,"Error reading data from IRRd: %s (expand)"
 				"\n", strerror(errno));
@@ -395,15 +487,15 @@ bgpq_expand_irrd(FILE* f, int (*callback)(char*, void*), void* udata,
 		exit(1);
 	};
 	SX_DEBUG(debug_expander>2,"expander: initially got %lu bytes, '%s'\n",
-		(unsigned long)strlen(request),request);
-	if(request[0]=='A') {
+		(unsigned long)strlen(response),response);
+	if(response[0]=='A') {
 		char* eon, *c;
-		long togot=strtoul(request+1,&eon,10);
+		long togot=strtoul(response+1,&eon,10);
 		char recvbuffer[togot+1];
 
 		if(eon && *eon!='\n') {
 			sx_report(SX_ERROR,"A-code finised with wrong char '%c' (%s)\n",
-				*eon,request);
+				*eon,response);
 			exit(1);
 		};
 
@@ -416,6 +508,15 @@ bgpq_expand_irrd(FILE* f, int (*callback)(char*, void*), void* udata,
 			};
 			exit(1);
 		};
+		if(fgets(response,sizeof(response),f)==NULL) {
+			if(ferror(f)) {
+				sx_report(SX_FATAL,"Error reading IRRd: %s (dequeue,final)",
+					strerror(errno));
+			} else {
+				sx_report(SX_FATAL,"EOF from IRRd (dequeue,final)\n");
+			};
+			exit(1);
+		};
 		SX_DEBUG(debug_expander>2,"expander: final reply of %lu bytes, '%s'\n",
 			(unsigned long)strlen(recvbuffer),recvbuffer);
 
@@ -423,28 +524,19 @@ bgpq_expand_irrd(FILE* f, int (*callback)(char*, void*), void* udata,
 			size_t spn=strcspn(c," \n");
 			if(spn) c[spn]=0;
 			if(c[0]==0) break;
-			if(callback) callback(c,udata);
+			if(callback) callback(c,udata,request);
 			c+=spn+1;
 		};
-
-		if(fgets(recvbuffer,togot,f)==NULL) {
-			if(feof(f)) {
-				sx_report(SX_FATAL,"EOF from IRRd (expand,final)\n");
-			} else {
-				sx_report(SX_FATAL,"ERROR from IRRd: %s\n", strerror(errno));
-			};
-			exit(1);
-		};
-	} else if(request[0]=='C') {
+	} else if(response[0]=='C') {
 		/* no data */
-	} else if(request[0]=='D') {
+	} else if(response[0]=='D') {
 		/* ... */
-	} else if(request[0]=='E') {
+	} else if(response[0]=='E') {
 		/* XXXXXX */
-	} else if(request[0]=='F') {
+	} else if(response[0]=='F') {
 		/* XXXXXX */
 	} else {
-		sx_report(SX_ERROR,"Wrong reply: %s\n", request);
+		sx_report(SX_ERROR,"Wrong reply: %s\n", response);
 		exit(0);
 	};
 	return 0;
@@ -540,8 +632,30 @@ bgpq_expand(struct bgpq_expander* b)
 	};
 
 	for(mc=b->macroses;mc;mc=mc->next) {
-		bgpq_expand_irrd(f,bgpq_expanded_macro,b,"!i%s,1\n",mc->text);
+		if (!b->maxdepth) {
+			bgpq_expand_irrd(f,bgpq_expanded_macro,b,"!i%s,1\n",mc->text);
+		} else {
+			struct limited_req* lr = lreq_alloc(b, 0, f);
+			bgpq_expander_add_already(b,mc->text);
+			if (!lr) {
+				sx_report(SX_FATAL, "Unable to allocate memory: %s\n",
+					strerror(errno));
+				exit(1);
+			};
+			if (pipelining) {
+				bgpq_pipeline(b,f,bgpq_expanded_macro_limit,lr,"!i%s\n",
+					mc->text);
+			} else {
+				bgpq_expand_irrd(f,bgpq_expanded_macro_limit,lr,"!i%s\n",
+					mc->text);
+			};
+		};
 	};
+
+	if(pipelining && b->firstpipe) {
+		bgpq_pipeline_dequeue(f,b);
+	};
+
 	if(b->generation>=T_PREFIXLIST) {
 		unsigned i, j, k;
 		for(mc=b->rsets;mc;mc=mc->next) {
@@ -567,10 +681,10 @@ bgpq_expand(struct bgpq_expander* b)
 										"!6as%u\r\n", i*8+j);
 							} else {
 								if(k>0)
-									bgpq_pipeline(f,bgpq_expanded_v6prefix,b,
+									bgpq_pipeline(b,f,bgpq_expanded_v6prefix,b,
 										"!6as%u.%u\r\n", k, i*8+j);
 								else
-									bgpq_pipeline(f,bgpq_expanded_v6prefix,b,
+									bgpq_pipeline(b,f,bgpq_expanded_v6prefix,b,
 										"!6as%u\r\n", i*8+j);
 							};
 						} else {
@@ -583,10 +697,10 @@ bgpq_expand(struct bgpq_expander* b)
 										"!gas%u\n", i*8+j);
 							} else {
 								if(k>0)
-									bgpq_pipeline(f,bgpq_expanded_prefix,b,
+									bgpq_pipeline(b,f,bgpq_expanded_prefix,b,
 										"!gas%u.%u\n", k, i*8+j);
 								else
-									bgpq_pipeline(f,bgpq_expanded_prefix,b,
+									bgpq_pipeline(b,f,bgpq_expanded_prefix,b,
 										"!gas%u\n", i*8+j);
 							};
 						};
diff --git a/configure b/configure
index 94bdfc1..e6bc984 100755
--- a/configure
+++ b/configure
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #! /bin/sh
 # Guess values for system-dependent variables and create Makefiles.
-# Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69 for bgpq3 0.1.32-rc4.
+# Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69 for bgpq3 0.1.32-rc5.
 #
 # Report bugs to <snar@snar.spb.ru>.
 #
@@ -579,8 +579,8 @@ MAKEFLAGS=
 # Identity of this package.
 PACKAGE_NAME='bgpq3'
 PACKAGE_TARNAME='bgpq3'
-PACKAGE_VERSION='0.1.32-rc4'
-PACKAGE_STRING='bgpq3 0.1.32-rc4'
+PACKAGE_VERSION='0.1.32-rc5'
+PACKAGE_STRING='bgpq3 0.1.32-rc5'
 PACKAGE_BUGREPORT='snar@snar.spb.ru'
 PACKAGE_URL=''
 
@@ -1187,7 +1187,7 @@ if test "$ac_init_help" = "long"; then
   # Omit some internal or obsolete options to make the list less imposing.
   # This message is too long to be a string in the A/UX 3.1 sh.
   cat <<_ACEOF
-\`configure' configures bgpq3 0.1.32-rc4 to adapt to many kinds of systems.
+\`configure' configures bgpq3 0.1.32-rc5 to adapt to many kinds of systems.
 
 Usage: $0 [OPTION]... [VAR=VALUE]...
 
@@ -1248,7 +1248,7 @@ fi
 
 if test -n "$ac_init_help"; then
   case $ac_init_help in
-     short | recursive ) echo "Configuration of bgpq3 0.1.32-rc4:";;
+     short | recursive ) echo "Configuration of bgpq3 0.1.32-rc5:";;
    esac
   cat <<\_ACEOF
 
@@ -1327,7 +1327,7 @@ fi
 test -n "$ac_init_help" && exit $ac_status
 if $ac_init_version; then
   cat <<\_ACEOF
-bgpq3 configure 0.1.32-rc4
+bgpq3 configure 0.1.32-rc5
 generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69
 
 Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@@ -1495,7 +1495,7 @@ cat >config.log <<_ACEOF
 This file contains any messages produced by compilers while
 running configure, to aid debugging if configure makes a mistake.
 
-It was created by bgpq3 $as_me 0.1.32-rc4, which was
+It was created by bgpq3 $as_me 0.1.32-rc5, which was
 generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69.  Invocation command line was
 
   $ $0 $@
@@ -3413,7 +3413,7 @@ cat >>$CONFIG_STATUS <<\_ACEOF || ac_write_fail=1
 # report actual input values of CONFIG_FILES etc. instead of their
 # values after options handling.
 ac_log="
-This file was extended by bgpq3 $as_me 0.1.32-rc4, which was
+This file was extended by bgpq3 $as_me 0.1.32-rc5, which was
 generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69.  Invocation command line was
 
   CONFIG_FILES    = $CONFIG_FILES
@@ -3475,7 +3475,7 @@ _ACEOF
 cat >>$CONFIG_STATUS <<_ACEOF || ac_write_fail=1
 ac_cs_config="`$as_echo "$ac_configure_args" | sed 's/^ //; s/[\\""\`\$]/\\\\&/g'`"
 ac_cs_version="\\
-bgpq3 config.status 0.1.32-rc4
+bgpq3 config.status 0.1.32-rc5
 configured by $0, generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69,
   with options \\"\$ac_cs_config\\"
 
diff --git a/configure.in b/configure.in
index da5531c..b9da3b8 100644
--- a/configure.in
+++ b/configure.in
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-AC_INIT(bgpq3,0.1.32-rc4,snar@snar.spb.ru)
+AC_INIT(bgpq3,0.1.32-rc5,snar@snar.spb.ru)
 AC_CONFIG_HEADER(config.h)
 AC_PROG_CC
 AC_PROG_INSTALL