diff --git a/src/extract.go b/src/extract.go
index 59ef0ac..e3b3a6f 100644
--- a/src/extract.go
+++ b/src/extract.go
@@ -145,6 +145,9 @@ func ExtractTar(ctx context.Context, reader io.Reader, oldManifest *Manifest) (*
 		return nil, UnresolvedRefError{missing}
 	}
 
+	// Ensure parent directories exist for all entries.
+	EnsureLeadingDirectories(manifest)
+
 	logc.Printf(ctx,
 		"reuse: %s recycled, %s transferred\n",
 		datasize.ByteSize(dataBytesRecycled).HR(),
@@ -226,6 +229,9 @@ func ExtractZip(ctx context.Context, reader io.Reader, oldManifest *Manifest) (*
 		return nil, UnresolvedRefError{missing}
 	}
 
+	// Ensure parent directories exist for all entries.
+	EnsureLeadingDirectories(manifest)
+
 	logc.Printf(ctx,
 		"reuse: %s recycled, %s transferred\n",
 		datasize.ByteSize(dataBytesRecycled).HR(),
@@ -234,3 +240,4 @@ func ExtractZip(ctx context.Context, reader io.Reader, oldManifest *Manifest) (*
 
 	return manifest, nil
 }
+
diff --git a/src/manifest.go b/src/manifest.go
index b5c6df2..024db67 100644
--- a/src/manifest.go
+++ b/src/manifest.go
@@ -144,6 +144,20 @@ func AddProblem(manifest *Manifest, pathName, format string, args ...any) error
 	return fmt.Errorf("%s: %s", pathName, cause)
 }
 
+// EnsureLeadingDirectories adds directory entries for any parent directories
+// that are implicitly referenced by files in the manifest but don't have
+// explicit directory entries. (This can be the case if an archive is created
+// via globs rather than including a whole directory.)
+func EnsureLeadingDirectories(manifest *Manifest) {
+	for name := range manifest.Contents {
+		for dir := path.Dir(name); dir != "." && dir != ""; dir = path.Dir(dir) {
+			if _, exists := manifest.Contents[dir]; !exists {
+				AddDirectory(manifest, dir)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func GetProblemReport(manifest *Manifest) []string {
 	var report []string
 	for _, problem := range manifest.Problems {