From fc4e10573c17d088c12daed78ffb70a13c880e3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Dmitry Verkhoturov <paskal.07@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 21 Aug 2026 08:30:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] Replace react-intl and remove React from the widget (#2176)

Second and final step of #2166. `react-intl` is replaced by
`app/common/intl.tsx`, a small i18n binding over Preact context, and with
`react-redux` already gone nothing holds the React compatibility alias.

React is now absent from the lockfile, the installed tree, the config and
the bundles: `react`, `react-dom`, `react-intl`, `@types/react`,
`@preact/compat`, `use-sync-external-store` and `intl-messageformat` are
all gone, along with the `paths` entries in `tsconfig.json` and three
babel-loader excludes. Runtime dependencies go from 15 to 10.

`preact/compat` goes too, which matters more than its 3.8 kB. Importing
it anywhere installs hooks on preact's shared `options` that remap
`onFocus`/`onBlur` to `focusin`/`focusout` for every element and make
`@testing-library/preact` rewrite `change` to `input`, the two bugs
behind #2166, still live until now. `Button` was wrapped in `forwardRef`
with no caller passing one, and `TextareaAutosize` now takes its ref as
an ordinary prop. The workaround in `sort-picker.spec.tsx` is gone with
them, since `fireEvent.change` reaches a `<select>` again.

Gzipped, against master: `remark.mjs` 76.17 kB to 56.47, `last-comments.mjs`
37.97 to 18.26, `deleteme.mjs` 14.51 to 8.42. The limits move with them and
keep more relative headroom than master shipped.

### The binding

`IntlProvider`, `useIntl`, `createIntl`, `defineMessages`,
`FormattedMessage` and `IntlShape`. 32 files change only their import.

The export names copy react-intl's deliberately: `formatjs extract` finds
messages by recognising `defineMessages`, `FormattedMessage` and
`intl.formatMessage` in the AST rather than by import source, so renaming
one silently empties the catalogue. `frontend/CLAUDE.md` records that,
along with the destructive part: `translation:generate` would then strip
the unextracted keys from all 24 catalogues and the check would pass.

A message the binding cannot parse falls back to the message in the
source: a broken, unhandled or nested tag, a brace that is not a
well-formed placeholder, and a placeholder naming a value the caller did
not supply. `mk.json` and `th.json` carried broken markup and rendered in
English; both are repaired, so a catalogue sweep over every locale can now
require well-formed markup with no exceptions listed.

`translation:check` gained the validation that would have caught them when
they were proposed: a translation's tags have to be well-formed pairs of the
names the English string uses, with no attributes, and its placeholders have
to be ones the English string provides. Leaving a tag or a placeholder out
stays allowed. Run against master's catalogues it reports both.

### enzyme

`@types/enzyme` was the last thing pulling `@types/react`, so React could
not leave while enzyme stayed. Its three test files move to
`@testing-library/preact`, which now has no rival: `@testing-library/preact-hooks`
had one import left and its own unmet peer warning. `intersection-observer`
was a runtime dependency nothing imported, and the `cheerio` override lost
its last dependent with enzyme.

Enzyme's `.find(X).prop()` threw unless exactly one node matched, so the
converted tests assert node counts explicitly to keep that.

### Verified

All 181 message ids formatted across all 24 catalogues through both real
react-intl and this binding: 4344 comparisons, no differences. From a wiped
`node_modules`: `pnpm install --frozen-lockfile`, `pnpm lint`,
`pnpm type-check`, `pnpm test` (392 tests, 42 suites), `pnpm build`,
`pnpm size-check`, `pnpm translation-check`.
---
 frontend/CLAUDE.md                            |  60 ++-
 frontend/apps/remark42/.size-limit.js         |   6 +-
 .../apps/remark42/app/common/intl.test.tsx    | 329 +++++++++++++
 frontend/apps/remark42/app/common/intl.tsx    | 253 ++++++++++
 .../components/auth-panel/auth-panel.test.tsx |  36 +-
 .../app/components/auth-panel/auth-panel.tsx  |   2 +-
 .../app/components/auth/auth.hooks.ts         |   2 +-
 .../app/components/auth/auth.messages.ts      |   2 +-
 .../remark42/app/components/auth/auth.tsx     |   2 +-
 .../app/components/auth/components/oauth.tsx  |   2 +-
 .../remark42/app/components/button/button.tsx |  10 +-
 .../comment-form__subscribe-by-email.test.tsx | 221 ++++-----
 .../comment-form__subscribe-by-email.tsx      |   2 +-
 .../comment-form__subscribe-by-rss.test.tsx   |  33 +-
 .../comment-form__subscribe-by-rss.tsx        |   2 +-
 .../comment-form__subscribe-by-telegram.tsx   |   2 +-
 .../comment-form/comment-form.spec.tsx        |   2 +-
 .../components/comment-form/comment-form.tsx  |   4 +-
 .../comment-form/markdown-toolbar.tsx         |   2 +-
 .../components/comment/comment-actions.tsx    |   2 +-
 .../app/components/comment/comment-votes.tsx  |   2 +-
 .../app/components/comment/comment.test.tsx   |   2 +-
 .../app/components/comment/comment.tsx        |   2 +-
 .../components/comment/connected-comment.tsx  |   2 +-
 .../comment/getBlockingDurations.ts           |   2 +-
 .../list-comments/list-comments.tsx           |   2 +-
 .../profile/components/counter/counter.tsx    |   4 +-
 .../app/components/profile/profile.tsx        |   2 +-
 .../remark42/app/components/root/root.tsx     |   2 +-
 .../app/components/settings/settings.tsx      |   2 +-
 .../app/components/sort-picker.spec.tsx       |   5 +-
 .../remark42/app/components/sort-picker.tsx   |   2 +-
 .../app/components/spinner/spinner.tsx        |   2 +-
 .../app/components/telegram/telegram-link.tsx |   2 +-
 .../components/telegram/telegram.messages.ts  |   2 +-
 .../app/components/textarea-autosize.spec.tsx |  21 +
 .../app/components/textarea-autosize.tsx      |  20 +-
 .../remark42/app/components/thread/thread.tsx |   2 +-
 frontend/apps/remark42/app/hooks/useAction.ts |   2 +-
 .../app/hooks/useSessionState.spec.ts         |  34 +-
 frontend/apps/remark42/app/last-comments.tsx  |   2 +-
 frontend/apps/remark42/app/locales/mk.json    |   2 +-
 frontend/apps/remark42/app/locales/th.json    |   2 +-
 frontend/apps/remark42/app/remark.tsx         |   2 +-
 frontend/apps/remark42/app/tests/utils.tsx    |   2 +-
 .../apps/remark42/app/typings/enzyme.d.ts     |   1 -
 .../apps/remark42/app/utils/errorUtils.ts     |   2 +-
 .../apps/remark42/app/utils/loadLocale.ts     |   2 +-
 frontend/apps/remark42/jest.config.ts         |   1 -
 frontend/apps/remark42/jest.setup.ts          |   4 -
 frontend/apps/remark42/package.json           |  10 +-
 .../apps/remark42/tasks/checkTranslation.js   |  97 +++-
 .../apps/remark42/tasks/localeLoadTemplate.js |   2 +-
 frontend/apps/remark42/tsconfig.json          |   2 -
 frontend/apps/remark42/webpack.config.js      |   3 -
 frontend/package.json                         |   3 +-
 frontend/pnpm-lock.yaml                       | 441 ------------------
 site/src/docs/contributing/frontend/index.md  |   7 +-
 .../docs/contributing/translations/index.md   |  23 +-
 59 files changed, 983 insertions(+), 713 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 frontend/apps/remark42/app/common/intl.test.tsx
 create mode 100644 frontend/apps/remark42/app/common/intl.tsx
 create mode 100644 frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/textarea-autosize.spec.tsx
 delete mode 100644 frontend/apps/remark42/app/typings/enzyme.d.ts
 delete mode 100644 frontend/apps/remark42/jest.setup.ts

diff --git a/frontend/CLAUDE.md b/frontend/CLAUDE.md
index 7387c5b4..0d9783f9 100644
--- a/frontend/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/frontend/CLAUDE.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-# Frontend dependency updates
+# Frontend gotchas
 
-Non-obvious things that bit us during the pnpm 8→10 / node 16→20 migration (PR #2091, fixing #2085). Read before bumping dependencies or the node/pnpm toolchain again.
+Non-obvious constraints in the frontend toolchain and widget. Read before bumping dependencies or the node/pnpm versions, and before changing how the widget renders or how translations are extracted.
 
 ## The node/pnpm version is pinned in many places, not one
 
@@ -22,10 +22,8 @@ When bumping pnpm/node, also re-check `frontend/apps/remark42/package.json`'s `e
 
 ## pnpm 10's stricter `node-linker` layout needs explicit pins
 
-A few deps needed pinning specifically because of pnpm 10's hoisting changes, not because of the deps themselves:
-- `react-intl` 6.0.5 — newer versions' type declarations break the preact-compat alias setup
+One dep is pinned specifically because of pnpm 10's hoisting changes, not because of the dep itself:
 - `@types/minimatch` 5.1.2 — 6.x is an empty stub that the hoisted layout picks up instead of the real types
-- `cheerio` 1.0.0-rc.12 — 1.2 is ESM-only and breaks under jest 28
 
 If a dependency bump mysteriously breaks types or module resolution only after a pnpm major bump, suspect the layout change before suspecting the dependency.
 
@@ -59,8 +57,7 @@ without `import { h }` would type-check and lint clean, then throw at runtime, b
 These were deliberately not bumped because each is a config-migration or bundle-changing major, not a drop-in update — don't bump them opportunistically inside an unrelated dependency PR:
 
 - `eslint` 8 (9/10 need flat-config migration), `stylelint` 14 (16 has breaking rule changes), `babel` 7, `jest` 28 (30 needs config changes)
-- `react`/`react-dom` (the app uses `preact` aliased as `react`/`react-dom` via `preact/compat` — don't "fix" this by installing real react)
-- `redux`/`react-redux`, `tailwindcss` 3.4 (v4 is a full config rewrite), `@11ty/eleventy` 2 (v3 is an ESM migration) in `site/`
+- `redux` 4, `tailwindcss` 3.4 (v4 is a full config rewrite), `@11ty/eleventy` 2 (v3 is an ESM migration) in `site/`
 
 ## `html-minifier` is abandoned — use `html-minifier-terser`
 
@@ -75,3 +72,52 @@ There's no automated build-output diff in CI. Before merging a dependency PR tha
 ## Where the alerts actually were
 
 When clearing Dependabot/audit alerts, check whether the flagged package is actually reachable from production code or only from the dev/test toolchain — `pnpm audit`/`yarn audit` don't distinguish. Several alerts here were in build-time-only tooling (webpack-dev-server, laravel-mix-equivalent dev deps) with no patched release available; those are lower-risk than a runtime dependency with the same severity label.
+
+## Don't import `preact/compat`
+
+It installs hooks on preact's shared `options` that remap `onFocus`/`onBlur` to
+`focusin`/`focusout` on every element and make `@testing-library/preact` rewrite `change` to
+`input`, so one import changes event behaviour across the whole widget, and it adds about
+3.8 kB gzipped.
+
+`forwardRef` lives only there, so a component that needs a ref takes it as an ordinary prop;
+`TextareaAutosize` is the pattern. For a component type annotation use `FunctionComponent`
+from `preact`, not `React.FC`.
+
+## i18n is a hand-written binding whose export names are fixed by the extractor
+
+`app/common/intl.tsx` provides `IntlProvider`, `useIntl`, `createIntl`, `defineMessages`,
+`FormattedMessage` and `IntlShape`. `formatjs extract` (`translation:extract`) finds messages
+by recognising the identifiers `defineMessages`, `FormattedMessage` and `intl.formatMessage`
+in the AST, not by import source, so those three names are fixed. Rename any of them and
+extraction returns nothing, with no error and a zero exit code.
+
+The damage lands on the next step. `translation:check` compares locale keys against extracted
+keys and fails loudly, but `tasks/generateDictionary.js` calls `removeAbandonedKeys`, so
+`translation:generate` after a rename deletes the now-unextracted keys from all 24 files in
+`app/locales/` and writes them back, after which the check passes. Extract-then-generate is
+the documented translator workflow, so the destructive order is the normal one.
+
+After any rename or refactor touching those identifiers, verify the count rather than the exit
+code:
+
+```sh
+pnpm translation:extract
+node -e "console.log(Object.keys(require('./extracted-messages/messages')).length)"
+```
+
+It must match the key count in `app/locales/en.json`, not drop to 0.
+
+The binding implements `{name}` interpolation and paired `<tag>text</tag>` rich text, and
+nothing else of ICU: no plural, select or selectordinal, no typed arguments such as
+`{n, number}`, and no apostrophe quoting. A plural or select form has braces the placeholder
+rule rejects, so it falls back to English wherever values are passed and shows its raw text
+where they are not; `''` simply stays as two apostrophes.
+
+`translation:check` validates every translated value's markup and placeholders against the
+English string it translates, mirroring the binding's rule, and the catalogue sweep in
+`app/common/intl.test.tsx` additionally renders the two messages that carry a link. What
+neither catches is unsupported ICU syntax, since a plural form is well-formed text as far as
+both are concerned. A message the binding cannot resolve falls back to the English source
+rather than reaching the page, so without these checks a broken translation is invisible in
+the interface.
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/.size-limit.js b/frontend/apps/remark42/.size-limit.js
index 2036a041..5507ca60 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/.size-limit.js
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/.size-limit.js
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module.exports = [
   },
   {
     path: 'public/remark.mjs',
-    limit: '80 KB',
+    limit: '60 KB',
   },
   {
     path: 'public/remark.css',
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module.exports = [
   },
   {
     path: 'public/last-comments.mjs',
-    limit: '40 KB',
+    limit: '20 KB',
   },
   {
     path: 'public/last-comments.css',
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ module.exports = [
   },
   {
     path: 'public/deleteme.mjs',
-    limit: '15 KB',
+    limit: '9.5 KB',
   },
   {
     path: 'public/counter.mjs',
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/common/intl.test.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/common/intl.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7a45803
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/common/intl.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+import { readdirSync, readFileSync } from 'fs';
+import { join } from 'path';
+
+import { render, screen } from '@testing-library/preact';
+
+import { FormattedMessage, IntlProvider, createIntl, defineMessages, useIntl } from './intl';
+
+const descriptor = { id: 'greeting', defaultMessage: 'Hello {name}' };
+
+describe('createIntl', () => {
+  it('prefers the catalogue over the default message', () => {
+    const intl = createIntl('ru', { greeting: 'Привет {name}' });
+
+    expect(intl.formatMessage(descriptor, { name: 'Sam' })).toBe('Привет Sam');
+  });
+
+  it('falls back to the default message when the key is absent', () => {
+    const intl = createIntl('en', {});
+
+    expect(intl.formatMessage(descriptor, { name: 'Sam' })).toBe('Hello Sam');
+  });
+
+  it('leaves a placeholder without a value untouched', () => {
+    const intl = createIntl('en', {});
+
+    expect(intl.formatMessage(descriptor)).toBe('Hello {name}');
+  });
+
+  it('accepts whitespace inside the braces, as ICU does', () => {
+    const intl = createIntl('en', { greeting: 'Hello { name }' });
+
+    expect(intl.formatMessage(descriptor, { name: 'Sam' })).toBe('Hello Sam');
+  });
+
+  it('treats an empty catalogue entry as missing', () => {
+    const intl = createIntl('ru', { greeting: '' });
+
+    expect(intl.formatMessage(descriptor, { name: 'Sam' })).toBe('Hello Sam');
+  });
+
+  it('degrades to the raw value when a date cannot be formatted', () => {
+    const intl = createIntl('en', {});
+    const invalid = new Date('nonsense');
+
+    expect(intl.formatDate(invalid)).toBe(String(invalid));
+    expect(intl.formatTime(invalid)).toBe(String(invalid));
+  });
+
+  it('formats time with hour and minute by default', () => {
+    const intl = createIntl('en', {});
+    const at = new Date(2026, 0, 2, 15, 4);
+
+    expect(intl.formatTime(at)).toBe(new Intl.DateTimeFormat('en', { hour: 'numeric', minute: 'numeric' }).format(at));
+    expect(intl.formatDate(at)).toBe(new Intl.DateTimeFormat('en').format(at));
+  });
+
+  // formatters are cached, so the cache key has to separate locales and option sets
+  it('does not confuse cached formatters across locales and options', () => {
+    const at = new Date(2026, 0, 2, 15, 4);
+
+    expect(createIntl('ru', {}).formatDate(at)).not.toBe(createIntl('en', {}).formatDate(at));
+    expect(createIntl('en', {}).formatDate(at, { dateStyle: 'full' })).not.toBe(createIntl('en', {}).formatDate(at));
+    expect(createIntl('en', {}).formatDate(at)).toBe(createIntl('en', {}).formatDate(at));
+  });
+
+  it('honours explicit time options instead of adding defaults', () => {
+    const intl = createIntl('en', {});
+    const at = new Date(2026, 0, 2, 15, 4);
+
+    expect(intl.formatTime(at, { hour: '2-digit' })).toBe(
+      new Intl.DateTimeFormat('en', { hour: '2-digit' }).format(at)
+    );
+  });
+});
+
+describe('defineMessages', () => {
+  it('returns its argument unchanged', () => {
+    const messages = defineMessages({ greeting: descriptor });
+
+    expect(messages.greeting).toBe(descriptor);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('<FormattedMessage/>', () => {
+  const link = { id: 'powered-by', defaultMessage: 'Powered by <a>Remark42</a>' };
+
+  function renderWith(locale: string, messages: Record<string, string>) {
+    return render(
+      <IntlProvider locale={locale} messages={messages}>
+        <FormattedMessage {...link} values={{ a: (chunk: string) => <a href="/x">{chunk}</a> }} />
+      </IntlProvider>
+    );
+  }
+
+  it('wraps the tagged chunk with the handler', () => {
+    const { container } = renderWith('en', {});
+
+    expect(container.textContent).toBe('Powered by Remark42');
+    expect(screen.getByRole('link').textContent).toBe('Remark42');
+  });
+
+  it('uses the translated text around the tag', () => {
+    const { container } = renderWith('ru', { 'powered-by': 'Работает на базе <a>Remark42</a>' });
+
+    expect(container.textContent).toBe('Работает на базе Remark42');
+  });
+
+  // both shapes fall back to the source rather than reaching the page
+  it('falls back to the default message when a tag carries attributes', () => {
+    const { container } = renderWith('mk', {
+      'powered-by': "Овозможено од <a href='diosfera.codeberg.page'>Диосфера</a>",
+    });
+
+    expect(container.textContent).toBe('Powered by Remark42');
+  });
+
+  // ro drops the link from both rich-text strings, which is valid
+  it('renders a translation that does not use the tag at all', () => {
+    const { container } = renderWith('ro', { 'powered-by': 'Cu sprijinul Remark42' });
+
+    expect(container.textContent).toBe('Cu sprijinul Remark42');
+    expect(container.querySelector('a')).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('handles the same tag appearing more than once', () => {
+    const { container } = render(
+      <IntlProvider locale="en" messages={{ two: '<a>one</a> and <a>two</a>' }}>
+        <FormattedMessage id="two" defaultMessage="x" values={{ a: (chunk: string) => <a href="/x">{chunk}</a> }} />
+      </IntlProvider>
+    );
+
+    expect(container.textContent).toBe('one and two');
+    expect(container.querySelectorAll('a')).toHaveLength(2);
+  });
+
+  // one well-formed pair must not vouch for a stray reference elsewhere
+  it('falls back when a stray tag sits beside a well-formed pair', () => {
+    const { container } = renderWith('xx', { 'powered-by': 'A <a>B</a> C </a>' });
+
+    expect(container.textContent).toBe('Powered by Remark42');
+  });
+
+  // a translator inventing <b> gets English rather than visible markup
+  it('falls back when the translation introduces a tag nothing handles', () => {
+    const { container } = renderWith('xx', { 'powered-by': 'Made with <b>love</b>' });
+
+    expect(container.textContent).toBe('Powered by Remark42');
+  });
+
+  it('falls back to the default message when a tag is unclosed', () => {
+    const { container } = renderWith('th', { 'powered-by': 'ระบบแสดงความคิดเห็นโดย <a>Remark42</a' });
+
+    expect(container.textContent).toBe('Powered by Remark42');
+  });
+});
+
+describe('useIntl', () => {
+  it('throws outside of a provider', () => {
+    function Orphan() {
+      useIntl();
+
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    expect(() => render(<Orphan />)).toThrow('intl accessed outside of an IntlProvider');
+  });
+});
+
+describe('formatting details that no shipped message exercises yet', () => {
+  it('interpolates inside a rich-text chunk', () => {
+    const intl = createIntl('en', { hi: 'Hello <b>{name}</b>' });
+
+    expect(intl.formatMessage({ id: 'hi', defaultMessage: 'x' }, { name: 'Sam', b: (c: string) => c })).toEqual([
+      'Hello ',
+      'Sam',
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('falls back to the id when there is no translation and no default', () => {
+    expect(createIntl('en', {}).formatMessage({ id: 'orphan.key' })).toBe('orphan.key');
+  });
+
+  // a pair nothing handles is a format error
+  it('falls back when the translation adds a pair nothing handles', () => {
+    const intl = createIntl('en', { k: 'See <abbr>HTML</abbr> and <a>link</a>' });
+
+    expect(intl.formatMessage({ id: 'k', defaultMessage: 'Go <a>home</a>' }, { a: (c: string) => c })).toEqual([
+      'Go ',
+      'home',
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  // any tag that cannot resolve makes the whole string fall back, rather than
+  // putting raw markup on the page
+  it.each([
+    ['an unclosed tag of another name', 'Go <a>home</a> <abbr'],
+    ['an unclosed tag of our own name', 'Go <a>home'],
+    ['a tag carrying an attribute', "Go <a href='x'>home</a>"],
+    ['spaces inside the brackets', 'Go < a >home</ a >'],
+    ['a tag nested inside a handled one', 'Go <a>ho<b>m</b>e</a>'],
+  ])('falls back on %s', (_name, message) => {
+    const intl = createIntl('en', { k: message });
+
+    expect(intl.formatMessage({ id: 'k', defaultMessage: 'Go <a>home</a>' }, { a: (c: string) => c })).toEqual([
+      'Go ',
+      'home',
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it.each([
+    ['an unclosed brace', 'Hello {name and <a>R</a>'],
+    ['doubled braces', 'Hello {{name}} <a>R</a>'],
+    ['a stray closing brace', 'Hello name} <a>R</a>'],
+  ])('falls back on %s', (_name, message) => {
+    const intl = createIntl('en', { k: message });
+
+    expect(intl.formatMessage({ id: 'k', defaultMessage: 'Go <a>home</a>' }, { a: (c: string) => c })).toEqual([
+      'Go ',
+      'home',
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  // formatjs leaves a self-closing tag as text, so it must not trigger the fallback
+  it('renders a self-closing tag as text', () => {
+    const intl = createIntl('en', { k: 'Go <a>home</a><br/>' });
+
+    expect(intl.formatMessage({ id: 'k', defaultMessage: 'default' }, { a: (c: string) => c })).toEqual([
+      'Go ',
+      'home',
+      '<br/>',
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('leaves a bare less-than sign alone', () => {
+    const intl = createIntl('en', { k: 'Under < 10 via <a>here</a>' });
+
+    expect(intl.formatMessage({ id: 'k', defaultMessage: 'default' }, { a: (c: string) => c })).toEqual([
+      'Under < 10 via ',
+      'here',
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('treats a non-ascii suffix as a reference to the tag, and falls back', () => {
+    const intl = createIntl('en', { k: '<aб>X</aб>' });
+
+    expect(intl.formatMessage({ id: 'k', defaultMessage: 'Go <a>home</a>' }, { a: (c: string) => c })).toEqual([
+      'Go ',
+      'home',
+    ]);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('every shipped catalogue', () => {
+  const localesDir = join(__dirname, '..', 'locales');
+  const catalogues = readdirSync(localesDir)
+    .filter((file) => file.endsWith('.json'))
+    .map(
+      (file) =>
+        [file.replace('.json', ''), JSON.parse(readFileSync(join(localesDir, file), 'utf8'))] as [
+          string,
+          Record<string, string>
+        ]
+    );
+
+  const richText = [
+    { id: 'root.powered-by', defaultMessage: 'Powered by <a>Remark42</a>' },
+    { id: 'commentForm.notice-about-styling', defaultMessage: 'Styling with <a>Markdown</a> is supported' },
+  ];
+
+  // only the handled tag is stripped; a self-closing tag stays, as the binding keeps it
+  const withoutTags = (message: string) => message.replace(/<\/?a>/g, '');
+
+  // reads the real files, so a malformed entry added to any locale later fails here: the
+  // binding falls back to English on one, and the assertion below expects the locale's own
+  // words. structural validation of every other value is checkTranslation.js's job
+  it.each(catalogues)('%s renders its own words in its rich-text messages', (locale, messages) => {
+    const intl = createIntl(locale, messages);
+
+    richText.forEach((descriptor) => {
+      const rendered = ([] as unknown[])
+        .concat(intl.formatMessage(descriptor, { a: (chunk: string) => chunk }) as never)
+        .join('');
+      // an empty entry counts as missing, matching the binding
+      const translated = messages[descriptor.id] || undefined;
+
+      expect(rendered).toBe(withoutTags(translated ?? descriptor.defaultMessage));
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('formats dates and times in the widget locale rather than always in English', () => {
+    const at = new Date(2026, 0, 2, 15, 4);
+
+    expect(createIntl('ru', {}).formatDate(at)).not.toBe(createIntl('en', {}).formatDate(at));
+    expect(createIntl('ru', {}).formatTime(at)).not.toBe(createIntl('en', {}).formatTime(at));
+  });
+});
+
+describe('branches with no shipped input yet', () => {
+  it('renders the broken message when there is nothing to fall back to', () => {
+    const intl = createIntl('xx', { k: 'Broken <a>link</a' });
+
+    expect(intl.formatMessage({ id: 'k' }, { a: (c: string) => c })).toEqual(['Broken <a>link</a']);
+  });
+
+  it('does not interpolate a placeholder whose value is a handler', () => {
+    const intl = createIntl('en', { k: '{a} and <a>link</a>' });
+
+    expect(intl.formatMessage({ id: 'k', defaultMessage: 'x' }, { a: (c: string) => c })).toEqual(['{a} and ', 'link']);
+  });
+
+  it('escapes a tag name that carries a regular-expression metacharacter', () => {
+    const intl = createIntl('en', { k: 'a.b <a.b>x</a.b> c' });
+
+    expect(() => intl.formatMessage({ id: 'k', defaultMessage: 'y' }, { 'a.b': (c: string) => c })).not.toThrow();
+  });
+
+  it.each([['minute'], ['second'], ['dateStyle'], ['timeStyle']])(
+    'does not add hour and minute when %s is given',
+    (option) => {
+      const intl = createIntl('en', {});
+      const at = new Date(2026, 0, 2, 15, 4);
+      const options = { [option]: option === 'dateStyle' || option === 'timeStyle' ? 'short' : 'numeric' };
+
+      expect(intl.formatTime(at, options as Intl.DateTimeFormatOptions)).toBe(
+        new Intl.DateTimeFormat('en', options as Intl.DateTimeFormatOptions).format(at)
+      );
+    }
+  );
+});
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/common/intl.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/common/intl.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c1dd796d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/common/intl.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+import { createContext, Fragment, type ComponentChildren } from 'preact';
+import { useContext } from 'preact/hooks';
+
+/**
+ * Minimal i18n binding over Preact context.
+ *
+ * Only what the widget uses: a provider, a hook, message formatting with `{name}`
+ * interpolation and `<tag>chunk</tag>` rich text, and date/time formatting through
+ * `Intl.DateTimeFormat`.
+ *
+ * `formatjs extract` finds messages by recognising the identifiers `defineMessages`,
+ * `FormattedMessage` and `intl.formatMessage` in the AST rather than by import source,
+ * so those three names are fixed. Renaming one silently empties the extracted catalogue.
+ *
+ * A message the binding cannot parse falls back to the message in the source: a broken,
+ * unhandled or nested tag, a brace that is not a well-formed placeholder, and a
+ * placeholder naming a value the caller did not supply.
+ *
+ * What this deliberately does not implement, none of which any of the 24 catalogues
+ * uses: ICU plural, select and selectordinal; typed arguments such as `{n, number}`
+ * or `{d, date}`; and ICU apostrophe quoting. A plural or select form carries braces the
+ * placeholder rule rejects, so it falls back wherever values are passed and renders raw
+ * where they are not. Quoting is not interpreted at all: `''` stays two apostrophes and
+ * `'{name}'` interpolates with the quotes in place. Add support before accepting one.
+ */
+
+type MessageDescriptor = {
+  id: string;
+  defaultMessage?: string;
+  description?: string;
+};
+
+/** A rich-text handler, wrapping the text between a matching pair of tags. */
+type ChunkFormatter = (chunk: string) => ComponentChildren;
+
+type PrimitiveValues = Record<string, string | number>;
+type MessageValues = Record<string, string | number | ChunkFormatter>;
+
+export type IntlShape = {
+  locale: string;
+  formatMessage(descriptor: MessageDescriptor, values?: PrimitiveValues): string;
+  formatMessage(descriptor: MessageDescriptor, values: MessageValues): ComponentChildren;
+  formatDate(value: Date | number, options?: Intl.DateTimeFormatOptions): string;
+  formatTime(value: Date | number, options?: Intl.DateTimeFormatOptions): string;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Identity function. Its first type parameter is the key type rather than the record,
+ * so callers can constrain keys explicitly, as in `defineMessages<string>`.
+ */
+export function defineMessages<K extends PropertyKey, T = MessageDescriptor, U extends Record<K, T> = Record<K, T>>(
+  messages: U
+): U {
+  return messages;
+}
+
+const PLACEHOLDER = /\{\s*(\w+)\s*\}/g;
+
+/** Replaces `{name}`, tolerating whitespace inside the braces, and leaves a placeholder without a value untouched. */
+function interpolate(message: string, values: MessageValues): string {
+  return message.replace(PLACEHOLDER, (match, key: string) => {
+    const value = values[key];
+
+    return value === undefined || typeof value === 'function' ? match : String(value);
+  });
+}
+
+/** Escapes a tag name so a metacharacter in it cannot change or break the pattern. */
+function escapeForRegExp(text: string): string {
+  return text.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&');
+}
+
+/** Matches a well-formed pair for any of the given tag names, capturing the name and the chunk. */
+function pairMatcher(tags: string[], flags = ''): RegExp {
+  return new RegExp(`<(${tags.map(escapeForRegExp).join('|')})>([\\s\\S]*?)</\\1>`, flags);
+}
+
+/** A self-closing tag is text, not markup, matching formatjs. */
+const SELF_CLOSING = /<[a-zA-Z][\w-]*\s*\/>/g;
+
+/** Any `</`, or a `<` opening a tag name, is markup that has to resolve. */
+const TAG_START = /<\/|<[a-zA-Z]/;
+
+/**
+ * True when a brace is not part of a well-formed placeholder, or a well-formed one names
+ * a value the caller did not supply. Both are errors, and the message falls back.
+ */
+function hasBrokenPlaceholders(message: string, values: MessageValues): boolean {
+  if (/[{}]/.test(message.replace(PLACEHOLDER, ''))) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  for (const match of message.matchAll(PLACEHOLDER)) {
+    if (!(match[1] in values)) {
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * True when anything tag-shaped survives once the handled pairs are taken out.
+ *
+ * A broken tag, an unhandled one, or one nested inside another makes the whole string
+ * fall back to the source message rather than reaching the page as raw markup. The
+ * chunks are checked as well as the text around them, because stripping a pair
+ * removes whatever was nested inside it.
+ */
+function hasBrokenMarkup(message: string, tags: string[]): boolean {
+  const chunks: string[] = [];
+  // an empty tag list would build an empty alternation, which matches `<></>`
+  const withoutPairs =
+    tags.length === 0
+      ? message
+      : message.replace(pairMatcher(tags, 'g'), (_match, _name: string, chunk: string) => {
+          chunks.push(chunk);
+
+          return '';
+        });
+  const residue = withoutPairs.replace(SELF_CLOSING, '');
+
+  return TAG_START.test(residue) || chunks.some((chunk) => TAG_START.test(chunk.replace(SELF_CLOSING, '')));
+}
+
+/** True when the message cannot be parsed and the source message should be used instead. */
+function isBroken(message: string, values: MessageValues, tags: string[]): boolean {
+  return hasBrokenMarkup(message, tags) || hasBrokenPlaceholders(message, values);
+}
+
+/** Splits a message into text and the results of its rich-text handlers. */
+function formatRich(message: string, values: MessageValues, tags: string[]): ComponentChildren[] {
+  const parts: ComponentChildren[] = [];
+  let cursor = 0;
+
+  for (const match of message.matchAll(pairMatcher(tags, 'g'))) {
+    const start = match.index as number;
+
+    if (start > cursor) {
+      parts.push(interpolate(message.slice(cursor, start), values));
+    }
+
+    parts.push((values[match[1]] as ChunkFormatter)(interpolate(match[2], values)));
+    cursor = start + match[0].length;
+  }
+
+  if (cursor < message.length) {
+    parts.push(interpolate(message.slice(cursor), values));
+  }
+
+  return parts;
+}
+
+function format(message: string, fallback: string | undefined, values?: MessageValues): ComponentChildren {
+  if (!values) {
+    return message;
+  }
+
+  const tags = Object.keys(values).filter((key) => typeof values[key] === 'function');
+  // a message that cannot be parsed falls back to the source rather than reaching the
+  // page. this has to run whether or not the message carries rich text, since a mistyped
+  // placeholder is the likelier mistake
+  const source = isBroken(message, values, tags) && fallback !== undefined ? fallback : message;
+
+  return tags.length === 0 ? interpolate(source, values) : formatRich(source, values, tags);
+}
+
+/**
+ * `Intl.DateTimeFormat` is expensive to construct and every comment formats a date and a
+ * time, so instances are reused.
+ */
+const formatters = new Map<string, Intl.DateTimeFormat>();
+
+function dateTimeFormat(locale: string, options?: Intl.DateTimeFormatOptions): Intl.DateTimeFormat {
+  const key = `${locale}\u0000${options ? JSON.stringify(options) : ''}`;
+  let formatter = formatters.get(key);
+
+  if (!formatter) {
+    formatter = new Intl.DateTimeFormat(locale, options);
+    formatters.set(key, formatter);
+  }
+
+  return formatter;
+}
+
+/** Formats a date, degrading to the raw value rather than throwing mid-render. */
+function formatWith(locale: string, value: Date | number, options?: Intl.DateTimeFormatOptions): string {
+  try {
+    return dateTimeFormat(locale, options).format(value);
+  } catch {
+    return String(value);
+  }
+}
+
+export function createIntl(locale: string, messages: Record<string, string>): IntlShape {
+  function formatMessage(descriptor: MessageDescriptor, values?: MessageValues) {
+    // the catalogue wins, then the message in the source. english ships an empty
+    // catalogue, so defaultMessage is the primary path rather than a fallback.
+    // an empty entry counts as missing
+    const message = messages[descriptor.id] || descriptor.defaultMessage || descriptor.id;
+
+    return format(message, descriptor.defaultMessage, values);
+  }
+
+  return {
+    formatMessage: formatMessage as IntlShape['formatMessage'],
+    locale,
+    formatDate(value, options) {
+      return formatWith(locale, value, options);
+    },
+    formatTime(value, options) {
+      // hour and minute are added unless the caller asked for a time component itself;
+      // every call here passes no options at all
+      const needsDefaults =
+        !options?.hour && !options?.minute && !options?.second && !options?.dateStyle && !options?.timeStyle;
+      const resolved: Intl.DateTimeFormatOptions = needsDefaults
+        ? { ...options, hour: 'numeric', minute: 'numeric' }
+        : options;
+
+      return formatWith(locale, value, resolved);
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+const IntlContext = createContext<IntlShape | null>(null);
+
+export function IntlProvider({
+  locale,
+  messages,
+  children,
+}: {
+  locale: string;
+  messages: Record<string, string>;
+  children?: ComponentChildren;
+}) {
+  return <IntlContext.Provider value={createIntl(locale, messages)}>{children}</IntlContext.Provider>;
+}
+
+export function useIntl(): IntlShape {
+  const intl = useContext(IntlContext);
+
+  if (!intl) {
+    throw new Error('intl accessed outside of an IntlProvider');
+  }
+
+  return intl;
+}
+
+export function FormattedMessage({ values, ...descriptor }: MessageDescriptor & { values?: MessageValues }) {
+  const intl = useIntl();
+
+  return <Fragment>{intl.formatMessage(descriptor, values ?? {})}</Fragment>;
+}
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/auth-panel/auth-panel.test.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/auth-panel/auth-panel.test.tsx
index fc3aad89..4b4465a5 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/auth-panel/auth-panel.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/auth-panel/auth-panel.test.tsx
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-import { mount } from 'enzyme';
+import { render } from '@testing-library/preact';
 import createMockStore from 'redux-mock-store';
 import { Middleware } from 'redux';
 import { Provider } from 'store/context';
-import { IntlProvider } from 'react-intl';
 
+import { IntlProvider } from 'common/intl';
 import type { User } from 'common/types';
 import enMessages from 'locales/en.json';
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ const mockStore = createMockStore([] as Middleware[]);
 
 describe('<AuthPanel />', () => {
   const createWrapper = (props: Props = DefaultProps, store: ReturnType<typeof mockStore> = mockStore(initialStore)) =>
-    mount(
+    render(
       <IntlProvider locale="en" messages={enMessages}>
         <Provider store={store}>
           <AuthPanel {...props} />
@@ -42,57 +42,53 @@ describe('<AuthPanel />', () => {
 
   describe('For not authorized : null', () => {
     it('should not render settings if there is no hidden users', () => {
-      const element = createWrapper({
+      const { container } = createWrapper({
         ...DefaultProps,
         user: null,
         postInfo: { ...DefaultProps.postInfo, read_only: true },
       } as Props);
 
-      const adminAction = element.find(`.${styles.adminAction}`);
-
-      expect(adminAction.exists()).toBe(false);
+      expect(container.querySelector(`.${styles.adminAction}`)).toBeNull();
     });
 
     it('should render settings if there is some hidden users', () => {
-      const element = createWrapper({
+      const { container } = createWrapper({
         ...DefaultProps,
         user: null,
         postInfo: { ...DefaultProps.postInfo, read_only: true },
         hiddenUsers: { hidden_joe: {} as User },
       } as Props);
 
-      const adminAction = element.find(`.${styles.adminAction}`).first();
+      const adminAction = container.querySelector(`.${styles.adminAction}`);
 
-      expect(adminAction.text()).toEqual('Show settings');
+      expect(adminAction?.textContent).toEqual('Show settings');
     });
   });
 
   describe('For authorized user', () => {
     it('should render info about current user', () => {
-      const element = createWrapper({
+      const { container } = createWrapper({
         ...DefaultProps,
         user: { id: 'john', name: 'John' },
       } as Props);
 
-      const authPanelColumn = element.find(`.${styles.column}`);
+      const authPanelColumn = container.querySelectorAll(`.${styles.column}`);
 
-      expect(authPanelColumn.length).toEqual(2);
-
-      const userInfo = authPanelColumn.first();
-
-      expect(userInfo.text()).toEqual(expect.stringContaining('John'));
+      expect(authPanelColumn).toHaveLength(2);
+      expect(authPanelColumn[0].textContent).toEqual(expect.stringContaining('John'));
     });
   });
+
   describe('For admin user', () => {
     it('should render admin action', () => {
-      const element = createWrapper({
+      const { container } = createWrapper({
         ...DefaultProps,
         user: { id: 'test', admin: true, name: 'John' },
       } as Props);
 
-      const adminAction = element.find(`.${styles.adminAction}`).first();
+      const adminAction = container.querySelector(`.${styles.adminAction}`);
 
-      expect(adminAction.text()).toEqual('Show settings');
+      expect(adminAction?.textContent).toEqual('Show settings');
     });
   });
 });
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/auth-panel/auth-panel.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/auth-panel/auth-panel.tsx
index 436023b0..b0fef43a 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/auth-panel/auth-panel.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/auth-panel/auth-panel.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { h, Component } from 'preact';
-import { FormattedMessage, IntlShape, useIntl } from 'react-intl';
 import clsx from 'clsx';
 
+import { FormattedMessage, IntlShape, useIntl } from 'common/intl';
 import { User, Theme, PostInfo } from 'common/types';
 import { IS_STORAGE_AVAILABLE, IS_THIRD_PARTY } from 'common/constants';
 import { postMessageToParent } from 'utils/post-message';
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/auth/auth.hooks.ts b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/auth/auth.hooks.ts
index 64271ea1..8b157775 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/auth/auth.hooks.ts
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/auth/auth.hooks.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { useEffect, useRef, useState, useMemo } from 'preact/hooks';
-import { useIntl } from 'react-intl';
 
+import { useIntl } from 'common/intl';
 import { errorMessages, RequestError } from 'utils/errorUtils';
 import { isObject } from 'utils/is-object';
 import { parseMessage, updateIframeHeight } from 'utils/post-message';
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/auth/auth.messages.ts b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/auth/auth.messages.ts
index da69af70..b469ac76 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/auth/auth.messages.ts
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/auth/auth.messages.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { defineMessages } from 'react-intl';
+import { defineMessages } from 'common/intl';
 
 export const messages = defineMessages<string>({
   signin: {
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/auth/auth.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/auth/auth.tsx
index bd98e6ac..1026538e 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/auth/auth.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/auth/auth.tsx
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import clsx from 'clsx';
 import { h, Fragment, JSX } from 'preact';
 import { useState, useRef } from 'preact/hooks';
-import { useIntl } from 'react-intl';
 import { useDispatch } from 'store/context';
 
+import { useIntl } from 'common/intl';
 import { setUser } from 'store/user/actions';
 import { Input } from 'components/input';
 import { TelegramLink } from 'components/telegram/telegram-link';
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/auth/components/oauth.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/auth/components/oauth.tsx
index 7c4d7b61..fedfdb19 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/auth/components/oauth.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/auth/components/oauth.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { h, JSX } from 'preact';
 import clsx from 'clsx';
-import { useIntl } from 'react-intl';
 
+import { useIntl } from 'common/intl';
 import type { OAuthProvider } from 'common/types';
 import { siteId } from 'common/settings';
 import { useTheme } from 'hooks/useTheme';
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/button/button.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/button/button.tsx
index d675f370..ceb3ebd1 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/button/button.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/button/button.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import clsx from 'clsx';
 import { h, type ButtonHTMLAttributes } from 'preact';
-import { forwardRef } from 'preact/compat';
 
 import type { Theme } from 'common/types';
 
@@ -25,8 +24,8 @@ export type ButtonProps = Omit<ButtonHTMLAttributes<HTMLButtonElement>, 'size' |
   className?: string;
 };
 
-export const Button = forwardRef<HTMLButtonElement, ButtonProps>(
-  ({ children, theme, mix, kind, type = 'button', size, className, ...props }, ref) => (
+export function Button({ children, theme, mix, kind, type = 'button', size, className, ...props }: ButtonProps) {
+  return (
     <button
       className={clsx(
         styles.root,
@@ -38,9 +37,8 @@ export const Button = forwardRef<HTMLButtonElement, ButtonProps>(
       )}
       type={type}
       {...props}
-      ref={ref}
     >
       {children}
     </button>
-  )
-);
+  );
+}
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/__subscribe-by-email/comment-form__subscribe-by-email.test.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/__subscribe-by-email/comment-form__subscribe-by-email.test.tsx
index 54124001..4ca3ddf4 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/__subscribe-by-email/comment-form__subscribe-by-email.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/__subscribe-by-email/comment-form__subscribe-by-email.test.tsx
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-import { mount } from 'enzyme';
+import '@testing-library/jest-dom';
+import { fireEvent, screen } from '@testing-library/preact';
 import { act } from 'preact/test-utils';
-import { Provider } from 'store/context';
-import { Middleware } from 'redux';
-import createMockStore from 'redux-mock-store';
-import { IntlProvider } from 'react-intl';
+
+import { render } from 'tests/utils';
 
 jest.mock('common/api');
 
@@ -11,11 +10,9 @@ import { user, anonymousUser } from '__stubs__/user';
 import { validToken } from '__stubs__/jwt';
 import { emailVerificationForSubscribe, emailConfirmationForSubscribe, unsubscribeFromEmailUpdates } from 'common/api';
 import { sleep } from 'utils/sleep';
-import { Input } from 'components/input';
-import { Button } from 'components/button';
-import { Dropdown } from 'components/dropdown';
 import { persistEmail } from 'components/auth/auth.utils';
-import enMessages from 'locales/en.json';
+
+import { StoreState } from 'store';
 
 import { SubscribeByEmail, SubscribeByEmailForm } from '.';
 import { RequestError } from '../../../utils/errorUtils';
@@ -38,126 +35,105 @@ const initialStore = {
   theme: 'light',
 } as const;
 
-const mockStore = createMockStore([] as Middleware[]);
-
-const makeInputEvent = (value: string) => ({
-  preventDefault: jest.fn(),
-  target: {
-    value,
-  },
-});
-
 jest.mock('utils/jwt', () => ({
   isJwtExpired: jest.fn(() => false),
 }));
 
+// call history accumulates across the file otherwise, so a toHaveBeenCalledWith can be
+// satisfied by an earlier test. only the history is cleared, since the module-scope
+// mockImplementation above has to survive into every test
+beforeEach(() => {
+  emailVerificationForSubscribeMock.mockClear();
+  emailConfirmationForSubscribeMock.mockClear();
+  unsubscribeFromEmailUpdatesMock.mockClear();
+});
+
 describe('<SubscribeByEmail/>', () => {
-  const createWrapper = (store: ReturnType<typeof mockStore> = mockStore(initialStore)) =>
-    mount(
-      <IntlProvider locale="en" messages={enMessages}>
-        <Provider store={store}>
-          <SubscribeByEmail />
-        </Provider>
-      </IntlProvider>
-    );
+  const createWrapper = (state: Partial<StoreState> = initialStore) => render(<SubscribeByEmail />, state);
 
   it('should be rendered with disabled email button when user is anonymous', () => {
-    const store = mockStore({ ...initialStore, user: anonymousUser });
-    const wrapper = createWrapper(store);
-    const dropdown = wrapper.find(Dropdown);
+    const { container } = createWrapper({ ...initialStore, user: anonymousUser });
+    const button = screen.getByRole('button');
 
-    expect(dropdown.prop('disabled')).toEqual(true);
-    expect(dropdown.prop('buttonTitle')).toEqual('Available only for registered users');
+    expect(container.querySelectorAll('button')).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(button).toBeDisabled();
+    expect(button.getAttribute('title')).toEqual('Available only for registered users');
   });
 
   it('should be rendered with enabled email button when user is registrated', () => {
-    const store = mockStore(initialStore);
-    const wrapper = createWrapper(store);
-    const dropdown = wrapper.find(Dropdown);
+    const { container } = createWrapper(initialStore);
+    const button = screen.getByRole('button');
 
-    expect(dropdown.prop('disabled')).toEqual(false);
-    expect(dropdown.prop('buttonTitle')).toEqual('Subscribe by Email');
+    expect(container.querySelectorAll('button')).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(button).not.toBeDisabled();
+    expect(button.getAttribute('title')).toEqual('Subscribe by Email');
   });
 });
 
 describe('<SubscribeByEmailForm/>', () => {
-  const createWrapper = (store: ReturnType<typeof mockStore> = mockStore(initialStore)) =>
-    mount(
-      <IntlProvider locale="en" messages={enMessages}>
-        <Provider store={store}>
-          <SubscribeByEmailForm />
-        </Provider>
-      </IntlProvider>
-    );
-  it('should render email form by default', () => {
-    const store = mockStore(initialStore);
-    const wrapper = createWrapper(store);
-    const title = wrapper.find(`.${styles.title}`);
-    const button = wrapper.find(Button);
+  const createWrapper = (state: Partial<StoreState> = initialStore) => render(<SubscribeByEmailForm />, state);
 
-    expect(title.text()).toEqual('Subscribe to replies');
-    expect(button.prop('children')).toEqual('Submit');
-    expect(button.prop('disabled')).toEqual(true);
+  it('should render email form by default', () => {
+    const { container } = createWrapper(initialStore);
+    expect(container.querySelector(`.${styles.title}`)?.textContent).toEqual('Subscribe to replies');
+    expect(container.querySelectorAll('button')).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Submit' })).toBeDisabled();
   });
 
   it('should render subscribed state if user subscribed', () => {
-    const store = mockStore({ ...initialStore, user: { email_subscription: true } });
-    const wrapper = createWrapper(store);
+    const { container } = createWrapper({ ...initialStore, user: { ...user, email_subscription: true } });
 
-    expect(wrapper.find(`.${styles.subscribed}`)).toHaveLength(1);
-    expect(wrapper.text().startsWith('You are subscribed on updates by email')).toBe(true);
+    expect(container.querySelectorAll(`.${styles.subscribed}`)).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(container.querySelectorAll('button')).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(container.textContent?.startsWith('You are subscribed on updates by email')).toBe(true);
   });
 
   it('should pass through subscribe process', async () => {
-    const wrapper = createWrapper();
+    const { container } = createWrapper();
+    const form = container.querySelector('form') as HTMLFormElement;
+    const input = container.querySelector('input') as HTMLInputElement;
 
-    const input = wrapper.find('input');
-    const form = wrapper.find('form');
-
-    input.getDOMNode<HTMLInputElement>().value = 'some@email.com';
-    input.simulate('input');
-    form.simulate('submit');
+    fireEvent.input(input, { target: { value: 'some@email.com' } });
+    fireEvent.submit(form);
 
     expect(emailVerificationForSubscribeMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith('some@email.com');
 
-    await sleep();
-    wrapper.update();
+    await act(() => sleep(0));
 
-    const textarea = wrapper.find('textarea');
-    const button = wrapper.find('button');
+    // order matters here, and a lookup by name would not catch a swap
+    const buttons = container.querySelectorAll('button');
 
-    expect(button.at(0).text()).toEqual('Back');
-    expect(button.at(1).text()).toEqual('Subscribe');
+    expect(buttons).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(buttons[0].textContent).toBe('Back');
+    expect(buttons[1].textContent).toBe('Subscribe');
 
-    textarea.getDOMNode<HTMLTextAreaElement>().value = 'tokentokentoken';
-    textarea.simulate('input');
-    form.simulate('submit');
+    const textarea = container.querySelector('textarea') as HTMLTextAreaElement;
+
+    fireEvent.input(textarea, { target: { value: 'tokentokentoken' } });
+    fireEvent.submit(container.querySelector('form') as HTMLFormElement);
 
     expect(emailConfirmationForSubscribeMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith('tokentokentoken');
 
-    await sleep(0);
-    wrapper.update();
+    await act(() => sleep(0));
 
-    expect(wrapper.text().startsWith('You have been subscribed on updates by email')).toBe(true);
-    expect(wrapper.find(Button).text()).toEqual('Unsubscribe');
+    expect(container.textContent?.startsWith('You have been subscribed on updates by email')).toBe(true);
+    expect(container.querySelectorAll('button')).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Unsubscribe' })).toBeTruthy();
   });
 
   it('should handle http error 409: already subscribed', async () => {
     emailVerificationForSubscribeMock.mockImplementationOnce(() => Promise.reject(new RequestError('', 409)));
 
-    const wrapper = createWrapper();
+    const { container } = createWrapper();
+    const form = container.querySelector('form') as HTMLFormElement;
+    const input = container.querySelector('input') as HTMLInputElement;
 
-    const input = wrapper.find('input');
-    const form = wrapper.find('form');
+    fireEvent.input(input, { target: { value: 'some@email.com' } });
+    fireEvent.submit(form);
 
-    input.getDOMNode<HTMLInputElement>().value = 'some@email.com';
-    input.simulate('input');
-    form.simulate('submit');
+    await act(() => sleep(0));
 
-    await sleep();
-    wrapper.update();
-
-    expect(wrapper.text().startsWith('You are subscribed on updates by email')).toBe(true);
+    expect(container.textContent?.startsWith('You are subscribed on updates by email')).toBe(true);
   });
 
   it('should pass through subscribe process without confirmation', async () => {
@@ -165,74 +141,63 @@ describe('<SubscribeByEmailForm/>', () => {
       Promise.resolve({ address: email, updated: true })
     );
 
-    const wrapper = createWrapper();
+    const { container } = createWrapper();
+    const form = container.querySelector('form') as HTMLFormElement;
+    const input = container.querySelector('input') as HTMLInputElement;
 
-    const input = wrapper.find('input');
-    const form = wrapper.find('form');
-
-    input.getDOMNode<HTMLInputElement>().value = 'some@email.com';
-    input.simulate('input');
-    form.simulate('submit');
+    fireEvent.input(input, { target: { value: 'some@email.com' } });
+    fireEvent.submit(form);
 
     expect(emailVerificationForSubscribeMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith('some@email.com');
 
-    await sleep();
-    wrapper.update();
+    await act(() => sleep(0));
 
-    expect(wrapper.text().startsWith('You have been subscribed on updates by email')).toBe(true);
-    expect(wrapper.find(Button).text()).toEqual('Unsubscribe');
+    expect(container.textContent?.startsWith('You have been subscribed on updates by email')).toBe(true);
+    expect(container.querySelectorAll('button')).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Unsubscribe' })).toBeTruthy();
   });
 
   it('should fill in email from local storage', async () => {
     const expected = 'someone@email.com';
-    persistEmail(expected);
-    const wrapper = createWrapper();
-    const form = wrapper.find('form');
 
-    expect(form.find('input').props().value).toBe(expected);
+    persistEmail(expected);
+
+    const { container } = createWrapper();
+
+    expect(container.querySelector('input')?.value).toBe(expected);
   });
 
   it('should send form by paste valid token', async () => {
-    const wrapper = createWrapper();
-    const onInputEmail = wrapper.find(Input).prop('onInput') as Function;
-    const form = wrapper.find('form');
+    const { container } = createWrapper();
+    const input = container.querySelector('input') as HTMLInputElement;
 
-    expect(typeof onInputEmail === 'function').toBe(true);
+    fireEvent.input(input, { target: { value: 'some@email.com' } });
+    fireEvent.submit(container.querySelector('form') as HTMLFormElement);
 
-    act(() => onInputEmail(makeInputEvent('some@email.com')));
+    await act(() => sleep(0));
 
-    form.simulate('submit');
+    const textarea = container.querySelector('textarea') as HTMLTextAreaElement;
 
-    await sleep(0);
-    wrapper.update();
+    fireEvent.input(textarea, { target: { value: validToken } });
 
-    const textarea = wrapper.find('textarea');
+    await act(() => sleep(0));
 
-    textarea.getDOMNode<HTMLTextAreaElement>().value = validToken;
-    textarea.simulate('input');
-
-    await sleep(0);
-    wrapper.update();
-
-    expect(wrapper.text().startsWith('You have been subscribed on updates by email')).toBe(true);
-    expect(wrapper.find(Button).text()).toEqual('Unsubscribe');
+    expect(container.textContent?.startsWith('You have been subscribed on updates by email')).toBe(true);
+    expect(container.querySelectorAll('button')).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Unsubscribe' })).toBeTruthy();
   });
 
   it('should pass throw unsubscribe process', async () => {
-    const store = mockStore({ ...initialStore, user: { email_subscription: true } });
-    const wrapper = createWrapper(store);
-    const onClick = wrapper.find(Button).prop('onClick') as Function;
+    const { container } = createWrapper({ ...initialStore, user: { ...user, email_subscription: true } });
 
-    expect(typeof onClick === 'function').toBe(true);
-
-    act(() => onClick());
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Unsubscribe' }));
 
     expect(unsubscribeFromEmailUpdatesMock).toHaveBeenCalled();
 
-    await sleep(0);
-    wrapper.update();
+    await act(() => sleep(0));
 
-    expect(wrapper.text().startsWith('You have been unsubscribed by email to updates')).toBe(true);
-    expect(wrapper.find(Button).text()).toEqual('Close');
+    expect(container.textContent?.startsWith('You have been unsubscribed by email to updates')).toBe(true);
+    expect(container.querySelectorAll('button')).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Close' })).toBeTruthy();
   });
 });
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/__subscribe-by-email/comment-form__subscribe-by-email.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/__subscribe-by-email/comment-form__subscribe-by-email.tsx
index 63e51e82..b1c7fec7 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/__subscribe-by-email/comment-form__subscribe-by-email.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/__subscribe-by-email/comment-form__subscribe-by-email.tsx
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ import { h, FunctionComponent, Fragment } from 'preact';
 import { useState, useCallback, useRef } from 'preact/hooks';
 import { useSelector, useDispatch } from 'store/context';
 import clsx from 'clsx';
-import { useIntl, defineMessages, IntlShape, FormattedMessage } from 'react-intl';
 
+import { useIntl, defineMessages, IntlShape, FormattedMessage } from 'common/intl';
 import { User } from 'common/types';
 import { StoreState } from 'store';
 import { setUserSubscribed } from 'store/user/actions';
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/__subscribe-by-rss/comment-form__subscribe-by-rss.test.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/__subscribe-by-rss/comment-form__subscribe-by-rss.test.tsx
index 8b0eb867..ba9854aa 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/__subscribe-by-rss/comment-form__subscribe-by-rss.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/__subscribe-by-rss/comment-form__subscribe-by-rss.test.tsx
@@ -1,34 +1,33 @@
-import { shallow } from 'enzyme';
+import { fireEvent, screen } from '@testing-library/preact';
+
+import { render } from 'tests/utils';
 
 import { SubscribeByRSS, createSubscribeUrl } from '.';
 
 import styles from './subscribe-by-rss.module.css';
 
-jest.mock('store/context', () => ({
-  useSelector: jest.fn((fn) => fn({ theme: 'light' })),
-}));
+/** Renders the widget and opens the dropdown, since the links only exist while it is open. */
+function renderOpened() {
+  const result = render(<SubscribeByRSS userId="user-1" />, { theme: 'light' });
 
-jest.mock('react-intl', () => {
-  const messages = require('locales/en.json');
-  const reactIntl = jest.requireActual('react-intl');
-  const intlProvider = new reactIntl.IntlProvider({ locale: 'en', messages }, {});
+  // the toggle is the only button until the dropdown opens, so this does not depend
+  // on the button's title copy
+  fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button'));
 
-  return {
-    ...reactIntl,
-    useIntl: () => intlProvider.state.intl,
-  };
-});
+  return result;
+}
 
 describe('<SubscribeByRSS/>', () => {
   it('should be render links in dropdown', () => {
-    const wrapper = shallow(<SubscribeByRSS userId="user-1" />);
+    const { container } = renderOpened();
 
-    expect(wrapper.find(`.${styles.link}`)).toHaveLength(3);
+    expect(container.querySelectorAll(`.${styles.link}`)).toHaveLength(3);
   });
 
   it('should have userId in replies link', () => {
-    const wrapper = shallow(<SubscribeByRSS userId="user-1" />);
+    const { container } = renderOpened();
+    const links = container.querySelectorAll(`.${styles.link}`);
 
-    expect(wrapper.find(`.${styles.link}`).at(2).prop('href')).toBe(createSubscribeUrl('reply', '&user=user-1'));
+    expect(links[2].getAttribute('href')).toBe(createSubscribeUrl('reply', '&user=user-1'));
   });
 });
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/__subscribe-by-rss/comment-form__subscribe-by-rss.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/__subscribe-by-rss/comment-form__subscribe-by-rss.tsx
index 529d7639..c9d57b22 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/__subscribe-by-rss/comment-form__subscribe-by-rss.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/__subscribe-by-rss/comment-form__subscribe-by-rss.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { h, FunctionComponent } from 'preact';
 import { useMemo } from 'preact/hooks';
-import { useIntl, defineMessages } from 'react-intl';
 
+import { useIntl, defineMessages } from 'common/intl';
 import { useTheme } from 'hooks/useTheme';
 import { siteId, url } from 'common/settings';
 import { BASE_URL, API_BASE } from 'common/constants';
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/__subscribe-by-telegram/comment-form__subscribe-by-telegram.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/__subscribe-by-telegram/comment-form__subscribe-by-telegram.tsx
index 410f84af..f55cf0c8 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/__subscribe-by-telegram/comment-form__subscribe-by-telegram.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/__subscribe-by-telegram/comment-form__subscribe-by-telegram.tsx
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ import clsx from 'clsx';
 import { h, FunctionComponent, Fragment } from 'preact';
 import { useState, useEffect } from 'preact/hooks';
 import { useSelector } from 'store/context';
-import { useIntl, defineMessages } from 'react-intl';
 
+import { useIntl, defineMessages } from 'common/intl';
 import { User } from 'common/types';
 import { StoreState } from 'store';
 import { FetcherError, RequestError, extractErrorMessageFromResponse } from 'utils/errorUtils';
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/comment-form.spec.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/comment-form.spec.tsx
index 5ff7c37d..6b38300c 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/comment-form.spec.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/comment-form.spec.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import '@testing-library/jest-dom';
 import { fireEvent, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/preact';
-import { useIntl } from 'react-intl';
 
+import { useIntl } from 'common/intl';
 import { render } from 'tests/utils';
 import { StaticStore } from 'common/static-store';
 import * as localStorageModule from 'common/local-storage';
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/comment-form.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/comment-form.tsx
index 22c6e481..9e0f8e3f 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/comment-form.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/comment-form.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { h, Component, createRef, Fragment } from 'preact';
-import { FormattedMessage, IntlShape, defineMessages } from 'react-intl';
 import clsx from 'clsx';
 
+import { FormattedMessage, IntlShape, defineMessages } from 'common/intl';
 import { User, Theme, Image } from 'common/types';
 import { StaticStore } from 'common/static-store';
 import * as settings from 'common/settings';
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ export class CommentForm extends Component<Props, State> {
           <TextExpander>
             <TextareaAutosize
               id={this.textareaId}
-              ref={this.textareaRef}
+              textareaRef={this.textareaRef}
               onPaste={this.onPaste}
               className={styles.field}
               placeholder={placeholderMessage}
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/markdown-toolbar.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/markdown-toolbar.tsx
index 91307cf8..16587c97 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/markdown-toolbar.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment-form/markdown-toolbar.tsx
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import '@ungap/custom-elements';
 import '@github/markdown-toolbar-element';
 import { h, Component } from 'preact';
-import { defineMessages, IntlShape } from 'react-intl';
 
+import { defineMessages, IntlShape } from 'common/intl';
 import styles from './markdown-toolbar.module.css';
 
 // TODO: Use SVGR
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment/comment-actions.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment/comment-actions.tsx
index 966eea14..80d5c892 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment/comment-actions.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment/comment-actions.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import clsx from 'clsx';
 import { h, Fragment } from 'preact';
-import { defineMessages, useIntl } from 'react-intl';
 
+import { defineMessages, useIntl } from 'common/intl';
 import { BlockTTL } from 'common/types';
 import { Select } from 'components/select';
 import { Countdown } from 'components/countdown';
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment/comment-votes.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment/comment-votes.tsx
index 168fee82..038d4fe1 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment/comment-votes.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment/comment-votes.tsx
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import clsx from 'clsx';
 import { h } from 'preact';
 import { useState } from 'preact/hooks';
-import { defineMessages, useIntl } from 'react-intl';
 
+import { defineMessages, useIntl } from 'common/intl';
 import { useDispatch } from 'store/context';
 import { patchComment } from 'store/comments/actions';
 import { putCommentVote } from 'common/api';
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment/comment.test.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment/comment.test.tsx
index a1dae1d2..d0bb3418 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment/comment.test.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment/comment.test.tsx
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import { h } from 'preact';
 import '@testing-library/jest-dom';
 import { fireEvent, screen, waitFor } from '@testing-library/preact';
-import { useIntl, IntlShape } from 'react-intl';
 
+import { useIntl, IntlShape } from 'common/intl';
 import { render } from 'tests/utils';
 import { StaticStore } from 'common/static-store';
 
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment/comment.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment/comment.tsx
index 2b49340d..709953f1 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment/comment.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment/comment.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { h, JSX, Component, createRef, ComponentType } from 'preact';
-import { FormattedMessage, IntlShape, defineMessages } from 'react-intl';
 import clsx from 'clsx';
 
+import { FormattedMessage, IntlShape, defineMessages } from 'common/intl';
 import { COMMENT_NODE_CLASSNAME_PREFIX } from 'common/constants';
 
 import { StaticStore } from 'common/static-store';
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment/connected-comment.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment/connected-comment.tsx
index 80ea6d47..89ed18ce 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment/connected-comment.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment/connected-comment.tsx
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import { uploadImage, getPreview } from 'common/api';
 import { getThreadIsCollapsed } from 'store/thread/getters';
 import { bindActions } from 'utils/actionBinder';
 import { useActions } from 'hooks/useAction';
-import { useIntl } from 'react-intl';
+import { useIntl } from 'common/intl';
 
 type ProvidedProps = Pick<
   CommentProps,
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment/getBlockingDurations.ts b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment/getBlockingDurations.ts
index f2d07b89..ef893ec6 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment/getBlockingDurations.ts
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/comment/getBlockingDurations.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { defineMessages, IntlShape } from 'react-intl';
+import { defineMessages, IntlShape } from 'common/intl';
 import { BlockTTL } from 'common/types';
 
 export interface BlockingDuration {
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/list-comments/list-comments.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/list-comments/list-comments.tsx
index 633c17b4..253c2fed 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/list-comments/list-comments.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/list-comments/list-comments.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { h } from 'preact';
-import { useIntl } from 'react-intl';
 
+import { useIntl } from 'common/intl';
 import type { Comment as CommentType } from 'common/types';
 import { Comment } from 'components/comment';
 
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/profile/components/counter/counter.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/profile/components/counter/counter.tsx
index 054e38e5..f45d5894 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/profile/components/counter/counter.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/profile/components/counter/counter.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-import { h } from 'preact';
+import { h, type FunctionComponent } from 'preact';
 import styles from './counter.module.css';
 
-export const Counter: React.FC = ({ children }) => {
+export const Counter: FunctionComponent = ({ children }) => {
   return (
     <div className={styles.container} data-testid="comments-counter">
       {children}
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/profile/profile.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/profile/profile.tsx
index ae15b5ed..ce189d8f 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/profile/profile.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/profile/profile.tsx
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import clsx from 'clsx';
 import { h, Fragment } from 'preact';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'preact/hooks';
-import { useIntl, FormattedMessage } from 'react-intl';
 
+import { useIntl, FormattedMessage } from 'common/intl';
 import { getUserComments } from 'common/api';
 import { parseQuery } from 'utils/parse-query';
 import { requestDeletion } from 'utils/email';
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/root/root.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/root/root.tsx
index ab29254b..9b25fab8 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/root/root.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/root/root.tsx
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import { h, Component, Fragment } from 'preact';
 import { useSelector } from 'store/context';
-import { IntlShape, useIntl, FormattedMessage, defineMessages } from 'react-intl';
 import clsx from 'clsx';
 
+import { IntlShape, useIntl, FormattedMessage, defineMessages } from 'common/intl';
 import 'styles/global.css';
 import type { StoreState } from 'store';
 import { COMMENT_NODE_CLASSNAME_PREFIX, MAX_SHOWN_ROOT_COMMENTS, THEMES, IS_MOBILE } from 'common/constants';
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/settings/settings.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/settings/settings.tsx
index 908ca0cc..0a4ec113 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/settings/settings.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/settings/settings.tsx
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import clsx from 'clsx';
 import { User, BlockedUser, Theme, BlockTTL } from 'common/types';
 import { getHandleClickProps } from 'common/accessibility';
 import { StoreState } from 'store';
-import { defineMessages, IntlShape, FormattedMessage, useIntl } from 'react-intl';
+import { defineMessages, IntlShape, FormattedMessage, useIntl } from 'common/intl';
 import { useTheme } from 'hooks/useTheme';
 import styles from './settings.module.css';
 
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/sort-picker.spec.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/sort-picker.spec.tsx
index 944afd5d..8367a4ed 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/sort-picker.spec.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/sort-picker.spec.tsx
@@ -37,10 +37,7 @@ describe('<SortPicker />', () => {
 
     expect(select).toBeInTheDocument();
 
-    // @testing-library/preact rewrites change to input for every element once it sees a
-    // compat vnode, so fireEvent.change never reaches a select handler; dispatch directly
-    select.value = nextOption;
-    fireEvent(select, new Event('change', { bubbles: true }));
+    fireEvent.change(select, { target: { value: nextOption } });
 
     await waitFor(() => expect(updateSorting).toHaveBeenCalledWith(nextOption));
 
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/sort-picker.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/sort-picker.tsx
index bd099425..2cc71d8d 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/sort-picker.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/sort-picker.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { h } from 'preact';
-import { FormattedMessage, defineMessages, useIntl } from 'react-intl';
 import { useMemo } from 'preact/hooks';
 
+import { FormattedMessage, defineMessages, useIntl } from 'common/intl';
 import { StoreState, useAppDispatch, useAppSelector } from 'store';
 import { Select } from 'components/select';
 import { updateSorting } from 'store/comments/actions';
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/spinner/spinner.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/spinner/spinner.tsx
index 66edc300..87fc96b2 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/spinner/spinner.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/spinner/spinner.tsx
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import clsx from 'clsx';
 import { h } from 'preact';
 import { messages } from 'components/auth/auth.messages';
-import { useIntl } from 'react-intl';
 
+import { useIntl } from 'common/intl';
 import styles from './spinner.module.css';
 
 type Props = {
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/telegram/telegram-link.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/telegram/telegram-link.tsx
index 48bb1c96..2668b92f 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/telegram/telegram-link.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/telegram/telegram-link.tsx
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import clsx from 'clsx';
 import { h, Fragment, FunctionComponent } from 'preact';
-import { useIntl } from 'react-intl';
 import { messages } from './telegram.messages';
 import { BASE_URL, API_BASE } from 'common/constants.config';
 import { Button } from 'components/button';
 
+import { useIntl } from 'common/intl';
 import styles from './telegram-link.module.css';
 
 export type TelegramLinkProps = {
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/telegram/telegram.messages.ts b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/telegram/telegram.messages.ts
index 7134f323..33ad9e03 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/telegram/telegram.messages.ts
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/telegram/telegram.messages.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { defineMessages } from 'react-intl';
+import { defineMessages } from 'common/intl';
 
 export const messages = defineMessages<string>({
   telegramMessage1: {
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/textarea-autosize.spec.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/textarea-autosize.spec.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d9cda05e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/textarea-autosize.spec.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import { createRef } from 'preact';
+import { render } from '@testing-library/preact';
+
+import { TextareaAutosize } from './textarea-autosize';
+
+describe('<TextareaAutosize/>', () => {
+  it('points the given ref at the textarea', () => {
+    const ref = createRef<HTMLTextAreaElement>();
+
+    render(<TextareaAutosize id="t" textareaRef={ref} value="hello" />);
+
+    expect(ref.current).toBeInstanceOf(HTMLTextAreaElement);
+    expect(ref.current?.value).toBe('hello');
+  });
+
+  it('works without a ref', () => {
+    const { container } = render(<TextareaAutosize id="t" value="hi" />);
+
+    expect(container.querySelector('textarea')?.value).toBe('hi');
+  });
+});
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/textarea-autosize.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/textarea-autosize.tsx
index 1a1cb0d4..133b6898 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/textarea-autosize.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/textarea-autosize.tsx
@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
-import { h, JSX, type TextareaHTMLAttributes } from 'preact';
-import { forwardRef } from 'preact/compat';
-import { useEffect, useImperativeHandle, useRef } from 'preact/hooks';
+import { h, JSX, type RefObject, type TextareaHTMLAttributes } from 'preact';
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'preact/hooks';
 
 function autoResize(textarea: HTMLTextAreaElement) {
   textarea.style.height = '';
   textarea.style.height = `${textarea.scrollHeight}px`;
 }
 
-type Props = Omit<TextareaHTMLAttributes<HTMLTextAreaElement>, 'onInput'> & {
+type Props = Omit<TextareaHTMLAttributes<HTMLTextAreaElement>, 'onInput' | 'ref'> & {
   onInput?(evt: JSX.TargetedEvent<HTMLTextAreaElement, Event>): void;
+  /** Taken as a plain prop rather than through forwardRef, which lives only in preact/compat. */
+  textareaRef?: RefObject<HTMLTextAreaElement>;
 };
 
-export const TextareaAutosize = forwardRef<HTMLTextAreaElement, Props>(({ onInput, value, ...props }, externalRef) => {
-  const ref = useRef<HTMLTextAreaElement>(null);
-
-  useImperativeHandle(externalRef, () => ref.current as HTMLTextAreaElement, []);
+export function TextareaAutosize({ onInput, value, textareaRef, ...props }: Props) {
+  const localRef = useRef<HTMLTextAreaElement>(null);
+  const ref = textareaRef ?? localRef;
 
   const handleInput: JSX.GenericEventHandler<HTMLTextAreaElement> = (evt) => {
     if (!ref.current) {
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ export const TextareaAutosize = forwardRef<HTMLTextAreaElement, Props>(({ onInpu
     if (ref.current) {
       autoResize(ref.current);
     }
-  }, [value]);
+  }, [value, ref]);
 
   return <textarea {...props} data-testid={props.id} onInput={handleInput} value={value} ref={ref} dir="auto" />;
-});
+}
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/thread/thread.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/thread/thread.tsx
index 89c856f3..791b0ae4 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/thread/thread.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/components/thread/thread.tsx
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ import { h, FunctionComponent, type AriaRole } from 'preact';
 import { shallowEqual } from 'store/context';
 import { useCallback } from 'preact/hooks';
 import clsx from 'clsx';
-import { useIntl } from 'react-intl';
 
+import { useIntl } from 'common/intl';
 import { Comment as CommentInterface } from 'common/types';
 import { getHandleClickProps } from 'common/accessibility';
 import { StoreState, useAppDispatch, useAppSelector } from 'store';
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/hooks/useAction.ts b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/hooks/useAction.ts
index 64165aba..445e36b4 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/hooks/useAction.ts
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/hooks/useAction.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any */
-import { useMemo } from 'preact/compat';
+import { useMemo } from 'preact/hooks';
 import { useDispatch } from 'store/context';
 import { BoundActionCreator, BoundActionCreators } from 'utils/actionBinder';
 
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/hooks/useSessionState.spec.ts b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/hooks/useSessionState.spec.ts
index f5ea2fb6..a84dbd2d 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/hooks/useSessionState.spec.ts
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/hooks/useSessionState.spec.ts
@@ -1,49 +1,63 @@
-import { renderHook } from '@testing-library/preact-hooks';
+import { act, renderHook } from '@testing-library/preact';
 
 import { useSessionStorage } from './useSessionState';
 
 describe('useSessionStorage', () => {
+  // the tests write under the same key, so without this they depend on each other's order
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    sessionStorage.clear();
+  });
+
   it('should return a value and a setter', () => {
     const { result } = renderHook(() => useSessionStorage('test', 0));
-    expect(result.current!).toHaveLength(2);
-    expect(result.current![0]).toBe(0);
-    expect(result.current![1]).toBeInstanceOf(Function);
+    expect(result.current).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(result.current[0]).toBe(0);
+    expect(result.current[1]).toBeInstanceOf(Function);
+  });
+
+  it('should store the value it is given', () => {
+    const { result } = renderHook(() => useSessionStorage('test', 0));
+
+    act(() => result.current[1](5));
+
+    expect(result.current[0]).toBe(5);
+    expect(sessionStorage.getItem('test')).toBe('5');
   });
 
   it('should return the initial value', () => {
     const { result } = renderHook(() => useSessionStorage('test', 0));
-    expect(result.current![0]).toBe(0);
+    expect(result.current[0]).toBe(0);
   });
 
   it('should return the stored value', () => {
     sessionStorage.setItem('test', JSON.stringify(1));
     const { result } = renderHook(() => useSessionStorage('test', 0));
-    expect(result.current![0]).toBe(1);
+    expect(result.current[0]).toBe(1);
   });
 
   it('should return the stored value if it is falsy', () => {
     sessionStorage.setItem('test', JSON.stringify(false));
     const { result } = renderHook(() => useSessionStorage('test', 0));
-    expect(result.current![0]).toBe(false);
+    expect(result.current[0]).toBe(false);
   });
 
   it('should return the initial value if the stored value is not valid JSON', () => {
     sessionStorage.setItem('test', 'not valid JSON');
     const { result } = renderHook(() => useSessionStorage('test', 0));
-    expect(result.current![0]).toBe(0);
+    expect(result.current[0]).toBe(0);
   });
 
   it('should return null if the stored value is null', () => {
     // @ts-ignore
     sessionStorage.setItem('test', null);
     const { result } = renderHook(() => useSessionStorage('test', 0));
-    expect(result.current![0]).toBe(null);
+    expect(result.current[0]).toBe(null);
   });
 
   it('should return the initial value if the stored value is undefined', () => {
     // @ts-ignore
     sessionStorage.setItem('test', undefined);
     const { result } = renderHook(() => useSessionStorage('test', 0));
-    expect(result.current![0]).toBe(0);
+    expect(result.current[0]).toBe(0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/last-comments.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/last-comments.tsx
index 2f5acb3b..a76a79fb 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/last-comments.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/last-comments.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { h, render } from 'preact';
-import { IntlProvider } from 'react-intl';
 
+import { IntlProvider } from 'common/intl';
 import { getLastComments } from 'common/api.getLastComments';
 import { BASE_URL } from 'common/constants.config';
 import { loadLocale } from 'utils/loadLocale';
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/locales/mk.json b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/locales/mk.json
index 969f69da..3d08232f 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/locales/mk.json
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/locales/mk.json
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@
   "profile.request-to-delete-data": "Барање за бришење на моите податоци",
   "retry": "Обиди се повторно",
   "root.pinned-comments": "Пинувани коментари",
-  "root.powered-by": "Овозможено од <a href='diosfera.codeberg.page'>Диосфера</a>",
+  "root.powered-by": "Овозможено од <a>Remark42</a>",
   "root.show-more": "Прикажи повеќе",
   "settings.block": "блокирај",
   "settings.block-time": "до {day} во {time}",
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/locales/th.json b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/locales/th.json
index 64d8e029..27720420 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/locales/th.json
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/locales/th.json
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@
   "profile.request-to-delete-data": "ขอให้ลบข้อมูลของฉัน",
   "retry": "ลองอีกครั้ง",
   "root.pinned-comments": "ความคิดเห็นที่ปักหมุด",
-  "root.powered-by": "ระบบแสดงความคิดเห็นโดย <a>Remark42</a",
+  "root.powered-by": "ระบบแสดงความคิดเห็นโดย <a>Remark42</a>",
   "root.show-more": "แสดงเพิ่มเติม",
   "settings.block": "บล็อก",
   "settings.block-time": "จนถึงวันที่ {day} เวลา {time}",
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/remark.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/remark.tsx
index 5df11131..3d4128d2 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/remark.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/remark.tsx
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import { h, render } from 'preact';
 import { bindActionCreators } from 'redux';
 import { Provider } from 'store/context';
-import { IntlProvider } from 'react-intl';
 
+import { IntlProvider } from 'common/intl';
 import { loadLocale } from 'utils/loadLocale';
 import { parseMessage } from 'utils/post-message';
 import { ConnectedRoot } from 'components/root';
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/tests/utils.tsx b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/tests/utils.tsx
index fba4ea2e..2983c56d 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/tests/utils.tsx
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/tests/utils.tsx
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import { h, ComponentChild } from 'preact';
-import { IntlProvider } from 'react-intl';
 import { render as originalRender } from '@testing-library/preact';
 import { Provider } from 'store/context';
 
+import { IntlProvider } from 'common/intl';
 import en from 'locales/en.json';
 import { mockStore } from '__stubs__/store';
 import { StoreState } from 'store';
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/typings/enzyme.d.ts b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/typings/enzyme.d.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index bb5f4397..00000000
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/typings/enzyme.d.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-/// <reference types="enzyme-adapter-preact-pure" />
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/utils/errorUtils.ts b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/utils/errorUtils.ts
index db68a846..5de1f7a8 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/utils/errorUtils.ts
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/utils/errorUtils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { IntlShape, defineMessages } from 'react-intl';
+import { IntlShape, defineMessages } from 'common/intl';
 import { ApiError } from '../common/types';
 
 export const errorMessages = defineMessages<string | number>({
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/utils/loadLocale.ts b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/utils/loadLocale.ts
index cec4b1f6..73067552 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/app/utils/loadLocale.ts
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/app/utils/loadLocale.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/** this is generated file by "npm run translation:generate" **/
+/** this is generated file by "pnpm translation:generate" **/
 // it is ok that is empty. Default messages from code will be used.
 const enMessages = {};
 
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/jest.config.ts b/frontend/apps/remark42/jest.config.ts
index 4d9f28a9..98ca8a5f 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/jest.config.ts
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/jest.config.ts
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ const config: Config = {
     '\\.css': 'identity-obj-proxy',
     '\\.svg': '<rootDir>/app/__stubs__/svg.tsx',
   },
-  setupFiles: ['<rootDir>/jest.setup.ts'],
   setupFilesAfterEnv: [
     '<rootDir>/app/__mocks__/fetch.ts',
     '<rootDir>/app/__mocks__/localstorage.ts',
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/jest.setup.ts b/frontend/apps/remark42/jest.setup.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 22c994ee..00000000
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/jest.setup.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-import { configure } from 'enzyme';
-import PreactAdapter from 'enzyme-adapter-preact-pure';
-
-configure({ adapter: new PreactAdapter() });
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/package.json b/frontend/apps/remark42/package.json
index fa2cd597..22d56e55 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/package.json
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/package.json
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
     "size-check": "cross-env NODE_ENV=production npm run build && size-limit",
     "type-check": "tsc -p tsconfig.json --noEmit",
     "translation-check": "run-s translation:extract translation:check",
-    "translation:extract": "formatjs extract --out-file=./extracted-messages/messages.json \"**/*.{ts,tsx}\" --ignore=\"**/*.d.ts\"",
+    "translation:extract": "formatjs extract --out-file=./extracted-messages/messages.json \"**/*.{ts,tsx}\" --ignore=\"**/*.d.ts\" --ignore=\"**/*.{test,spec}.{ts,tsx}\" --ignore=\"app/tests/**\" --ignore=\"app/__mocks__/**\" --ignore=\"app/__stubs__/**\"",
     "translation:generate": "node ./tasks/generateDictionary.js",
     "translation:check": "node ./tasks/checkTranslation.js"
   },
@@ -32,13 +32,9 @@
     "@ungap/custom-elements": "^1.3.0",
     "clsx": "^2.1.1",
     "core-js": "^3.49.0",
-    "intersection-observer": "^0.12.2",
     "lodash-es": "^4.18.1",
     "node-emoji": "^1.11.0",
     "preact": "10.29.8",
-    "react": "npm:@preact/compat@^18.3.2",
-    "react-dom": "npm:@preact/compat@^18.3.2",
-    "react-intl": "6.0.5",
     "redux": "^4.2.0",
     "redux-thunk": "^2.4.1"
   },
@@ -58,8 +54,6 @@
     "@swc/jest": "^0.2.21",
     "@testing-library/jest-dom": "^5.16.4",
     "@testing-library/preact": "3.2.4",
-    "@testing-library/preact-hooks": "^1.1.0",
-    "@types/enzyme": "^3.10.19",
     "@types/eslint": "^8.4.5",
     "@types/jest": "^28.1.4",
     "@types/lodash-es": "^4.17.12",
@@ -79,8 +73,6 @@
     "css-minimizer-webpack-plugin": "^4.0.0",
     "cssnano": "^5.1.12",
     "dotenv": "^17.4.2",
-    "enzyme": "^3.11.0",
-    "enzyme-adapter-preact-pure": "^4.1.0",
     "eslint": "^8.18.0",
     "eslint-config-preact": "^1.3.0",
     "eslint-config-prettier": "^8.5.0",
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/tasks/checkTranslation.js b/frontend/apps/remark42/tasks/checkTranslation.js
index 675ba221..56ee0673 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/tasks/checkTranslation.js
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/tasks/checkTranslation.js
@@ -11,12 +11,107 @@ locales.forEach((locale) => {
   keysFromDict.forEach((key) => {
     if (!keys.includes(key)) {
       errors.push(
-        `"${key}" key not found in "${locale}" locale dict. Please run "npm run translation:generate" and commit changes.`
+        `"${key}" key not found in "${locale}" locale dict. Please run "pnpm translation:generate" and commit changes.`
       );
     }
     return null;
   });
 });
+// the loop above catches a locale key absent from the source. this catches the
+// other direction, which nothing else can see: a key extracted from somewhere it should not
+// be, such as a test fixture, is absent from en.json but would be written into all 24
+// catalogues by the next translation:generate, and translators would be asked to translate it
+const en = require(getLocalePath({ locale: 'en' }));
+keys.forEach((key) => {
+  if (!Object.keys(en).includes(key)) {
+    errors.push(
+      `"${key}" was extracted from the source but is missing from the "en" locale dict. ` +
+        `If it is a new message, run "translation:generate" and commit the catalogues. ` +
+        `If it comes from a test or a fixture, exclude that file from "translation:extract".`
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+// a translation's markup and placeholders have to match the contract of the English string
+// it translates. neither the extractor nor the key comparison above looks at a value, so
+// without this a broken tag or an invented placeholder ships and the widget silently renders
+// that message in English instead of the translation
+const PLACEHOLDER = /\{\s*(\w+)\s*\}/g;
+
+function placeholdersIn(message) {
+  return new Set(Array.from(message.matchAll(PLACEHOLDER), (match) => match[1]));
+}
+
+function tagsIn(message) {
+  return new Set(Array.from(message.matchAll(/<(\w+)>/g), (match) => match[1]));
+}
+
+// mirrors app/common/intl.tsx: a self-closing tag is text, and only `</` or `<` opening a
+// tag name is markup that has to resolve. testing for any angle bracket instead would
+// reject ordinary text such as "under < 10"
+const SELF_CLOSING = /<[a-zA-Z][\w-]*\s*\/>/g;
+const TAG_START = /<\/|<[a-zA-Z]/;
+
+/**
+ * True when anything tag-shaped survives once the pairs the English string uses are taken
+ * out. The pair contents are checked too, since stripping a pair removes whatever was
+ * nested inside it, and the widget rejects a nested tag.
+ */
+function hasBrokenMarkup(message, tags) {
+  const chunks = [];
+  const withoutPairs = tags.reduce(
+    (text, tag) =>
+      text.replace(new RegExp(`<${tag}>([\\s\\S]*?)</${tag}>`, 'g'), (_match, chunk) => {
+        chunks.push(chunk);
+
+        return '';
+      }),
+    message
+  );
+
+  return (
+    TAG_START.test(withoutPairs.replace(SELF_CLOSING, '')) ||
+    chunks.some((chunk) => TAG_START.test(chunk.replace(SELF_CLOSING, '')))
+  );
+}
+
+locales.forEach((locale) => {
+  if (locale === 'en') {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const dict = require(getLocalePath({ locale }));
+
+  Object.keys(dict).forEach((key) => {
+    const source = en[key];
+    const value = dict[key];
+
+    if (typeof source !== 'string' || typeof value !== 'string') {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const tags = Array.from(tagsIn(source));
+
+    if (hasBrokenMarkup(value, tags)) {
+      errors.push(
+        `"${key}" in "${locale}" has markup the widget cannot resolve: ${JSON.stringify(value)}. ` +
+          `Tags must be well-formed pairs of the same names the English string uses ` +
+          `(${tags.length ? tags.map((tag) => `<${tag}>`).join(', ') : 'none'}), with no attributes. ` +
+          `A translation may leave a tag out entirely. As written, this message renders in English.`
+      );
+    }
+
+    const unknown = Array.from(placeholdersIn(value)).filter((name) => !placeholdersIn(source).has(name));
+
+    if (unknown.length) {
+      errors.push(
+        `"${key}" in "${locale}" uses ${unknown.map((name) => `{${name}}`).join(', ')}, which the ` +
+          `English string does not provide. As written, this message renders in English.`
+      );
+    }
+  });
+});
+
 if (errors.length) {
   // eslint-disable-next-line no-console
   console.error(errors.join(`\n`));
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/tasks/localeLoadTemplate.js b/frontend/apps/remark42/tasks/localeLoadTemplate.js
index fda9cb9d..5410bd60 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/tasks/localeLoadTemplate.js
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/tasks/localeLoadTemplate.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 function renderLoadLocale(locales) {
-  return `/** this is generated file by "npm run translation:generate" **/
+  return `/** this is generated file by "pnpm translation:generate" **/
 // it is ok that is empty. Default messages from code will be used.
 const enMessages = {};
 
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/tsconfig.json b/frontend/apps/remark42/tsconfig.json
index 51ac5906..907f0185 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/tsconfig.json
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/tsconfig.json
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
     "skipLibCheck": true,
     "sourceMap": true,
     "paths": {
-      "react": ["../node_modules/preact/compat"],
-      "react-dom": ["../node_modules/preact/compat"],
       "preact": ["../node_modules/preact"],
       "preact/*": ["../node_modules/preact/*"]
     }
diff --git a/frontend/apps/remark42/webpack.config.js b/frontend/apps/remark42/webpack.config.js
index b47e0eda..2e785e88 100644
--- a/frontend/apps/remark42/webpack.config.js
+++ b/frontend/apps/remark42/webpack.config.js
@@ -55,9 +55,6 @@ function getLocalIdent(loaderContext, _, localName, options) {
 const exclude = [
   '@github/markdown-toolbar-element',
   '@github/text-expander-element',
-  'react-intl',
-  'intl-messageformat',
-  'intl-messageformat-parser',
 ].map((m) => path.resolve(__dirname, 'node_modules', m));
 
 const htmlMinifyOptions = {
diff --git a/frontend/package.json b/frontend/package.json
index 6f3acd63..c69b915d 100644
--- a/frontend/package.json
+++ b/frontend/package.json
@@ -85,8 +85,7 @@
       "undici@>=7.0.0 <8.0.0": ">=7.29.0 <8.0.0",
       "body-parser@<1.20.6": ">=1.20.6 <2.0.0",
       "preact": "10.29.8",
-      "@types/minimatch": "5.1.2",
-      "cheerio": "1.0.0-rc.12"
+      "@types/minimatch": "5.1.2"
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/frontend/pnpm-lock.yaml b/frontend/pnpm-lock.yaml
index 5b825974..8e0d8a01 100644
--- a/frontend/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/frontend/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ overrides:
   body-parser@<1.20.6: '>=1.20.6 <2.0.0'
   preact: 10.29.8
   '@types/minimatch': 5.1.2
-  cheerio: 1.0.0-rc.12
 
 importers:
 
@@ -101,9 +100,6 @@ importers:
       core-js:
         specifier: ^3.49.0
         version: 3.49.0
-      intersection-observer:
-        specifier: ^0.12.2
-        version: 0.12.2
       lodash-es:
         specifier: ^4.18.1
         version: 4.18.1
@@ -113,15 +109,6 @@ importers:
       preact:
         specifier: 10.29.8
         version: 10.29.8
-      react:
-        specifier: npm:@preact/compat@^18.3.2
-        version: '@preact/compat@18.3.2(preact@10.29.8)'
-      react-dom:
-        specifier: npm:@preact/compat@^18.3.2
-        version: '@preact/compat@18.3.2(preact@10.29.8)'
-      react-intl:
-        specifier: 6.0.5
-        version: 6.0.5(@preact/compat@18.3.2(preact@10.29.8))(typescript@5.9.3)
       redux:
         specifier: ^4.2.0
         version: 4.2.1
@@ -174,12 +161,6 @@ importers:
       '@testing-library/preact':
         specifier: 3.2.4
         version: 3.2.4(preact@10.29.8)
-      '@testing-library/preact-hooks':
-        specifier: ^1.1.0
-        version: 1.1.0(@testing-library/preact@3.2.4(preact@10.29.8))(preact@10.29.8)
-      '@types/enzyme':
-        specifier: ^3.10.19
-        version: 3.10.19
       '@types/eslint':
         specifier: ^8.4.5
         version: 8.56.12
@@ -237,12 +218,6 @@ importers:
       dotenv:
         specifier: ^17.4.2
         version: 17.4.2
-      enzyme:
-        specifier: ^3.11.0
-        version: 3.11.0
-      enzyme-adapter-preact-pure:
-        specifier: ^4.1.0
-        version: 4.1.0(enzyme@3.11.0)(preact@10.29.8)
       eslint:
         specifier: ^8.18.0
         version: 8.57.1
@@ -1238,35 +1213,6 @@ packages:
       '@vue/compiler-sfc':
         optional: true
 
-  '@formatjs/ecma402-abstract@1.11.8':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-fgLqyWlwmTEuqV/TSLEL/t9JOmHNLFvCdgzXB0jc2w+WOItPCOJ1T0eyN6fQBQKRPfSqqNlu+kWj7ijcOVTVVQ==}
-
-  '@formatjs/fast-memoize@1.2.4':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-9ARYoLR8AEzXvj2nYrOVHY/h1dDMDWGTnKDLXSISF1uoPakSmfcZuSqjiqZX2wRkEUimPxdwTu/agyozBtZRHA==}
-
-  '@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser@2.1.4':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-3PqMvKWV1oyok0BuiXUAHIaotdhdTJw6OICqCZbfUgKT+ZRwRWO4IlCgvXJeCITaKS5p+PY0XXKjf/vUyIpWjQ==}
-
-  '@formatjs/icu-skeleton-parser@1.3.10':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-kXJmtLDqFF5aLTf8IxdJXnhrIX1Qb4Qp3a9jqRecGDYfzOa9hMhi9U0nKyhrJJ4cXxBzptcgb+LWkyeHL6nlBQ==}
-
-  '@formatjs/intl-displaynames@6.0.3':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-Mxh6W1VOlmiEvO/QPBrBQHlXrIn5VxjJWyyEI0V7ZHNGl0ee8AjSlq7vIJG8GodRJqGUuutF6N3OB/6qFv0YWg==}
-
-  '@formatjs/intl-listformat@7.0.3':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-ampNLRGZl/08epHa3i5sRmcHGLneC6JrknexbbgnexYFNSmJ6AbL/dCzgrQzw2Efl+5AZK7UbNFxcDYY3RePvw==}
-
-  '@formatjs/intl-localematcher@0.2.28':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-FLsc6Gifs1np/8HnCn/7Q+lHMmenrD5fuDhRT82yj0gi9O19kfaFwjQUw1gZsyILuRyT93GuzdifHj7TKRhBcw==}
-
-  '@formatjs/intl@2.3.1':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-f06qZ/ukpeN24gc01qFjh3P+r3FU/ikY4yG+fDJu6dPNvpUQzDy98lYogA1dr6ig2UtrnoEk3xncyFPL1e9cZw==}
-    peerDependencies:
-      typescript: ^4.5
-    peerDependenciesMeta:
-      typescript:
-        optional: true
-
   '@github/combobox-nav@2.3.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-gwxPzLw8XKecy1nP63i9lOBritS3bWmxl02UX6G0TwMQZbMem1BCS1tEZgYd3mkrkiDrUMWaX+DbFCuDFo3K+A==}
 
@@ -1604,11 +1550,6 @@ packages:
   '@polka/url@1.0.0-next.29':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-wwQAWhWSuHaag8c4q/KN/vCoeOJYshAIvMQwD4GpSb3OiZklFfvAgmj0VCBBImRpuF/aFgIRzllXlVX93Jevww==}
 
-  '@preact/compat@18.3.2':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-5vSl55K5yLMvocT7PBKxDOHGgYPjMrKQqqr6roSNjIXcJOtSgDDMjpiCAF3s7klRdmGrN75b/Przmjw8gmlg/w==}
-    peerDependencies:
-      preact: 10.29.8
-
   '@prefresh/babel-plugin@0.4.4':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-/EvgIFMDL+nd20WNvMO0JQnzIl1EJPgmSaSYrZUww7A+aSdKsi37aL07TljrZR1cBMuzFxcr4xvqsUQLFJEukw==}
 
@@ -1758,12 +1699,6 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-ynmNeT7asXyH3aSVv4vvX4Rb+0qjOhdNHnO/3vuZNqPmhDpV/+rCSGwQ7bLcmU2cJ4dvoheIO85LQj0IbJHEtg==}
     engines: {node: '>=8', npm: '>=6', yarn: '>=1'}
 
-  '@testing-library/preact-hooks@1.1.0':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-+JIor+NsOHkK3oIrwMDGKGHXTN0JJi462dBJlj4FNbGaDPTlctE6eu2ranWQirh7/FJMkWfzQCP+tk7jmY8ZrQ==}
-    peerDependencies:
-      '@testing-library/preact': ^2.0.0
-      preact: 10.29.8
-
   '@testing-library/preact@3.2.4':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-F+kJ243LP6VmEK1M809unzTE/ijg+bsMNuiRN0JEDIJBELKKDNhdgC/WrUSZ7klwJvtlO3wQZ9ix+jhObG07Fg==}
     engines: {node: '>= 12'}
@@ -1807,18 +1742,12 @@ packages:
   '@types/bonjour@3.5.13':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-z9fJ5Im06zvUL548KvYNecEVlA7cVDkGUi6kZusb04mpyEFKCIZJvloCcmpmLaIahDpOQGHaHmG6imtPMmPXGQ==}
 
-  '@types/cheerio@0.22.35':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-yD57BchKRvTV+JD53UZ6PD8KWY5g5rvvMLRnZR3EQBCZXiDT/HR+pKpMzFGlWNhFrXlo7VPZXtKvIEwZkAWOIA==}
-
   '@types/connect-history-api-fallback@1.5.4':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-n6Cr2xS1h4uAulPRdlw6Jl6s1oG8KrVilPN2yUITEs+K48EzMJJ3W1xy8K5eWuFvjp3R74AOIGSmp2UfBJ8HFw==}
 
   '@types/connect@3.4.38':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-K6uROf1LD88uDQqJCktA4yzL1YYAK6NgfsI0v/mTgyPKWsX1CnJ0XPSDhViejru1GcRkLWb8RlzFYJRqGUbaug==}
 
-  '@types/enzyme@3.10.19':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-kIfCo6/DdpgCHgmrLgPTugjzbZ46BUK8S2IP0kYo8+62LD2l1k8mSVsc+zQYNTdjDRoh2E9Spxu6F1NnEiW38Q==}
-
   '@types/eslint@8.56.12':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-03ruubjWyOHlmljCVoxSuNDdmfZDzsrrz0P2LeJsOXr+ZwFQ+0yQIwNCwt/GYhV7Z31fgtXJTAEs+FYlEL851g==}
 
@@ -1843,11 +1772,6 @@ packages:
   '@types/graceful-fs@4.1.9':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-olP3sd1qOEe5dXTSaFvQG+02VdRXcdytWLAZsAq1PecU8uqQAhkrnbli7DagjtXKW/Bl7YJbUsa8MPcuc8LHEQ==}
 
-  '@types/hoist-non-react-statics@3.3.7':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-PQTyIulDkIDro8P+IHbKCsw7U2xxBYflVzW/FgWdCAePD9xGSidgA76/GeJ6lBKoblyhf9pBY763gbrN+1dI8g==}
-    peerDependencies:
-      '@types/react': '*'
-
   '@types/html-minifier-terser@6.1.0':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-oh/6byDPnL1zeNXFrDXFLyZjkr1MsBG667IM792caf1L2UPOOMf65NFzjUH/ltyfwjAGfs1rsX1eftK0jC/KIg==}
 
@@ -1911,30 +1835,18 @@ packages:
   '@types/prettier@2.7.3':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-+68kP9yzs4LMp7VNh8gdzMSPZFL44MLGqiHWvttYJe+6qnuVr4Ek9wSBQoveqY/r+LwjCcU29kNVkidwim+kYA==}
 
-  '@types/prop-types@15.7.15':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-F6bEyamV9jKGAFBEmlQnesRPGOQqS2+Uwi0Em15xenOxHaf2hv6L8YCVn3rPdPJOiJfPiCnLIRyvwVaqMY3MIw==}
-
   '@types/qs@6.15.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-GZHUBZR9hckSUhrxmp1nG6NwdpM9fCunJwyThLW1X3AyHgd9IlHb6VANpQQqDr2o/qQp6McZ3y/IA2rVzKzSbw==}
 
   '@types/range-parser@1.2.7':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-hKormJbkJqzQGhziax5PItDUTMAM9uE2XXQmM37dyd4hVM+5aVl7oVxMVUiVQn2oCQFN/LKCZdvSM0pFRqbSmQ==}
 
-  '@types/react@16.14.70':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-DM5Q7rSx9G6QYcVvMgxvEurL5P06OxcDNUXrLxlpBzG4ccUewcBCmsztYbxJBobzO8RIwwmjoaD5OsKqdHDuYQ==}
-
-  '@types/react@18.3.31':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-vfEqpXTvwT91yhmwdfouStN2hSKwTvyRs8qpLfADyrq/kxDw0hZM7Wk9Ug1FELj8hIby+S/+kQCSRFF32nv2Qw==}
-
   '@types/redux-mock-store@1.5.0':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-jcscBazm6j05Hs6xYCca6psTUBbFT2wqMxT7wZEHAYFxHB/I8jYk7d5msrHUlDiSL02HdTqTmkK2oIV8i3C8DA==}
 
   '@types/retry@0.12.2':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-XISRgDJ2Tc5q4TRqvgJtzsRkFYNJzZrhTdtMoGVBttwzzQJkPnS3WWTFc7kuDRoPtPakl+T+OfdEUjYJj7Jbow==}
 
-  '@types/scheduler@0.16.8':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-WZLiwShhwLRmeV6zH+GkbOFT6Z6VklCItrDioxUnv+u4Ll+8vKeFySoFyK/0ctcRpOmwAicELfmys1sDc/Rw+A==}
-
   '@types/semver@7.7.1':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-FmgJfu+MOcQ370SD0ev7EI8TlCAfKYU+B4m5T3yXc1CiRN94g/SZPtsCkk506aUDtlMnFZvasDwHHUcZUEaYuA==}
 
@@ -2333,10 +2245,6 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-MNha4BWQ6JbwhFhj03YK552f7cb3AzoE8SzeljgChvL1dl3IcvggXVz1DilzySZkCja+CXuZbdW7yATchWn8/Q==}
     engines: {node: '>=0.10.0'}
 
-  array.prototype.filter@1.0.4:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-r+mCJ7zXgXElgR4IRC+fkvNCeoaavWBs6EdCso5Tbcf+iEMKzBU/His60lt34WEZ9vlb8wDkZvQGcVI5GwkfoQ==}
-    engines: {node: '>= 0.4'}
-
   array.prototype.findlast@1.2.5:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-CVvd6FHg1Z3POpBLxO6E6zr+rSKEQ9L6rZHAaY7lLfhKsWYUBBOuMs0e9o24oopj6H+geRCX0YJ+TJLBK2eHyQ==}
     engines: {node: '>= 0.4'}
@@ -2605,13 +2513,6 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-kWWXztvZ5SBQV+eRgKFeh8q5sLuZY2+8WUIzlxWVTg+oGwY14qylx1KbKzHd8P6ZYkAg0xyIDU9JMHhyJMZ1jw==}
     engines: {node: '>=10'}
 
-  cheerio-select@2.1.0:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-9v9kG0LvzrlcungtnJtpGNxY+fzECQKhK4EGJX2vByejiMX84MFNQw4UxPJl3bFbTMw+Dfs37XaIkCwTZfLh4g==}
-
-  cheerio@1.0.0-rc.12:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-VqR8m68vM46BNnuZ5NtnGBKIE/DfN0cRIzg9n40EIq9NOv90ayxLBXA8fXC5gquFRGJSTRqBq25Jt2ECLR431Q==}
-    engines: {node: '>= 6'}
-
   chokidar@3.6.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-7VT13fmjotKpGipCW9JEQAusEPE+Ei8nl6/g4FBAmIm0GOOLMua9NDDo/DWp0ZAxCr3cPq5ZpBqmPAQgDda2Pw==}
     engines: {node: '>= 8.10.0'}
@@ -2927,9 +2828,6 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-AZL67abkUzIuvcHqk7c09cezpGNcxUxU4Ioi/05xHk4DQeTkWmGYftIE6ctU6AEt+Gn4n1lDStOtj7FKycP71A==}
     engines: {node: '>=8'}
 
-  csstype@3.2.3:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-z1HGKcYy2xA8AGQfwrn0PAy+PB7X/GSj3UVJW9qKyn43xWa+gl5nXmU4qqLMRzWVLFC8KusUX8T/0kCiOYpAIQ==}
-
   damerau-levenshtein@1.0.8:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-sdQSFB7+llfUcQHUQO3+B8ERRj0Oa4w9POWMI/puGtuf7gFywGmkaLCElnudfTiKZV+NvHqL0ifzdrI8Ro7ESA==}
 
@@ -3070,9 +2968,6 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-WkrWp9GR4KXfKGYzOLmTuGVi1UWFfws377n9cc55/tb6DuqyF6pcQ5AbiHEshaDpY9v6oaSr2XCDidGmMwdzIA==}
     engines: {node: '>=8'}
 
-  discontinuous-range@1.0.0:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-c68LpLbO+7kP/b1Hr1qs8/BJ09F5khZGTxqxZuhzxpmwJKOgRFHJWIb9/KmqnqHhLdO55aOxFH/EGBvUQbL/RQ==}
-
   dns-packet@5.6.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-l4gcSouhcgIKRvyy99RNVOgxXiicE+2jZoNmaNmZ6JXiGajBOJAesk1OBlJuM5k2c+eudGdLxDqXuPCKIj6kpw==}
     engines: {node: '>=6'}
@@ -3174,27 +3069,11 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-V0hjH4dGPh9Ao5p0MoRY6BVqtwCjhz6vI5LT8AJ55H+4g9/4vbHx1I54fS0XuclLhDHArPQCiMjDxjaL8fPxhw==}
     engines: {node: '>=0.12'}
 
-  entities@6.0.1:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-aN97NXWF6AWBTahfVOIrB/NShkzi5H7F9r1s9mD3cDj4Ko5f2qhhVoYMibXF7GlLveb/D2ioWay8lxI97Ven3g==}
-    engines: {node: '>=0.12'}
-
   envinfo@7.21.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-Lw7I8Zp5YKHFCXL7+Dz95g4CcbMEpgvqZNNq3AmlT5XAV6CgAAk6gyAMqn2zjw08K9BHfcNuKrMiCPLByGafow==}
     engines: {node: '>=4'}
     hasBin: true
 
-  enzyme-adapter-preact-pure@4.1.0:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-SifzvBGf1qUEs0FfCAOiKgDppb1wg/R+rmX8D7jFVpQ/Q2L3/xuyc1V575zoi8QAhIBDUB/8QUWvI4KZc50trw==}
-    peerDependencies:
-      enzyme: ^3.11.0
-      preact: 10.29.8
-
-  enzyme-shallow-equal@1.0.7:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-/um0GFqUXnpM9SvKtje+9Tjoz3f1fpBC3eXRFrNs8kpYn69JljciYP7KZTqM/YQbUY9KUjvKB4jo/q+L6WGGvg==}
-
-  enzyme@3.11.0:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-Dw8/Gs4vRjxY6/6i9wU0V+utmQO9kvh9XLnz3LIudviOnVYDEe2ec+0k+NQoMamn1VrjKgCUOWj5jG/5M5M0Qw==}
-
   error-ex@1.3.4:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-sqQamAnR14VgCr1A618A3sGrygcpK+HEbenA/HiEAkkUwcZIIB/tgWqHFxWgOyDh4nB4JCRimh79dR5Ywc9MDQ==}
 
@@ -3206,9 +3085,6 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-2FpH9Q5i2RRwyEP1AylXe6nYLR5OhaJTZwmlcP0dL/+JCbgg7yyEo/sEK6HeGZRf3dFpWwThaRHVApXSkW3xeg==}
     engines: {node: '>= 0.4'}
 
-  es-array-method-boxes-properly@1.0.0:
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     engines: {node: '>= 0.4'}
@@ -3748,10 +3624,6 @@ packages:
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     engines: {node: '>= 0.4'}
 
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     engines: {node: '>= 0.4'}
@@ -3760,9 +3632,6 @@ packages:
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     hasBin: true
 
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-
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@@ -3773,10 +3642,6 @@ packages:
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-
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     engines: {node: '>=12'}
@@ -3925,13 +3790,6 @@ packages:
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-    deprecated: The Intersection Observer polyfill is no longer needed and can safely be removed. Intersection Observer has been Baseline since 2019.
-
-  intl-messageformat@10.1.1:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-FeJne2oooYW6shLPbrqyjRX6hTELVrQ90Dn88z7NomLk/xZBCLxLPAkgaYaTQJBRBV78nZ933d8APHHkTQrD9Q==}
-
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     engines: {node: '>= 0.4'}
@@ -4472,16 +4327,6 @@ packages:
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-
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-    deprecated: This package is deprecated. Use require('node:util').isDeepStrictEqual instead.
-
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     resolution: {integrity: sha512-oSXzaWypCMHkPC3NvBEaPHf0KsA5mvPrOPgQWDsbg8n7orZ290M0BmC/jgRZ4vcJ6DTAhjrsSYgdsW/F+MFOBA==}
 
@@ -4703,9 +4548,6 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: '>=10'}
     hasBin: true
 
-  moo@0.5.3:
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     engines: {node: '>=10'}
@@ -4742,10 +4584,6 @@ packages:
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-    hasBin: true
-
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     engines: {node: '>= 0.6'}
@@ -4947,15 +4785,9 @@ packages:
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     engines: {node: '>=8'}
 
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-
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-  parse5@7.3.0:
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-
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     engines: {node: '>= 0.8'}
@@ -5000,9 +4832,6 @@ packages:
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     engines: {node: '>=18'}
 
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-
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@@ -5534,16 +5363,6 @@ packages:
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     engines: {node: '>=8'}
 
-  raf@3.4.1:
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-
-  railroad-diagrams@1.0.0:
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-
-  randexp@0.4.6:
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-    engines: {node: '>=0.12'}
-
   range-parser@1.2.1:
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     engines: {node: '>= 0.6'}
@@ -5556,15 +5375,6 @@ packages:
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     engines: {node: '>= 0.8'}
 
-  react-intl@6.0.5:
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-    peerDependencies:
-      react: ^16.6.0 || 17 || 18
-      typescript: ^4.5
-    peerDependenciesMeta:
-      typescript:
-        optional: true
-
   react-is@16.13.1:
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@@ -5692,10 +5502,6 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-I9fPXU9geO9bHOt9pHHOhOkYerIMsmVaWB0rA2AI9ERh/+x/i7MV5HKBNrg+ljO5eoPVgCcnFuRjJ9uH6I/3eg==}
     engines: {node: ^12.20.0 || ^14.13.1 || >=16.0.0}
 
-  ret@0.1.15:
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-    engines: {node: '>=0.12'}
-
   retry@0.13.1:
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     engines: {node: '>= 4'}
@@ -5717,9 +5523,6 @@ packages:
     deprecated: Rimraf versions prior to v4 are no longer supported
     hasBin: true
 
-  rst-selector-parser@2.2.3:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-nDG1rZeP6oFTLN6yNDV/uiAvs1+FS/KlrEwh7+y7dpuApDBy6bI2HTBcc0/V8lv9OTqfyD34eF7au2pm8aBbhA==}
-
   run-applescript@7.1.0:
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     engines: {node: '>=18'}
@@ -6219,9 +6022,6 @@ packages:
   tslib@1.14.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-Xni35NKzjgMrwevysHTCArtLDpPvye8zV/0E4EyYn43P7/7qvQwPh9BGkHewbMulVntbigmcT7rdX3BNo9wRJg==}
 
-  tslib@2.4.0:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-d6xOpEDfsi2CZVlPQzGeux8XMwLT9hssAsaPYExaQMuYskwb+x1x7J371tWlbBdWHroy99KnVB6qIkUbs5X3UQ==}
-
   tslib@2.8.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-oJFu94HQb+KVduSUQL7wnpmqnfmLsOA/nAh6b6EH0wCEoK0/mPeXU6c3wKDV83MkOuHPRHtSXKKU99IBazS/2w==}
 
@@ -7632,54 +7432,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   '@formatjs/cli@5.1.13': {}
 
-  '@formatjs/ecma402-abstract@1.11.8':
-    dependencies:
-      '@formatjs/intl-localematcher': 0.2.28
-      tslib: 2.4.0
-
-  '@formatjs/fast-memoize@1.2.4':
-    dependencies:
-      tslib: 2.4.0
-
-  '@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser@2.1.4':
-    dependencies:
-      '@formatjs/ecma402-abstract': 1.11.8
-      '@formatjs/icu-skeleton-parser': 1.3.10
-      tslib: 2.4.0
-
-  '@formatjs/icu-skeleton-parser@1.3.10':
-    dependencies:
-      '@formatjs/ecma402-abstract': 1.11.8
-      tslib: 2.4.0
-
-  '@formatjs/intl-displaynames@6.0.3':
-    dependencies:
-      '@formatjs/ecma402-abstract': 1.11.8
-      '@formatjs/intl-localematcher': 0.2.28
-      tslib: 2.4.0
-
-  '@formatjs/intl-listformat@7.0.3':
-    dependencies:
-      '@formatjs/ecma402-abstract': 1.11.8
-      '@formatjs/intl-localematcher': 0.2.28
-      tslib: 2.4.0
-
-  '@formatjs/intl-localematcher@0.2.28':
-    dependencies:
-      tslib: 2.4.0
-
-  '@formatjs/intl@2.3.1(typescript@5.9.3)':
-    dependencies:
-      '@formatjs/ecma402-abstract': 1.11.8
-      '@formatjs/fast-memoize': 1.2.4
-      '@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser': 2.1.4
-      '@formatjs/intl-displaynames': 6.0.3
-      '@formatjs/intl-listformat': 7.0.3
-      intl-messageformat: 10.1.1
-      tslib: 2.4.0
-    optionalDependencies:
-      typescript: 5.9.3
-
   '@github/combobox-nav@2.3.1': {}
 
   '@github/markdown-toolbar-element@2.2.3': {}
@@ -8192,10 +7944,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   '@polka/url@1.0.0-next.29': {}
 
-  '@preact/compat@18.3.2(preact@10.29.8)':
-    dependencies:
-      preact: 10.29.8
-
   '@prefresh/babel-plugin@0.4.4': {}
 
   '@prefresh/core@1.5.10(preact@10.29.8)':
@@ -8324,11 +8072,6 @@ snapshots:
       lodash: 4.18.1
       redent: 3.0.0
 
-  '@testing-library/preact-hooks@1.1.0(@testing-library/preact@3.2.4(preact@10.29.8))(preact@10.29.8)':
-    dependencies:
-      '@testing-library/preact': 3.2.4(preact@10.29.8)
-      preact: 10.29.8
-
   '@testing-library/preact@3.2.4(preact@10.29.8)':
     dependencies:
       '@testing-library/dom': 8.20.1
@@ -8376,10 +8119,6 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       '@types/node': 26.0.1
 
-  '@types/cheerio@0.22.35':
-    dependencies:
-      '@types/node': 18.19.130
-
   '@types/connect-history-api-fallback@1.5.4':
     dependencies:
       '@types/express-serve-static-core': 5.1.3
@@ -8389,11 +8128,6 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       '@types/node': 26.0.1
 
-  '@types/enzyme@3.10.19':
-    dependencies:
-      '@types/cheerio': 0.22.35
-      '@types/react': 16.14.70
-
   '@types/eslint@8.56.12':
     dependencies:
       '@types/estree': 1.0.9
@@ -8437,11 +8171,6 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       '@types/node': 18.19.130
 
-  '@types/hoist-non-react-statics@3.3.7(@types/react@18.3.31)':
-    dependencies:
-      '@types/react': 18.3.31
-      hoist-non-react-statics: 3.3.2
-
   '@types/html-minifier-terser@6.1.0': {}
 
   '@types/http-errors@2.0.5': {}
@@ -8501,31 +8230,16 @@ snapshots:
 
   '@types/prettier@2.7.3': {}
 
-  '@types/prop-types@15.7.15': {}
-
   '@types/qs@6.15.1': {}
 
   '@types/range-parser@1.2.7': {}
 
-  '@types/react@16.14.70':
-    dependencies:
-      '@types/prop-types': 15.7.15
-      '@types/scheduler': 0.16.8
-      csstype: 3.2.3
-
-  '@types/react@18.3.31':
-    dependencies:
-      '@types/prop-types': 15.7.15
-      csstype: 3.2.3
-
   '@types/redux-mock-store@1.5.0':
     dependencies:
       redux: 4.2.1
 
   '@types/retry@0.12.2': {}
 
-  '@types/scheduler@0.16.8': {}
-
   '@types/semver@7.7.1': {}
 
   '@types/send@0.17.6':
@@ -8997,15 +8711,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   array-uniq@1.0.3: {}
 
-  array.prototype.filter@1.0.4:
-    dependencies:
-      call-bind: 1.0.9
-      define-properties: 1.2.1
-      es-abstract: 1.24.2
-      es-array-method-boxes-properly: 1.0.0
-      es-object-atoms: 1.1.2
-      is-string: 1.1.1
-
   array.prototype.findlast@1.2.5:
     dependencies:
       call-bind: 1.0.9
@@ -9364,25 +9069,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   char-regex@1.0.2: {}
 
-  cheerio-select@2.1.0:
-    dependencies:
-      boolbase: 1.0.0
-      css-select: 5.2.2
-      css-what: 6.2.2
-      domelementtype: 2.3.0
-      domhandler: 5.0.3
-      domutils: 3.2.2
-
-  cheerio@1.0.0-rc.12:
-    dependencies:
-      cheerio-select: 2.1.0
-      dom-serializer: 2.0.0
-      domhandler: 5.0.3
-      domutils: 3.2.2
-      htmlparser2: 8.0.2
-      parse5: 7.3.0
-      parse5-htmlparser2-tree-adapter: 7.1.0
-
   chokidar@3.6.0:
     dependencies:
       anymatch: 3.1.3
@@ -9698,8 +9384,6 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       cssom: 0.3.8
 
-  csstype@3.2.3: {}
-
   damerau-levenshtein@1.0.8: {}
 
   data-urls@3.0.2:
@@ -9831,8 +9515,6 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       path-type: 4.0.0
 
-  discontinuous-range@1.0.0: {}
-
   dns-packet@5.6.1:
     dependencies:
       '@leichtgewicht/ip-codec': 2.0.5
@@ -9931,45 +9613,8 @@ snapshots:
 
   entities@4.5.0: {}
 
-  entities@6.0.1: {}
-
   envinfo@7.21.0: {}
 
-  enzyme-adapter-preact-pure@4.1.0(enzyme@3.11.0)(preact@10.29.8):
-    dependencies:
-      enzyme: 3.11.0
-      preact: 10.29.8
-
-  enzyme-shallow-equal@1.0.7:
-    dependencies:
-      hasown: 2.0.4
-      object-is: 1.1.6
-
-  enzyme@3.11.0:
-    dependencies:
-      array.prototype.flat: 1.3.3
-      cheerio: 1.0.0-rc.12
-      enzyme-shallow-equal: 1.0.7
-      function.prototype.name: 1.2.0
-      has: 1.0.4
-      html-element-map: 1.4.0
-      is-boolean-object: 1.2.2
-      is-callable: 1.2.7
-      is-number-object: 1.1.1
-      is-regex: 1.2.1
-      is-string: 1.1.1
-      is-subset: 0.1.1
-      lodash.escape: 4.0.1
-      lodash.isequal: 4.5.0
-      object-inspect: 1.13.4
-      object-is: 1.1.6
-      object.assign: 4.1.7
-      object.entries: 1.1.9
-      object.values: 1.2.1
-      raf: 3.4.1
-      rst-selector-parser: 2.2.3
-      string.prototype.trim: 1.2.11
-
   error-ex@1.3.4:
     dependencies:
       is-arrayish: 0.2.1
@@ -10038,8 +9683,6 @@ snapshots:
       unbox-primitive: 1.1.0
       which-typed-array: 1.1.22
 
-  es-array-method-boxes-properly@1.0.0: {}
-
   es-define-property@1.0.1: {}
 
   es-errors@1.3.0: {}
@@ -10795,18 +10438,12 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       has-symbols: 1.1.0
 
-  has@1.0.4: {}
-
   hasown@2.0.4:
     dependencies:
       function-bind: 1.1.2
 
   he@1.2.0: {}
 
-  hoist-non-react-statics@3.3.2:
-    dependencies:
-      react-is: 16.13.1
-
   hosted-git-info@2.8.9: {}
 
   hosted-git-info@4.1.0:
@@ -10820,11 +10457,6 @@ snapshots:
       readable-stream: 2.3.8
       wbuf: 1.7.3
 
-  html-element-map@1.4.0:
-    dependencies:
-      array.prototype.filter: 1.0.4
-      es-errors: 1.3.0
-
   html-encoding-sniffer@3.0.0:
     dependencies:
       whatwg-encoding: 2.0.0
@@ -10977,15 +10609,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   interpret@2.2.0: {}
 
-  intersection-observer@0.12.2: {}
-
-  intl-messageformat@10.1.1:
-    dependencies:
-      '@formatjs/ecma402-abstract': 1.11.8
-      '@formatjs/fast-memoize': 1.2.4
-      '@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser': 2.1.4
-      tslib: 2.4.0
-
   ipaddr.js@1.9.1: {}
 
   ipaddr.js@2.4.0: {}
@@ -11134,8 +10757,6 @@ snapshots:
       call-bound: 1.0.4
       has-tostringtag: 1.0.2
 
-  is-subset@0.1.1: {}
-
   is-symbol@1.1.1:
     dependencies:
       call-bound: 1.0.4
@@ -11731,12 +11352,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   lodash.debounce@4.0.8: {}
 
-  lodash.escape@4.0.1: {}
-
-  lodash.flattendeep@4.4.0: {}
-
-  lodash.isequal@4.5.0: {}
-
   lodash.isplainobject@4.0.6: {}
 
   lodash.memoize@4.1.2: {}
@@ -11914,8 +11529,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   mkdirp@1.0.4: {}
 
-  moo@0.5.3: {}
-
   mrmime@2.0.1: {}
 
   ms@2.0.0: {}
@@ -11941,13 +11554,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   natural-compare@1.4.0: {}
 
-  nearley@2.20.1:
-    dependencies:
-      commander: 2.20.3
-      moo: 0.5.3
-      railroad-diagrams: 1.0.0
-      randexp: 0.4.6
-
   negotiator@0.6.3: {}
 
   negotiator@0.6.4: {}
@@ -12173,17 +11779,8 @@ snapshots:
       json-parse-even-better-errors: 2.3.1
       lines-and-columns: 1.2.4
 
-  parse5-htmlparser2-tree-adapter@7.1.0:
-    dependencies:
-      domhandler: 5.0.3
-      parse5: 7.3.0
-
   parse5@6.0.1: {}
 
-  parse5@7.3.0:
-    dependencies:
-      entities: 6.0.1
-
   parseurl@1.3.3: {}
 
   pascal-case@3.1.2:
@@ -12213,8 +11810,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   path-type@6.0.0: {}
 
-  performance-now@2.1.0: {}
-
   picocolors@1.1.1: {}
 
   picomatch@2.3.2: {}
@@ -12727,17 +12322,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   quick-lru@4.0.1: {}
 
-  raf@3.4.1:
-    dependencies:
-      performance-now: 2.1.0
-
-  railroad-diagrams@1.0.0: {}
-
-  randexp@0.4.6:
-    dependencies:
-      discontinuous-range: 1.0.0
-      ret: 0.1.15
-
   range-parser@1.2.1: {}
 
   range-parser@1.3.0: {}
@@ -12749,22 +12333,6 @@ snapshots:
       iconv-lite: 0.4.24
       unpipe: 1.0.0
 
-  react-intl@6.0.5(@preact/compat@18.3.2(preact@10.29.8))(typescript@5.9.3):
-    dependencies:
-      '@formatjs/ecma402-abstract': 1.11.8
-      '@formatjs/icu-messageformat-parser': 2.1.4
-      '@formatjs/intl': 2.3.1(typescript@5.9.3)
-      '@formatjs/intl-displaynames': 6.0.3
-      '@formatjs/intl-listformat': 7.0.3
-      '@types/hoist-non-react-statics': 3.3.7(@types/react@18.3.31)
-      '@types/react': 18.3.31
-      hoist-non-react-statics: 3.3.2
-      intl-messageformat: 10.1.1
-      react: '@preact/compat@18.3.2(preact@10.29.8)'
-      tslib: 2.4.0
-    optionalDependencies:
-      typescript: 5.9.3
-
   react-is@16.13.1: {}
 
   react-is@17.0.2: {}
@@ -12920,8 +12488,6 @@ snapshots:
       onetime: 5.1.2
       signal-exit: 3.0.7
 
-  ret@0.1.15: {}
-
   retry@0.13.1: {}
 
   reusify@1.1.0: {}
@@ -12936,11 +12502,6 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       glob: 7.2.3
 
-  rst-selector-parser@2.2.3:
-    dependencies:
-      lodash.flattendeep: 4.4.0
-      nearley: 2.20.1
-
   run-applescript@7.1.0: {}
 
   run-parallel@1.2.0:
@@ -13581,8 +13142,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   tslib@1.14.1: {}
 
-  tslib@2.4.0: {}
-
   tslib@2.8.1: {}
 
   tsutils@3.21.0(typescript@5.9.3):
diff --git a/site/src/docs/contributing/frontend/index.md b/site/src/docs/contributing/frontend/index.md
index 989cb30f..5c9901ad 100644
--- a/site/src/docs/contributing/frontend/index.md
+++ b/site/src/docs/contributing/frontend/index.md
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ Frontend for Remark42 is built with [Preact](https://preactjs.com) and [Redux](h
 
 ::: note 💡
 We highly recommend checking out Preact [documentation](https://preactjs.com/guide/v10/getting-started).
-TLDR: Preact replicates React API and compatible with its libraries.
+React libraries are not usable here: the store bindings and the i18n helpers are small local
+modules under `app/`.
 :::
 
 In order to inject Remark42 widgets into websites we use `iframe` and `postMessage` for communication between a site and the widget.
@@ -111,10 +112,10 @@ Run `pnpm build` inside `./frontend`, and result files will be saved in `./front
 ## Testing
 
 - Project uses [Jest](https://jestjs.io) as test framework
-- [Testing Library](https://testing-library.com) is used as UI test utilities (there are still tests with Enzyme, but we are in process of migration)
+- [Testing Library](https://testing-library.com) is used for UI tests
 - Jest checks files that match regex `\.(test|spec)\.ts(x?)$`, i.e., `comment.test.tsx`, `comment.spec.ts`
 - Tests are running on push attempt
-- Example tests can be found in `./app/components/auth/auth.spec.ts`, `./app/store/user/reducers.test.ts`
+- Example tests can be found in `./app/components/auth/auth.spec.tsx`, `./app/store/user/reducers.test.ts`
 
 ## Notes
 
diff --git a/site/src/docs/contributing/translations/index.md b/site/src/docs/contributing/translations/index.md
index 08966dfe..6c36e64f 100644
--- a/site/src/docs/contributing/translations/index.md
+++ b/site/src/docs/contributing/translations/index.md
@@ -16,6 +16,23 @@ directory with `.json` extension and content like following:
 }
 ```
 
+::: note 🚨
+Translations support `{name}` placeholders and paired tags such as `<a>text</a>`. ICU plural,
+select and typed-argument syntax is not supported: a message using one either falls back to
+English or shows the raw syntax on the page, depending on the message. Apostrophe quoting is not
+supported either, so `''` stays as two apostrophes.
+
+You may drop a tag from the English string if your language reads better without the link. If
+you keep it, it has to stay paired and keep the same name, and every placeholder has to be one
+the English string already uses. A tag that is broken, stray, nested or unknown, or a placeholder
+the widget does not supply, makes that whole message fall back to English.
+
+CI checks every value's tags and placeholders against the English string it translates, and
+renders the two messages that carry a link. It cannot tell that an ICU form is unsupported,
+since that is ordinary text to it, so open your translation in the interface before sending
+it.
+:::
+
 ### Add a new translation
 
 We truly appreciate people spending time contributing their translations to remark42. Please go through the steps
@@ -31,9 +48,9 @@ below to have your translation available to all remark42 users and included in t
     ```
 
 1.  Add a new locale with a [two-letter code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes) of the language you want to do the translation into to list in [frontend/apps/remark42/tasks/supportedLocales.json](https://github.com/umputun/remark42/blob/master/frontend/apps/remark42/tasks/supportedLocales.json)
-1.  Run `npm install` in the `frontend` folder
-1.  Run `npm run translation:extract` in the `frontend` folder
-1.  Run `npm run translation:generate` in the `frontend` folder
+1.  Run `pnpm i` in the `frontend` folder
+1.  Run `pnpm translation:extract` in the `frontend/apps/remark42` folder
+1.  Run `pnpm translation:generate` in the `frontend/apps/remark42` folder
 1.  Translate all values in the newly created JSON file in
     [frontend/apps/remark42/app/locales/](https://github.com/umputun/remark42/tree/master/frontend/apps/remark42/app/locales)
 1.  Commit all changes above in your fork