import asyncio
from typing import Generic, Callable, Awaitable, TypeVar, AsyncContextManager, Final, Optional

T = TypeVar('T')


class Pool(Generic[T]):
    """Asynchronous object pool.
    You need a pool of up to N objects, but objects should be created
    on demand, so that if you use less, you don't create anything upfront.
    If there is no object in the pool and all N objects are in use, you want
    to wait until one of the object is returned to the pool. Expects a
    builder async function to build a new object and a destruction async
    function to clean up after a 'dirty' object (see below).

    Usage example:
        async def start_server():
            return Server()
        async def destroy_server(server):
            await server.free_resources()
        pool = Pool(4, start_server, destroy_server)

        server = await pool.get()
        try:
            await run_test(test, server)
        finally:
            await pool.put(server)

    Alternatively:
        async with pool.instance(dirty_on_exception=False) as server:
            await run_test(test, server)


    If the object is considered no longer usable by other users of the pool
    you can pass `is_dirty=True` flag to `put`, which will cause the object
    to be 'destroyed' (by calling the provided `destroy` function on it) and
    will free up space in the pool.
        server = await.pool.get()
        dirty = True
        try:
            dirty = await run_test(test, server)
        finally:
            await pool.put(server, is_dirty=dirty)

    Alternatively:
        async with (cm := pool.instance(dirty_on_exception=True)) as server:
            cm.dirty = await run_test(test, server)
            # It will also be considered dirty if run_test throws an exception


    To atomically return a dirty object and use the freed space to obtain
    another object, you can use `replace_dirty`. This is different from a
    `put(is_dirty=True)` call followed by a `get` call, where a concurrent
    waiter might take the space freed up by `put`.
        server = await.pool.get()
        dirty = False
        try:
            for _ in range(num_runs):
                if dirty:
                    srv = server
                    server = None
                    server = await pool.replace_dirty(srv)
                dirty = await run_test(test, server)
        finally:
            if server:
                await pool.put(is_dirty=dirty)
    """
    def __init__(self, max_size: int,
                 build: Callable[..., Awaitable[T]],
                 destroy: Callable[[T], Awaitable[None]]):
        assert(max_size >= 0)
        self.max_size: Final[int] = max_size
        self.build: Final[Callable[..., Awaitable[T]]] = build
        self.destroy: Final[Callable[[T], Awaitable]] = destroy
        self.cond: Final[asyncio.Condition] = asyncio.Condition()
        self.pool: list[T] = []
        self.total: int = 0 # len(self.pool) + leased objects

    async def get(self, *args, **kwargs) -> T:
        """Borrow an object from the pool.

           If a new object must be built first, *args and **kwargs
           will be passed to the build function and the object built
           in this way will be returned. However, remember that there
           is no guarantee whether a new object will be built
           or an existing one will be borrowed.
        """
        async with self.cond:
            await self.cond.wait_for(lambda: self.pool or self.total < self.max_size)
            if self.pool:
                return self.pool.pop()

            # No object in pool, but total < max_size so we can construct one
            self.total += 1

        return await self._build_and_get(*args, **kwargs)

    async def put(self, obj: T, is_dirty: bool):
        """Return a previously borrowed object to the pool
           if it's not dirty, otherwise destroy the object
           and free up space in the pool.
        """
        if is_dirty:
            await self.destroy(obj)

        async with self.cond:
            if is_dirty:
                self.total -= 1
            else:
                self.pool.append(obj)
            self.cond.notify()

    async def replace_dirty(self, obj: T, *args, **kwargs) -> T:
        """Atomically `put` a previously borrowed dirty object and `get` another one.
           The 'atomicity' guarantees that the space freed up by the returned object
           is used to return another object to the caller. The caller doesn't need
           to wait for space to be freed by another user of the pool.

           Note: the returned object might have been constructed earlier or it might
           be built right now, as in `get`.
           *args and **kwargs are used as in `get`.
        """
        await self.destroy(obj)

        async with self.cond:
            if self.pool:
                self.total -= 1
                return self.pool.pop()

            # Need to construct a new object.
            # The space for this object is already accounted for in self.total.

        return await self._build_and_get(*args, **kwargs)

    def instance(self, dirty_on_exception: bool, *args, **kwargs) -> AsyncContextManager[T]:
        class Instance:
            def __init__(self, pool: Pool[T], dirty_on_exception: bool):
                self.pool = pool
                self.dirty = False
                self.dirty_on_exception = dirty_on_exception

            async def __aenter__(self):
                self.obj = await self.pool.get(*args, **kwargs)
                return self.obj

            async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc, obj):
                if self.obj:
                    self.dirty |= self.dirty_on_exception and exc is not None
                    await self.pool.put(self.obj, is_dirty=self.dirty)
                    self.obj = None

        return Instance(self, dirty_on_exception)

    async def _build_and_get(self, *args, **kwargs) -> T:
        """Precondition: we allocated space for this object
           (it's included in self.total).
        """
        try:
            obj = await self.build(*args, **kwargs)
        except:
            async with self.cond:
                self.total -= 1
                self.cond.notify()
            raise
        return obj