/*
 * Copyright (C) 2015-present ScyllaDB
 */

/*
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: LicenseRef-ScyllaDB-Source-Available-1.0
 */

#include <iterator>
#include <set>
#include <boost/test/unit_test.hpp>
#include <fmt/ranges.h>
#include "partition_slice_builder.hh"
#include "schema/schema_builder.hh"
#include "test/lib/mutation_source_test.hh"
#include "readers/mutation_source.hh"
#include "mutation/counters.hh"
#include "mutation/mutation_rebuilder.hh"
#include "test/lib/simple_schema.hh"
#include "readers/mutation_reader.hh"
#include "test/lib/mutation_reader_assertions.hh"
#include "mutation_query.hh"
#include "mutation/mutation_rebuilder.hh"
#include "test/lib/random_utils.hh"
#include "cql3/cql3_type.hh"
#include "test/lib/make_random_string.hh"
#include "test/lib/data_model.hh"
#include "test/lib/key_utils.hh"
#include "test/lib/log.hh"
#include "test/lib/reader_concurrency_semaphore.hh"
#include "types/user.hh"
#include "types/map.hh"
#include "types/list.hh"
#include "types/set.hh"
#include <seastar/util/closeable.hh>
#include "utils/assert.hh"
#include "utils/UUID_gen.hh"

// partitions must be sorted by decorated key
static void require_no_token_duplicates(const utils::chunked_vector<mutation>& partitions) {
    std::optional<dht::token> last_token;
    for (auto&& p : partitions) {
        const dht::decorated_key& key = p.decorated_key();
        if (last_token && key.token() == *last_token) {
            BOOST_FAIL("token duplicate detected");
        }
        last_token = key.token();
    }
}

static api::timestamp_type new_timestamp() {
    static thread_local api::timestamp_type ts = api::min_timestamp;
    return ts++;
}

namespace {

// Helper class for testing mutation_reader::fast_forward_to(dht::partition_range).
class partition_range_walker {
    std::vector<dht::partition_range> _ranges;
    size_t _current_position = 0;
private:
    const dht::partition_range& current_range() const { return _ranges[_current_position]; }
public:
    explicit partition_range_walker(std::vector<dht::partition_range> ranges) : _ranges(ranges) { }
    const dht::partition_range& initial_range() const { return _ranges[0]; }
    void fast_forward_if_needed(mutation_reader_assertions& mr, const mutation& expected, bool verify_eos = true) {
        while (!current_range().contains(expected.decorated_key(), dht::ring_position_comparator(*expected.schema()))) {
            _current_position++;
            SCYLLA_ASSERT(_current_position < _ranges.size());
            if (verify_eos) {
                mr.produces_end_of_stream();
            }
            mr.fast_forward_to(current_range());
        }
    }
};

}

static void test_slicing_and_fast_forwarding(tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper& semaphore, populate_fn_ex populate) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);

    simple_schema s;

    const sstring value = "v";
    constexpr unsigned ckey_count = 4;

    auto dkeys = s.make_pkeys(128);
    auto dkeys_pos = 0;
    utils::chunked_vector<mutation> mutations;

    {   // All clustered rows and a static row, range tombstones covering each row
        auto m = mutation(s.schema(), dkeys.at(dkeys_pos++));
        s.add_static_row(m, value);
        for (auto ckey = 0u; ckey < ckey_count; ckey++) {
            s.delete_range(m, query::clustering_range::make({s.make_ckey(ckey)}, {s.make_ckey(ckey + 1), false}));
        }
        for (auto ckey = 0u; ckey < ckey_count; ckey++) {
            s.add_row(m, s.make_ckey(ckey), value);
        }
        mutations.emplace_back(std::move(m));
    }

    {   // All clustered rows and a static row, a range tombstone covering all rows
        auto m = mutation(s.schema(), dkeys.at(dkeys_pos++));
        s.add_static_row(m, value);
        s.delete_range(m, query::clustering_range::make({s.make_ckey(0)},{s.make_ckey(ckey_count)}));
        for (auto ckey = 0u; ckey < ckey_count; ckey++) {
            s.add_row(m, s.make_ckey(ckey), value);
        }
        mutations.emplace_back(std::move(m));
    }

    {   // All clustered rows and a static row, range tombstones disjoint with rows
        auto m = mutation(s.schema(), dkeys.at(dkeys_pos++));
        s.add_static_row(m, value);
        for (auto ckey = 0u; ckey < ckey_count; ckey++) {
            s.delete_range(m, query::clustering_range::make({s.make_ckey(ckey), false}, {s.make_ckey(ckey + 1), false}));
        }
        for (auto ckey = 0u; ckey < ckey_count; ckey++) {
            s.add_row(m, s.make_ckey(ckey), value);
        }
        mutations.emplace_back(std::move(m));
    }

    {   // All clustered rows but no static row and no range tombstones
        auto m = mutation(s.schema(), dkeys.at(dkeys_pos++));
        s.add_static_row(m, value);
        for (auto ckey = 0u; ckey < ckey_count; ckey++) {
            s.add_row(m, s.make_ckey(ckey), value);
        }
        mutations.emplace_back(std::move(m));
    }

    {   // Just a static row
        auto m = mutation(s.schema(), dkeys.at(dkeys_pos++));
        s.add_static_row(m, value);
        mutations.emplace_back(std::move(m));
    }

    {   // Every other clustered row and a static row
        auto m = mutation(s.schema(), dkeys.at(dkeys_pos++));
        s.add_static_row(m, value);
        for (auto ckey = 0u; ckey < ckey_count; ckey += 2) {
            s.add_row(m, s.make_ckey(ckey), value);
        }
        mutations.emplace_back(std::move(m));
    }

    {   // Every other clustered row but no static row
        auto m = mutation(s.schema(), dkeys.at(dkeys_pos++));
        s.add_static_row(m, value);
        for (auto ckey = 0u; ckey < ckey_count; ckey += 2) {
            s.add_row(m, s.make_ckey(ckey), value);
        }
        mutations.emplace_back(std::move(m));
    }

    mutation_source ms = populate(s.schema(), mutations, gc_clock::now());

    auto test_ckey = [&] (std::vector<dht::partition_range> pranges, utils::chunked_vector<mutation> mutations, mutation_reader::forwarding fwd_mr) {
        for (auto range_size = 1u; range_size <= ckey_count + 1; range_size++) {
            for (auto start = 0u; start <= ckey_count; start++) {
                auto range = range_size == 1
                    ? query::clustering_range::make_singular(s.make_ckey(start))
                    : query::clustering_range::make({s.make_ckey(start)}, {s.make_ckey(start + range_size), false});

                testlog.info("Clustering key range {}", range);

                auto test_common = [&] (const query::partition_slice& slice) {
                    testlog.info("Read whole partitions at once");
                    auto pranges_walker = partition_range_walker(pranges);
                    auto mr = ms.make_mutation_reader(s.schema(), semaphore.make_permit(), pranges_walker.initial_range(), slice,
                                                nullptr, streamed_mutation::forwarding::no, fwd_mr);
                    auto actual = assert_that(std::move(mr));
                    for (auto& expected : mutations) {
                        pranges_walker.fast_forward_if_needed(actual, expected);
                        actual.produces_partition_start(expected.decorated_key());
                        if (!expected.partition().static_row().empty()) {
                            actual.produces_static_row();
                        }
                        auto start_position = position_in_partition(position_in_partition::after_static_row_tag_t());
                        for (auto current = start; current < start + range_size; current++) {
                            auto ck = s.make_ckey(current);
                            if (expected.partition().find_row(*s.schema(), ck)) {
                                auto end_position = position_in_partition::after_key(*s.schema(), ck);
                                actual.may_produce_tombstones(position_range(start_position, end_position));
                                actual.produces_row_with_key(ck, expected.partition().range_tombstone_for_row(*s.schema(), ck));
                                actual.may_produce_tombstones(position_range(start_position, end_position));
                                start_position = std::move(end_position);
                            }
                        }
                        actual.may_produce_tombstones(position_range(start_position, position_in_partition::for_partition_end()));
                        actual.produces_partition_end();
                    }
                    actual.produces_end_of_stream();

                    testlog.info("Read partitions with fast-forwarding to each individual row");
                    pranges_walker = partition_range_walker(pranges);
                    mr = ms.make_mutation_reader(s.schema(), semaphore.make_permit(), pranges_walker.initial_range(), slice,
                                           nullptr, streamed_mutation::forwarding::yes, fwd_mr);
                    actual = assert_that(std::move(mr));
                    for (auto& expected : mutations) {
                        pranges_walker.fast_forward_if_needed(actual, expected);
                        actual.produces_partition_start(expected.decorated_key());
                        if (!expected.partition().static_row().empty()) {
                            actual.produces_static_row();
                        }
                        actual.produces_end_of_stream();
                        for (auto current = start; current < start + range_size; current++) {
                            auto ck = s.make_ckey(current);
                            auto pos_range = position_range(
                                position_in_partition(position_in_partition::before_clustering_row_tag_t(), ck),
                                position_in_partition::after_key(*s.schema(), ck));
                            actual.fast_forward_to(pos_range);
                            actual.may_produce_tombstones(pos_range);
                            if (expected.partition().find_row(*s.schema(), ck)) {
                                actual.produces_row_with_key(ck, expected.partition().range_tombstone_for_row(*s.schema(), ck));
                                actual.may_produce_tombstones(pos_range);
                            }
                            actual.produces_end_of_stream();
                        }
                        actual.next_partition();
                    }
                    actual.produces_end_of_stream();
                };

                testlog.info("Single-range slice");
                auto slice = partition_slice_builder(*s.schema())
                    .with_range(range)
                    .build();

                test_common(slice);

                testlog.info("Test monotonic positions");
                auto mr = ms.make_mutation_reader(s.schema(), semaphore.make_permit(), query::full_partition_range, slice,
                                            nullptr, streamed_mutation::forwarding::no, fwd_mr);
                assert_that(std::move(mr)).has_monotonic_positions();

                if (range_size != 1) {
                    testlog.info("Read partitions fast-forwarded to the range of interest");
                    auto pranges_walker = partition_range_walker(pranges);
                    mr = ms.make_mutation_reader(s.schema(), semaphore.make_permit(), pranges_walker.initial_range(), slice,
                                           nullptr, streamed_mutation::forwarding::yes, fwd_mr);
                    auto actual = assert_that(std::move(mr));
                    for (auto& expected : mutations) {
                        pranges_walker.fast_forward_if_needed(actual, expected);

                        actual.produces_partition_start(expected.decorated_key());
                        if (!expected.partition().static_row().empty()) {
                            actual.produces_static_row();
                        }
                        actual.produces_end_of_stream();
                        auto start_ck = s.make_ckey(start);
                        auto end_ck = s.make_ckey(start + range_size);
                        actual.fast_forward_to(position_range(
                            position_in_partition(position_in_partition::clustering_row_tag_t(), start_ck),
                            position_in_partition(position_in_partition::clustering_row_tag_t(), end_ck)));
                        auto current_position = position_in_partition(position_in_partition::after_static_row_tag_t());
                        for (auto current = start; current < start + range_size; current++) {
                            auto ck = s.make_ckey(current);
                            if (expected.partition().find_row(*s.schema(), ck)) {
                                auto end_position = position_in_partition::after_key(*s.schema(), ck);
                                actual.may_produce_tombstones(position_range(current_position, end_position));
                                actual.produces_row_with_key(ck, expected.partition().range_tombstone_for_row(*s.schema(), ck));
                                current_position = std::move(end_position);
                            }
                        }
                        actual.may_produce_tombstones(position_range(current_position, position_in_partition(position_in_partition::clustering_row_tag_t(), end_ck)));
                        actual.produces_end_of_stream();
                        actual.next_partition();
                    }
                    actual.produces_end_of_stream();
                }

                testlog.info("Slice with not clustering ranges");
                slice = partition_slice_builder(*s.schema())
                    .with_ranges({})
                    .build();

                testlog.info("Read partitions with just static rows");
                auto pranges_walker = partition_range_walker(pranges);
                mr = ms.make_mutation_reader(s.schema(), semaphore.make_permit(), pranges_walker.initial_range(), slice,
                                       nullptr, streamed_mutation::forwarding::no, fwd_mr);
                auto actual = assert_that(std::move(mr));
                for (auto& expected : mutations) {
                    pranges_walker.fast_forward_if_needed(actual, expected);

                    actual.produces_partition_start(expected.decorated_key());
                    if (!expected.partition().static_row().empty()) {
                        actual.produces_static_row();
                    }
                    actual.produces_partition_end();
                }
                actual.produces_end_of_stream();

                if (range_size != 1) {
                    testlog.info("Slice with single-row ranges");
                    std::vector<query::clustering_range> ranges;
                    for (auto i = start; i < start + range_size; i++) {
                        ranges.emplace_back(query::clustering_range::make_singular(s.make_ckey(i)));
                    }
                    slice = partition_slice_builder(*s.schema())
                        .with_ranges(ranges)
                        .build();

                    test_common(slice);

                    testlog.info("Test monotonic positions");
                    auto mr = ms.make_mutation_reader(s.schema(), semaphore.make_permit(), query::full_partition_range, slice,
                                                nullptr, streamed_mutation::forwarding::no, fwd_mr);
                    assert_that(std::move(mr)).has_monotonic_positions();
                }
            }
        }
    };

    test_ckey({query::full_partition_range}, mutations, mutation_reader::forwarding::no);

    for (auto prange_size = 1u; prange_size < mutations.size(); prange_size += 2) {
        for (auto pstart = 0u; pstart + prange_size <= mutations.size(); pstart++) {
            auto ms = mutations | std::views::drop(pstart) | std::views::take(prange_size) | std::ranges::to<utils::chunked_vector<mutation>>();
            if (prange_size == 1) {
                test_ckey({dht::partition_range::make_singular(mutations[pstart].decorated_key())}, ms, mutation_reader::forwarding::yes);
                test_ckey({dht::partition_range::make_singular(mutations[pstart].decorated_key())}, ms, mutation_reader::forwarding::no);
            } else {
                test_ckey({dht::partition_range::make({mutations[pstart].decorated_key()}, {mutations[pstart + prange_size - 1].decorated_key()})},
                        ms, mutation_reader::forwarding::no);
            }

            {
                auto pranges = std::vector<dht::partition_range>();
                for (auto current = pstart; current < pstart + prange_size; current++) {
                    pranges.emplace_back(dht::partition_range::make_singular(mutations[current].decorated_key()));
                }
                test_ckey(pranges, ms, mutation_reader::forwarding::yes);
            }

            if (prange_size > 1) {
                auto pranges = std::vector<dht::partition_range>();
                for (auto current = pstart; current < pstart + prange_size;) {
                    if (current + 1 < pstart + prange_size) {
                        pranges.emplace_back(dht::partition_range::make({mutations[current].decorated_key()}, {mutations[current + 1].decorated_key()}));
                    } else {
                        pranges.emplace_back(dht::partition_range::make_singular(mutations[current].decorated_key()));
                    }
                    current += 2;
                }

                test_ckey(pranges, ms, mutation_reader::forwarding::yes);
            }
        }
    }
}

static void test_streamed_mutation_forwarding_is_consistent_with_slicing(tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper& semaphore, populate_fn_ex populate) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);

    // Generates few random mutations and row slices and verifies that using
    // fast_forward_to() over the slices gives the same mutations as using those
    // slices in partition_slice without forwarding.

    random_mutation_generator gen(random_mutation_generator::generate_counters::no, local_shard_only::yes,
            random_mutation_generator::generate_uncompactable::yes);

    for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
        mutation m = gen();

        std::vector<query::clustering_range> ranges = gen.make_random_ranges(10);
        auto prange = dht::partition_range::make_singular(m.decorated_key());
        query::partition_slice full_slice = partition_slice_builder(*m.schema()).build();
        query::partition_slice slice_with_ranges = partition_slice_builder(*m.schema())
            .with_ranges(ranges)
            .build();

        testlog.info("ranges: {}", ranges);

        mutation_source ms = populate(m.schema(), {m}, gc_clock::now());

        auto sliced_reader = ms.make_mutation_reader(m.schema(), semaphore.make_permit(), prange, slice_with_ranges);
        auto close_sliced_reader = deferred_close(sliced_reader);

        auto fwd_reader =
            ms.make_mutation_reader(m.schema(), semaphore.make_permit(), prange, full_slice, nullptr, streamed_mutation::forwarding::yes);
        std::vector<position_range> position_ranges;
        for (auto& r: ranges) {
            position_ranges.emplace_back(r);
        }
        auto fwd_m = forwardable_reader_to_mutation(std::move(fwd_reader), position_ranges);

        mutation_opt sliced_m = read_mutation_from_mutation_reader(sliced_reader).get();
        BOOST_REQUIRE(bool(sliced_m));
        assert_that(*sliced_m).is_equal_to(fwd_m, slice_with_ranges.row_ranges(*m.schema(), m.key()));
    }
}

static void test_streamed_mutation_forwarding_guarantees(tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper& semaphore, populate_fn_ex populate) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);

    simple_schema table;
    schema_ptr s = table.schema();

    // mutation will include odd keys
    auto contains_key = [] (int i) {
        return i % 2 == 1;
    };

    const int n_keys = 1001;
    SCYLLA_ASSERT(!contains_key(n_keys - 1)); // so that we can form a range with position greater than all keys

    mutation m(s, table.make_pkey());
    std::vector<clustering_key> keys;
    for (int i = 0; i < n_keys; ++i) {
        keys.push_back(table.make_ckey(i));
        if (contains_key(i)) {
            table.add_row(m, keys.back(), "value");
        }
    }

    table.add_static_row(m, "static_value");

    mutation_source ms = populate(s, utils::chunked_vector<mutation>({m}), gc_clock::now());

    auto new_stream = [&ms, s, &semaphore, &m] () -> mutation_reader_assertions {
        testlog.info("Creating new streamed_mutation");
        auto res = assert_that(ms.make_mutation_reader(s,
            semaphore.make_permit(),
            query::full_partition_range,
            s->full_slice(),
            nullptr,
            streamed_mutation::forwarding::yes));
        res.produces_partition_start(m.decorated_key());
        return res;
    };

    auto verify_range = [&] (mutation_reader_assertions& sm, int start, int end) {
        sm.fast_forward_to(keys[start], keys[end]);

        for (; start < end; ++start) {
            if (!contains_key(start)) {
                testlog.trace("skip {:d}", start);
                continue;
            }
            sm.produces_row_with_key(keys[start]);
        }
        sm.produces_end_of_stream();
    };

    // Test cases start here

    {
        auto sm = new_stream();
        sm.produces_static_row();
        sm.produces_end_of_stream();
    }

    {
        auto sm = new_stream();
        sm.fast_forward_to(position_range(query::full_clustering_range));
        for (int i = 0; i < n_keys; ++i) {
            if (contains_key(i)) {
                sm.produces_row_with_key(keys[i]);
            }
        }
        sm.produces_end_of_stream();
    }

    {
        auto sm = new_stream();
        verify_range(sm, 0, 1);
        verify_range(sm, 1, 2);
        verify_range(sm, 2, 4);
        verify_range(sm, 7, 7);
        verify_range(sm, 7, 9);
        verify_range(sm, 11, 15);
        verify_range(sm, 21, 32);
        verify_range(sm, 132, 200);
        verify_range(sm, 300, n_keys - 1);
    }

    // Skip before EOS
    {
        auto sm = new_stream();
        sm.fast_forward_to(keys[0], keys[4]);
        sm.produces_row_with_key(keys[1]);
        sm.fast_forward_to(keys[5], keys[8]);
        sm.produces_row_with_key(keys[5]);
        sm.produces_row_with_key(keys[7]);
        sm.produces_end_of_stream();
        sm.fast_forward_to(keys[9], keys[12]);
        sm.fast_forward_to(keys[12], keys[13]);
        sm.fast_forward_to(keys[13], keys[13]);
        sm.produces_end_of_stream();
        sm.fast_forward_to(keys[13], keys[16]);
        sm.produces_row_with_key(keys[13]);
        sm.produces_row_with_key(keys[15]);
        sm.produces_end_of_stream();
    }

    {
        auto sm = new_stream();
        verify_range(sm, n_keys - 2, n_keys - 1);
    }

    {
        auto sm = new_stream();
        verify_range(sm, 0, n_keys - 1);
    }

    // Few random ranges
    auto& rnd = seastar::testing::local_random_engine;
    std::uniform_int_distribution<int> key_dist{0, n_keys - 1};
    for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
        std::vector<int> indices;
        const int n_ranges = 7;
        for (int j = 0; j < n_ranges * 2; ++j) {
            indices.push_back(key_dist(rnd));
        }
        std::sort(indices.begin(), indices.end());

        auto sm = new_stream();
        for (int j = 0; j < n_ranges; ++j) {
            verify_range(sm, indices[j*2], indices[j*2 + 1]);
        }
    }
}

// Reproduces https://github.com/scylladb/scylla/issues/2733
static void test_fast_forwarding_across_partitions_to_empty_range(tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper& semaphore, populate_fn_ex populate) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);

    simple_schema table;
    schema_ptr s = table.schema();

    utils::chunked_vector<mutation> partitions;

    const unsigned ckeys_per_part = 100;
    auto keys = table.make_pkeys(10);

    auto missing_key = keys[3];
    keys.erase(keys.begin() + 3);

    auto key_after_all = keys.back();
    keys.erase(keys.begin() + (keys.size() - 1));

    unsigned next_ckey = 0;

    for (auto&& key : keys) {
        mutation m(s, key);
        sstring val = make_random_string(1024);
        for (auto i : std::views::iota(0u, ckeys_per_part)) {
            table.add_row(m, table.make_ckey(next_ckey + i), val);
        }
        next_ckey += ckeys_per_part;
        partitions.push_back(m);
    }

    mutation_source ms = populate(s, partitions, gc_clock::now());

    auto pr = dht::partition_range::make({keys[0]}, {keys[1]});
    auto rd = assert_that(ms.make_mutation_reader(s,
        semaphore.make_permit(),
        pr,
        s->full_slice(),
        nullptr,
        streamed_mutation::forwarding::no,
        mutation_reader::forwarding::yes));

    rd.fill_buffer().get();
    BOOST_REQUIRE(rd.is_buffer_full()); // if not, increase n_ckeys
    rd.produces_partition_start(keys[0])
        .produces_row_with_key(table.make_ckey(0))
        .produces_row_with_key(table.make_ckey(1));
    // ...don't finish consumption to leave the reader in the middle of partition

    pr = dht::partition_range::make({missing_key}, {missing_key});
    rd.fast_forward_to(pr);

    rd.produces_end_of_stream();

    pr = dht::partition_range::make({keys[3]}, {keys[3]});
    rd.fast_forward_to(pr)
        .produces_partition_start(keys[3])
        .produces_row_with_key(table.make_ckey(ckeys_per_part * 3))
        .produces_row_with_key(table.make_ckey(ckeys_per_part * 3 + 1));

    rd.next_partition();
    rd.produces_end_of_stream();

    pr = dht::partition_range::make_starting_with({keys[keys.size() - 1]});
    rd.fast_forward_to(pr)
        .produces_partition_start(keys.back())
        .produces_row_with_key(table.make_ckey(ckeys_per_part * (keys.size() - 1)));

    // ...don't finish consumption to leave the reader in the middle of partition

    pr = dht::partition_range::make({key_after_all}, {key_after_all});
    rd.fast_forward_to(pr)
        .produces_end_of_stream();
}

static void test_streamed_mutation_slicing_returns_only_relevant_tombstones(tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper& semaphore, populate_fn_ex populate) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);

    simple_schema table;
    schema_ptr s = table.schema();

    mutation m(s, table.make_pkey());

    std::vector<clustering_key> keys;
    for (int i = 0; i < 20; ++i) {
        keys.push_back(table.make_ckey(i));
    }

    auto rt1 = table.delete_range(m, query::clustering_range::make(
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[0], true),
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[1], true)
    ));

    table.add_row(m, keys[2], "value");

    auto rt2 = table.delete_range(m, query::clustering_range::make(
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[3], true),
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[4], true)
    ));

    table.add_row(m, keys[5], "value");

    auto rt3 = table.delete_range(m, query::clustering_range::make(
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[6], true),
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[7], true)
    ));

    table.add_row(m, keys[8], "value");

    auto rt4 = table.delete_range(m, query::clustering_range::make(
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[9], true),
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[10], true)
    ));

    auto rt5 = table.delete_range(m, query::clustering_range::make(
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[11], true),
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[12], true)
    ));

    table.add_row(m, keys[10], "value");

    auto pr = dht::partition_range::make_singular(m.decorated_key());
    mutation_source ms = populate(s, utils::chunked_vector<mutation>({m}), gc_clock::now());

    {
        auto slice = partition_slice_builder(*s)
            .with_range(query::clustering_range::make(
                query::clustering_range::bound(keys[2], true),
                query::clustering_range::bound(keys[2], true)
            ))
            .with_range(query::clustering_range::make(
                query::clustering_range::bound(keys[7], true),
                query::clustering_range::bound(keys[9], true)
            ))
            .build();

        auto rd = assert_that(ms.make_mutation_reader(s, semaphore.make_permit(), pr, slice));

        auto rt3_trimmed = rt3; trim_range_tombstone(*s, rt3_trimmed, slice.row_ranges(*s, m.key()));
        auto rt4_trimmed = rt4; trim_range_tombstone(*s, rt4_trimmed, slice.row_ranges(*s, m.key()));

        rd.produces_partition_start(m.decorated_key());
        rd.produces_row_with_key(keys[2]);
        rd.produces_range_tombstone_change({rt3_trimmed.position(), rt3.tomb});
        rd.produces_range_tombstone_change({rt3_trimmed.end_position(), {}});
        rd.produces_row_with_key(keys[8]);
        rd.produces_range_tombstone_change({rt4_trimmed.position(), rt4.tomb});
        rd.produces_range_tombstone_change({rt4_trimmed.end_position(), {}});
        rd.produces_partition_end();
        rd.produces_end_of_stream();
    }

    {
        auto slice = partition_slice_builder(*s)
            .with_range(query::clustering_range::make(
                query::clustering_range::bound(keys[7], true),
                query::clustering_range::bound(keys[9], true)
            ))
            .build();

        auto rd = assert_that(ms.make_mutation_reader(s, semaphore.make_permit(), pr, slice));

        auto rt3_trimmed = rt3; trim_range_tombstone(*s, rt3_trimmed, slice.row_ranges(*s, m.key()));
        auto rt4_trimmed = rt4; trim_range_tombstone(*s, rt4_trimmed, slice.row_ranges(*s, m.key()));

        rd.produces_partition_start(m.decorated_key())
            .produces_range_tombstone_change({rt3_trimmed.position(), rt3.tomb})
            .produces_range_tombstone_change({rt3_trimmed.end_position(), {}})
            .produces_row_with_key(keys[8])
            .produces_range_tombstone_change({rt4_trimmed.position(), rt4.tomb})
            .produces_range_tombstone_change({rt4_trimmed.end_position(), {}})
            .produces_partition_end()
            .produces_end_of_stream();
    }
}

static void test_streamed_mutation_forwarding_across_range_tombstones(tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper& semaphore, populate_fn_ex populate) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);

    simple_schema table;
    schema_ptr s = table.schema();

    mutation m(s, table.make_pkey());

    std::vector<clustering_key> keys;
    for (int i = 0; i < 20; ++i) {
        keys.push_back(table.make_ckey(i));
    }

    auto rt1 = table.delete_range(m, query::clustering_range::make(
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[0], true),
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[1], false)
    ));

    table.add_row(m, keys[2], "value");

    auto rt2_range = query::clustering_range::make(
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[3], true),
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[6], true)
    );
    auto rt2 = table.delete_range(m, rt2_range);

    table.add_row(m, keys[4], "value");

    auto rt3_range = query::clustering_range::make(
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[7], true),
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[8], true)
    );
    auto rt3 = table.delete_range(m, rt3_range);

    auto rt4_range = query::clustering_range::make(
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[9], true),
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[10], true)
    );
    auto rt4 = table.delete_range(m, rt4_range);

    auto rt5_range = query::clustering_range::make(
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[11], true),
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[13], true)
    );
    auto rt5 = table.delete_range(m, rt5_range);

    mutation_source ms = populate(s, utils::chunked_vector<mutation>({m}), gc_clock::now());
    auto rd = assert_that(ms.make_mutation_reader(s,
        semaphore.make_permit(),
        query::full_partition_range,
        s->full_slice(),
        nullptr,
        streamed_mutation::forwarding::yes));
    rd.produces_partition_start(m.decorated_key());

    auto ff0 = query::clustering_range::make(
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[1], true),
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[2], true)
    );
    rd.fast_forward_to(position_range(ff0));

    // there might be a dummy rt [{keys[1],before},{keys[1],before}]
    rd.may_produce_tombstones(position_range(ff0));

    rd.produces_row_with_key(keys[2]);

    auto ff1 = query::clustering_range::make(
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[4], true),
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[8], false)
    );
    rd.fast_forward_to(position_range(ff1));

    auto rt2_trimmed = rt2; trim_range_tombstone(*s, rt2_trimmed, {ff1});
    rd.produces_range_tombstone_change({rt2_trimmed.position(), rt2.tomb});
    rd.produces_row_with_key(keys[4]);
    rd.produces_range_tombstone_change({rt2_trimmed.end_position(), {}});

    auto rt3_trimmed = rt3; trim_range_tombstone(*s, rt3_trimmed, {ff1});
    rd.produces_range_tombstone_change({rt3_trimmed.position(), rt3.tomb});
    rd.produces_range_tombstone_change({rt3_trimmed.end_position(), {}});

    auto ff2 = query::clustering_range::make(
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[10], true),
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[12], false)
    );
    rd.fast_forward_to(position_range(ff2));

    auto rt4_trimmed = rt4; trim_range_tombstone(*s, rt4_trimmed, {ff2});
    auto rt5_trimmed = rt5; trim_range_tombstone(*s, rt5_trimmed, {ff2});
    rd.produces_range_tombstone_change({rt4_trimmed.position(), rt4.tomb});
    rd.produces_range_tombstone_change({rt4_trimmed.end_position(), {}});
    rd.produces_range_tombstone_change({rt5_trimmed.position(), rt5.tomb});
    rd.produces_range_tombstone_change({rt5_trimmed.end_position(), {}});
    rd.produces_end_of_stream();

    rd.fast_forward_to(position_range(query::clustering_range::make(
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[14], true),
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[15], false)
    )));

    rd.produces_end_of_stream();

    rd.fast_forward_to(position_range(query::clustering_range::make(
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[15], true),
        query::clustering_range::bound(keys[16], false)
    )));

    rd.produces_end_of_stream();
}

static void test_range_queries(tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper& semaphore, populate_fn_ex populate) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);

    auto s = schema_builder("ks", "cf")
        .with_column("key", bytes_type, column_kind::partition_key)
        .with_column("v", bytes_type)
        .build();

    auto make_partition_mutation = [s] (dht::decorated_key key) -> mutation {
        mutation m(s, std::move(key));
        m.set_clustered_cell(clustering_key::make_empty(), "v", data_value(bytes("v1")), 1);
        return m;
    };

    int partition_count = 300;

    auto keys = tests::generate_partition_keys(partition_count, s);

    utils::chunked_vector<mutation> sorted_partitions;
    for (int i = 0; i < partition_count; ++i) {
        sorted_partitions.emplace_back(
            make_partition_mutation(keys[i]));
    }

    std::sort(sorted_partitions.begin(), sorted_partitions.end(), mutation_decorated_key_less_comparator());
    require_no_token_duplicates(sorted_partitions);

    dht::decorated_key key_before_all = sorted_partitions.front().decorated_key();

    dht::decorated_key key_after_all = sorted_partitions.back().decorated_key();

    utils::chunked_vector<mutation> partitions;
    std::move(std::make_move_iterator(sorted_partitions.begin()) + 1, std::make_move_iterator(sorted_partitions.end()) - 1, std::back_inserter(partitions));

    auto ds = populate(s, partitions, gc_clock::now());

    auto test_slice = [&] (dht::partition_range r) {
        testlog.info("Testing range {}", r);
        assert_that(ds.make_mutation_reader(s, semaphore.make_permit(), r))
            .produces(slice(partitions, r))
            .produces_end_of_stream();
    };

    auto inclusive_token_range = [&] (size_t start, size_t end) {
        return dht::partition_range::make(
            {dht::ring_position::starting_at(partitions[start].token())},
            {dht::ring_position::ending_at(partitions[end].token())});
    };

    test_slice(dht::partition_range::make(
        {key_before_all, true}, {partitions.front().decorated_key(), true}));

    test_slice(dht::partition_range::make(
        {key_before_all, false}, {partitions.front().decorated_key(), true}));

    test_slice(dht::partition_range::make(
        {key_before_all, false}, {partitions.front().decorated_key(), false}));

    test_slice(dht::partition_range::make(
        {dht::ring_position::starting_at(key_before_all.token())},
        {dht::ring_position::ending_at(partitions.front().token())}));

    test_slice(dht::partition_range::make(
        {dht::ring_position::ending_at(key_before_all.token())},
        {dht::ring_position::ending_at(partitions.front().token())}));

    test_slice(dht::partition_range::make(
        {dht::ring_position::ending_at(key_before_all.token())},
        {dht::ring_position::starting_at(partitions.front().token())}));

    test_slice(dht::partition_range::make(
        {partitions.back().decorated_key(), true}, {key_after_all, true}));

    test_slice(dht::partition_range::make(
        {partitions.back().decorated_key(), true}, {key_after_all, false}));

    test_slice(dht::partition_range::make(
        {partitions.back().decorated_key(), false}, {key_after_all, false}));

    test_slice(dht::partition_range::make(
        {dht::ring_position::starting_at(partitions.back().token())},
        {dht::ring_position::ending_at(key_after_all.token())}));

    test_slice(dht::partition_range::make(
        {dht::ring_position::starting_at(partitions.back().token())},
        {dht::ring_position::starting_at(key_after_all.token())}));

    test_slice(dht::partition_range::make(
        {dht::ring_position::ending_at(partitions.back().token())},
        {dht::ring_position::starting_at(key_after_all.token())}));

    test_slice(dht::partition_range::make(
        {partitions[0].decorated_key(), false},
        {partitions[1].decorated_key(), true}));

    test_slice(dht::partition_range::make(
        {partitions[0].decorated_key(), true},
        {partitions[1].decorated_key(), false}));

    test_slice(dht::partition_range::make(
        {partitions[1].decorated_key(), true},
        {partitions[3].decorated_key(), false}));

    test_slice(dht::partition_range::make(
        {partitions[1].decorated_key(), false},
        {partitions[3].decorated_key(), true}));

    test_slice(dht::partition_range::make_ending_with(
        {partitions[3].decorated_key(), true}));

    test_slice(dht::partition_range::make_starting_with(
        {partitions[partitions.size() - 4].decorated_key(), true}));

    test_slice(inclusive_token_range(0, 0));
    test_slice(inclusive_token_range(1, 1));
    test_slice(inclusive_token_range(2, 4));
    test_slice(inclusive_token_range(127, 128));
    test_slice(inclusive_token_range(128, 128));
    test_slice(inclusive_token_range(128, 129));
    test_slice(inclusive_token_range(127, 129));
    test_slice(inclusive_token_range(partitions.size() - 1, partitions.size() - 1));

    test_slice(inclusive_token_range(0, partitions.size() - 1));
    test_slice(inclusive_token_range(0, partitions.size() - 2));
    test_slice(inclusive_token_range(0, partitions.size() - 3));
    test_slice(inclusive_token_range(0, partitions.size() - 128));

    test_slice(inclusive_token_range(1, partitions.size() - 1));
    test_slice(inclusive_token_range(2, partitions.size() - 1));
    test_slice(inclusive_token_range(3, partitions.size() - 1));
    test_slice(inclusive_token_range(128, partitions.size() - 1));
}

void test_all_data_is_read_back(tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper& semaphore, populate_fn_ex populate) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);

    const auto query_time = gc_clock::now();

    for_each_mutation([&semaphore, &populate, query_time] (const mutation& m) mutable {
        auto ms = populate(m.schema(), {m}, query_time);
        mutation copy(m);
        copy.partition().compact_for_compaction(*copy.schema(), always_gc, copy.decorated_key(), query_time, tombstone_gc_state::for_tests());
        assert_that(ms.make_mutation_reader(m.schema(), semaphore.make_permit())).produces_compacted(copy, query_time);
    });
}

void test_mutation_reader_fragments_have_monotonic_positions(tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper& semaphore, populate_fn_ex populate) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);

    for_each_mutation([&semaphore, &populate] (const mutation& m) {
        auto ms = populate(m.schema(), {m}, gc_clock::now());

        auto rd = ms.make_mutation_reader(m.schema(), semaphore.make_permit());
        assert_that(std::move(rd)).has_monotonic_positions();
    });
}

static void test_time_window_clustering_slicing(tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper& semaphore, populate_fn_ex populate) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);

    simple_schema ss;

    auto s = schema_builder(ss.schema())
        .set_compaction_strategy(compaction::compaction_strategy_type::time_window)
        .build();

    auto pkey = ss.make_pkey();

    mutation m1(s, pkey);
    m1.partition().apply(ss.new_tombstone());
    ss.add_static_row(m1, "s");
    ss.add_row(m1, ss.make_ckey(0), "v1");

    mutation_source ms = populate(s, {m1}, gc_clock::now());

    // query row outside the range of existing rows to exercise sstable clustering key filter
    {
        auto slice = partition_slice_builder(*s)
            .with_range(ss.make_ckey_range(1, 2))
            .build();
        auto prange = dht::partition_range::make_singular(pkey);
        assert_that(ms.make_mutation_reader(s, semaphore.make_permit(), prange, slice))
            .produces(m1, slice.row_ranges(*s, pkey.key()))
            .produces_end_of_stream();
    }

    {
        auto slice = partition_slice_builder(*s)
            .with_range(query::clustering_range::make_singular(ss.make_ckey(0)))
            .build();
        auto prange = dht::partition_range::make_singular(pkey);
        assert_that(ms.make_mutation_reader(s, semaphore.make_permit(), prange, slice))
            .produces(m1)
            .produces_end_of_stream();
    }
}

static void test_clustering_slices(tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper& semaphore, populate_fn_ex populate) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
    auto s = schema_builder("ks", "cf")
        .with_column("key", bytes_type, column_kind::partition_key)
        .with_column("c1", int32_type, column_kind::clustering_key)
        .with_column("c2", int32_type, column_kind::clustering_key)
        .with_column("c3", int32_type, column_kind::clustering_key)
        .with_column("v", bytes_type)
        .build();

    auto make_ck = [&] (int ck1, std::optional<int> ck2 = std::nullopt, std::optional<int> ck3 = std::nullopt) {
        std::vector<data_value> components;
        components.push_back(data_value(ck1));
        if (ck2) {
            components.push_back(data_value(ck2));
        }
        if (ck3) {
            components.push_back(data_value(ck3));
        }
        return clustering_key::from_deeply_exploded(*s, components);
    };

    auto partition_count = 3;
    auto keys = tests::generate_partition_keys(partition_count, s);
    std::sort(keys.begin(), keys.end(), dht::ring_position_less_comparator(*s));

    auto pk = keys[1];

    auto make_row = [&] (clustering_key k, int v) {
        mutation m(s, pk);
        m.set_clustered_cell(k, "v", data_value(bytes("v1")), v);
        return m;
    };

    auto make_delete = [&] (const query::clustering_range& r) {
        mutation m(s, pk);
        auto bv_range = bound_view::from_range(r);
        range_tombstone rt(bv_range.first, bv_range.second, tombstone(new_timestamp(), gc_clock::now()));
        m.partition().apply_delete(*s, rt);
        return m;
    };

    auto ck1 = make_ck(1, 1, 1);
    auto ck2 = make_ck(1, 1, 2);
    auto ck3 = make_ck(1, 2, 1);
    auto ck4 = make_ck(1, 2, 2);
    auto ck5 = make_ck(1, 3, 1);
    auto ck6 = make_ck(2, 1, 1);
    auto ck7 = make_ck(2, 1, 2);
    auto ck8 = make_ck(3, 1, 1);

    mutation row1 = make_row(ck1, 1);
    mutation row2 = make_row(ck2, 2);
    mutation row3 = make_row(ck3, 3);
    mutation row4 = make_row(ck4, 4);
    mutation del_1 = make_delete(query::clustering_range::make({make_ck(1, 2, 1), true}, {make_ck(2, 0, 0), true}));
    mutation row5 = make_row(ck5, 5);
    mutation del_2 = make_delete(query::clustering_range::make({make_ck(2, 1), true}, {make_ck(2), true}));
    mutation row6 = make_row(ck6, 6);
    mutation row7 = make_row(ck7, 7);
    mutation del_3 = make_delete(query::clustering_range::make({make_ck(3), true}, {make_ck(3), true}));
    mutation row8 = make_row(ck8, 8);

    mutation m = row1 + row2 + row3 + row4 + row5 + row6 + row7 + del_1 + del_2 + row8 + del_3;

    mutation_source ds = populate(s, {m}, gc_clock::now());

    auto pr = dht::partition_range::make_singular(pk);

    {
        auto slice = partition_slice_builder(*s)
            .with_range(query::clustering_range::make_singular(make_ck(0)))
            .build();
        assert_that(ds.make_mutation_reader(s, semaphore.make_permit(), pr, slice))
            .produces_eos_or_empty_mutation();
    }

    {
        auto slice = partition_slice_builder(*s)
            .build();
        auto rd = assert_that(ds.make_mutation_reader(s, semaphore.make_permit(), pr, slice, nullptr, streamed_mutation::forwarding::yes));
        rd.produces_partition_start(pk)
          .fast_forward_to(position_range(position_in_partition::for_key(ck1), position_in_partition::after_key(*s, ck2)))
          .produces_row_with_key(ck1)
          .produces_row_with_key(ck2)
          .produces_end_of_stream();
    }

    {
        auto slice = partition_slice_builder(*s)
            .build();
        auto rd = assert_that(ds.make_mutation_reader(s, semaphore.make_permit(), pr, slice, nullptr, streamed_mutation::forwarding::yes));
        rd.produces_partition_start(pk)
          .produces_end_of_stream()
          .fast_forward_to(position_range(position_in_partition::for_key(ck1), position_in_partition::after_key(*s, ck2)))
          .produces_row_with_key(ck1)
          .produces_row_with_key(ck2)
          .produces_end_of_stream();
    }
    {
        auto slice = partition_slice_builder(*s)
            .with_range(query::clustering_range::make_singular(make_ck(1)))
            .build();
        assert_that(ds.make_mutation_reader(s, semaphore.make_permit(), pr, slice))
            .produces(row1 + row2 + row3 + row4 + row5 + del_1, slice.row_ranges(*s, pk.key()))
            .produces_end_of_stream();
    }
    {
        auto slice = partition_slice_builder(*s)
            .with_range(query::clustering_range::make_singular(make_ck(2)))
            .build();
        assert_that(ds.make_mutation_reader(s, semaphore.make_permit(), pr, slice))
            .produces(row6 + row7 + del_1 + del_2, slice.row_ranges(*s, pk.key()))
            .produces_end_of_stream();
    }

    {
        auto slice = partition_slice_builder(*s)
            .with_range(query::clustering_range::make_singular(make_ck(1, 2)))
            .build();
        assert_that(ds.make_mutation_reader(s, semaphore.make_permit(), pr, slice))
            .produces(row3 + row4 + del_1, slice.row_ranges(*s, pk.key()))
            .produces_end_of_stream();
    }

    {
        auto slice = partition_slice_builder(*s)
            .with_range(query::clustering_range::make_singular(make_ck(3)))
            .build();
        assert_that(ds.make_mutation_reader(s, semaphore.make_permit(), pr, slice))
            .produces(row8 + del_3, slice.row_ranges(*s, pk.key()))
            .produces_end_of_stream();
    }

    // Test out-of-range partition keys
    {
        auto pr = dht::partition_range::make_singular(keys[0]);
        assert_that(ds.make_mutation_reader(s, semaphore.make_permit(), pr, s->full_slice()))
            .produces_eos_or_empty_mutation();
    }
    {
        auto pr = dht::partition_range::make_singular(keys[2]);
        assert_that(ds.make_mutation_reader(s, semaphore.make_permit(), pr, s->full_slice()))
            .produces_eos_or_empty_mutation();
    }
}

static void test_query_only_static_row(tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper& semaphore, populate_fn_ex populate) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);

    simple_schema s;

    auto pkeys = s.make_pkeys(1);

    mutation m1(s.schema(), pkeys[0]);
    m1.partition().apply(s.new_tombstone());
    s.add_static_row(m1, "s1");
    s.add_row(m1, s.make_ckey(0), "v1");
    s.add_row(m1, s.make_ckey(1), "v2");

    mutation_source ms = populate(s.schema(), {m1}, gc_clock::now());

    // fully populate cache
    {
        auto prange = dht::partition_range::make_ending_with(dht::ring_position(m1.decorated_key()));
        assert_that(ms.make_mutation_reader(s.schema(), semaphore.make_permit(), prange, s.schema()->full_slice()))
            .produces(m1)
            .produces_end_of_stream();
    }

    // query just a static row
    {
        auto slice = partition_slice_builder(*s.schema())
            .with_ranges({})
            .build();
        auto prange = dht::partition_range::make_ending_with(dht::ring_position(m1.decorated_key()));
        assert_that(ms.make_mutation_reader(s.schema(), semaphore.make_permit(), prange, slice))
            .produces(m1, slice.row_ranges(*s.schema(), m1.key()))
            .produces_end_of_stream();
    }

    // query just a static row, single-partition case
    {
        auto slice = partition_slice_builder(*s.schema())
            .with_ranges({})
            .build();
        auto prange = dht::partition_range::make_singular(m1.decorated_key());
        assert_that(ms.make_mutation_reader(s.schema(), semaphore.make_permit(), prange, slice))
            .produces(m1, slice.row_ranges(*s.schema(), m1.key()))
            .produces_end_of_stream();
    }
}

static void test_query_no_clustering_ranges_no_static_columns(tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper& semaphore, populate_fn_ex populate) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);

    simple_schema s(simple_schema::with_static::no);

    auto pkeys = s.make_pkeys(1);

    mutation m1(s.schema(), pkeys[0]);
    m1.partition().apply(s.new_tombstone());
    s.add_row(m1, s.make_ckey(0), "v1");
    s.add_row(m1, s.make_ckey(1), "v2");

    mutation_source ms = populate(s.schema(), {m1}, gc_clock::now());

    {
        auto prange = dht::partition_range::make_ending_with(dht::ring_position(m1.decorated_key()));
        assert_that(ms.make_mutation_reader(s.schema(), semaphore.make_permit(), prange, s.schema()->full_slice()))
            .produces(m1)
            .produces_end_of_stream();
    }

    // multi-partition case
    {
        auto slice = partition_slice_builder(*s.schema())
            .with_ranges({})
            .build();
        auto prange = dht::partition_range::make_ending_with(dht::ring_position(m1.decorated_key()));
        assert_that(ms.make_mutation_reader(s.schema(), semaphore.make_permit(), prange, slice))
            .produces(m1, slice.row_ranges(*s.schema(), m1.key()))
            .produces_end_of_stream();
    }

    // single-partition case
    {
        auto slice = partition_slice_builder(*s.schema())
            .with_ranges({})
            .build();
        auto prange = dht::partition_range::make_singular(m1.decorated_key());
        assert_that(ms.make_mutation_reader(s.schema(), semaphore.make_permit(), prange, slice))
            .produces(m1, slice.row_ranges(*s.schema(), m1.key()))
            .produces_end_of_stream();
    }
}

void test_streamed_mutation_forwarding_succeeds_with_no_data(tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper& semaphore, populate_fn_ex populate) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);

    simple_schema s;
    auto cks = s.make_ckeys(6);

    auto pkey = s.make_pkey();
    mutation m(s.schema(), pkey);
    s.add_row(m, cks[0], "data");

    auto source = populate(s.schema(), {m}, gc_clock::now());
    assert_that(source.make_mutation_reader(s.schema(),
                semaphore.make_permit(),
                query::full_partition_range,
                s.schema()->full_slice(),
                nullptr,
                streamed_mutation::forwarding::yes
                ))
        .produces_partition_start(pkey)
        .produces_end_of_stream()
        .fast_forward_to(position_range(position_in_partition::for_key(cks[0]), position_in_partition::before_key(cks[1])))
        .produces_row_with_key(cks[0])
        .produces_end_of_stream()
        .fast_forward_to(position_range(position_in_partition::for_key(cks[1]), position_in_partition::before_key(cks[3])))
        .produces_end_of_stream()
        .fast_forward_to(position_range(position_in_partition::for_key(cks[4]), position_in_partition::before_key(cks[5])))
        .produces_end_of_stream()
        .next_partition()
        .produces_end_of_stream()
        .fast_forward_to(position_range(position_in_partition::for_key(cks[0]), position_in_partition::before_key(cks[1])))
        .produces_end_of_stream()
        .fast_forward_to(position_range(position_in_partition::for_key(cks[1]), position_in_partition::before_key(cks[3])))
        .produces_end_of_stream()
        .fast_forward_to(position_range(position_in_partition::for_key(cks[4]), position_in_partition::before_key(cks[5])))
        .produces_end_of_stream();
}

static
void test_slicing_with_overlapping_range_tombstones(tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper& semaphore, populate_fn_ex populate) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);

    simple_schema ss;
    auto s = ss.schema();

    auto rt1 = ss.make_range_tombstone(ss.make_ckey_range(1, 10));
    auto rt2 = ss.make_range_tombstone(ss.make_ckey_range(1, 5)); // rt1 + rt2 = {[1, 5], (5, 10]}

    auto key = tests::generate_partition_key(s);
    mutation m1(s, key);
    m1.partition().apply_delete(*s, rt1);

    mutation m2(s, key);
    m2.partition().apply_delete(*s, rt2);
    ss.add_row(m2, ss.make_ckey(4), "v2"); // position after rt2.position() but before rt2.end_position().

    mutation_source ds = populate(s, {m1, m2}, gc_clock::now());

    // upper bound ends before the row in m2, so that the raw is fetched after next fast forward.
    auto range = ss.make_ckey_range(0, 3);

    {
        auto slice = partition_slice_builder(*s).with_range(range).build();
        auto rd = ds.make_mutation_reader(s, semaphore.make_permit(), query::full_partition_range, slice);
        auto close_rd = deferred_close(rd);

        auto prange = position_range(range);

        mutation_rebuilder_v2 rebuilder(s);
        rd.consume_pausable([&] (mutation_fragment_v2&& mf) {
            testlog.trace("mf: {}", mutation_fragment_v2::printer(*s, mf));
            if (mf.position().is_clustering_row() && !prange.contains(*s, mf.position())) {
                testlog.trace("m1: {}", m1);
                testlog.trace("m2: {}", m2);
                BOOST_FAIL(format("Received row which is not relevant for the slice: {}, slice: {}",
                                  mutation_fragment_v2::printer(*s, mf), prange));
            }
            return rebuilder.consume(std::move(mf));
        }).get();
        auto result = *rebuilder.consume_end_of_stream();

        assert_that(result).is_equal_to(m1 + m2, query::clustering_row_ranges({range}));
    }

    // Check fast_forward_to()
    {
        auto rd = ds.make_fragment_v1_stream(s, semaphore.make_permit(), query::full_partition_range, s->full_slice(), nullptr, streamed_mutation::forwarding::yes);
        auto close_rd = deferred_close(rd);

        auto prange = position_range(range);
        mutation result(m1.schema(), m1.decorated_key());

        rd.consume_pausable([&](mutation_fragment&& mf) {
            BOOST_REQUIRE(!mf.position().has_clustering_key());
            result.partition().apply(*s, std::move(mf));
            return stop_iteration::no;
        }).get();

        rd.fast_forward_to(prange).get();

        position_in_partition last_pos = position_in_partition::before_all_clustered_rows();
        auto consume_clustered = [&] (mutation_fragment&& mf) {
            position_in_partition::less_compare less(*s);
            if (less(mf.position(), last_pos)) {
                BOOST_FAIL(format("Out of order fragment: {}, last pos: {}", mutation_fragment::printer(*s, mf), last_pos));
            }
            last_pos = position_in_partition(mf.position());
            result.partition().apply(*s, std::move(mf));
            return stop_iteration::no;
        };

        rd.consume_pausable(consume_clustered).get();
        rd.fast_forward_to(position_range(prange.end(), position_in_partition::after_all_clustered_rows())).get();
        rd.consume_pausable(consume_clustered).get();

        assert_that(result).is_equal_to(m1 + m2);
    }
}

void test_range_tombstones_v2(tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper& semaphore, populate_fn_ex populate) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);

    simple_schema s;
    auto pkey = s.make_pkey();

    utils::chunked_vector<mutation> mutations;

    mutation m(s.schema(), pkey);
    s.add_row(m, s.make_ckey(0), "v1");
    auto t1 = s.new_tombstone();
    s.delete_range(m, s.make_ckey_range(1, 10), t1);
    s.add_row(m, s.make_ckey(5), "v2");
    auto t2 = s.new_tombstone();
    s.delete_range(m, s.make_ckey_range(7, 12), t2);
    s.add_row(m, s.make_ckey(15), "v2");
    auto t3 = s.new_tombstone();
    s.delete_range(m, s.make_ckey_range(17, 19), t3);

    mutations.push_back(std::move(m));

    auto ms = populate(s.schema(), mutations, gc_clock::now());
    auto pr = dht::partition_range::make_singular(pkey);

    assert_that(ms.make_mutation_reader(s.schema(), semaphore.make_permit()))
            .next_partition() // Does nothing before first partition
            .produces_partition_start(pkey)
            .produces_row_with_key(s.make_ckey(0))
            .produces_range_tombstone_change(range_tombstone_change(position_in_partition_view::before_key(s.make_ckey(1)), t1))
            .produces_row_with_key(s.make_ckey(5))
            .produces_range_tombstone_change(range_tombstone_change(position_in_partition_view::before_key(s.make_ckey(7)), t2))
            .produces_range_tombstone_change(range_tombstone_change(position_in_partition::after_key(*s.schema(), s.make_ckey(12)), tombstone()))
            .produces_row_with_key(s.make_ckey(15))
            .produces_range_tombstone_change(range_tombstone_change(position_in_partition_view::before_key(s.make_ckey(17)), t3))
            .produces_range_tombstone_change(range_tombstone_change(position_in_partition::after_key(*s.schema(), s.make_ckey(19)), tombstone()))
            .produces_partition_end()
            .produces_end_of_stream();

    assert_that(ms.make_mutation_reader(s.schema(), semaphore.make_permit(), pr,
                                  s.schema()->full_slice(),
                                  nullptr,
                                  streamed_mutation::forwarding::yes,
                                  mutation_reader::forwarding::no))
            .produces_partition_start(pkey)
            .produces_end_of_stream()

            .fast_forward_to(position_range(
                    position_in_partition::after_key(*s.schema(), s.make_ckey(0)),
                    position_in_partition::before_key(s.make_ckey(2))))
            .produces_range_tombstone_change(range_tombstone_change(position_in_partition_view::before_key(s.make_ckey(1)), t1))
            .produces_range_tombstone_change(range_tombstone_change(position_in_partition_view::before_key(s.make_ckey(2)), {}))
            .produces_end_of_stream()

            .fast_forward_to(position_range(
                    position_in_partition::before_key(s.make_ckey(5)),
                    position_in_partition::after_key(*s.schema(), s.make_ckey(5))))
            .produces_range_tombstone_change(range_tombstone_change(position_in_partition_view::before_key(s.make_ckey(5)), t1))
            .produces_row_with_key(s.make_ckey(5))
            .produces_range_tombstone_change(range_tombstone_change(position_in_partition::after_key(*s.schema(), s.make_ckey(5)), {}))
            .produces_end_of_stream();

    assert_that(ms.make_mutation_reader(s.schema(), semaphore.make_permit(), pr,
                                  s.schema()->full_slice(),
                                  nullptr,
                                  streamed_mutation::forwarding::yes,
                                  mutation_reader::forwarding::no))
            .produces_partition_start(pkey)
            .produces_end_of_stream()
            .fast_forward_to(position_range(
                    position_in_partition::after_key(*s.schema(), s.make_ckey(0)),
                    position_in_partition::for_key(s.make_ckey(2))))
            .produces_range_tombstone_change(range_tombstone_change(position_in_partition_view::before_key(s.make_ckey(1)), t1))
            .produces_range_tombstone_change(range_tombstone_change(position_in_partition_view::before_key(s.make_ckey(2)), {}))
            .produces_end_of_stream();

    assert_that(ms.make_mutation_reader(s.schema(), semaphore.make_permit(), pr,
                                  s.schema()->full_slice(),
                                  nullptr,
                                  streamed_mutation::forwarding::yes,
                                  mutation_reader::forwarding::no))
            .produces_partition_start(pkey)
            .produces_end_of_stream()

            .fast_forward_to(position_range(
                    position_in_partition::before_key(s.make_ckey(0)),
                    position_in_partition::before_key(s.make_ckey(1))))
            .produces_row_with_key(s.make_ckey(0))
            .produces_end_of_stream()

            .fast_forward_to(position_range(
                    position_in_partition::before_key(s.make_ckey(1)),
                    position_in_partition::before_key(s.make_ckey(2))))
            .produces_range_tombstone_change({position_in_partition_view::before_key(s.make_ckey(1)), t1})
            .produces_range_tombstone_change({position_in_partition_view::before_key(s.make_ckey(2)), {}})
            .produces_end_of_stream();


    assert_that(ms.make_mutation_reader(s.schema(), semaphore.make_permit(), pr,
                                  s.schema()->full_slice(),
                                  nullptr,
                                  streamed_mutation::forwarding::yes,
                                  mutation_reader::forwarding::no))
            .produces_partition_start(pkey)
            .produces_end_of_stream()

            .fast_forward_to(position_range(
                    position_in_partition::before_key(s.make_ckey(1)),
                    position_in_partition::before_key(s.make_ckey(6))))
            .produces_range_tombstone_change({position_in_partition_view::before_key(s.make_ckey(1)), t1})
            .produces_row_with_key(s.make_ckey(5))
            .produces_range_tombstone_change({position_in_partition_view::before_key(s.make_ckey(6)), {}})
            .produces_end_of_stream();

    assert_that(ms.make_mutation_reader(s.schema(), semaphore.make_permit(), pr,
                                  s.schema()->full_slice(),
                                  nullptr,
                                  streamed_mutation::forwarding::yes,
                                  mutation_reader::forwarding::no))
            .produces_partition_start(pkey)
            .produces_end_of_stream()

            .fast_forward_to(position_range(
                    position_in_partition::before_key(s.make_ckey(6)),
                    position_in_partition::before_key(s.make_ckey(7))))
            .produces_range_tombstone_change({position_in_partition_view::before_key(s.make_ckey(6)), t1})
            .produces_range_tombstone_change({position_in_partition_view::before_key(s.make_ckey(7)), {}})
            .produces_end_of_stream();

    assert_that(ms.make_mutation_reader(s.schema(), semaphore.make_permit(), pr,
                                  s.schema()->full_slice(),
                                  nullptr,
                                  streamed_mutation::forwarding::yes,
                                  mutation_reader::forwarding::no))
            .produces_partition_start(pkey)
            .produces_end_of_stream()

            .fast_forward_to(position_range(
                    position_in_partition::before_key(s.make_ckey(6)),
                    position_in_partition::before_key(s.make_ckey(8))))
            .produces_range_tombstone_change({position_in_partition_view::before_key(s.make_ckey(6)), t1})
            .produces_range_tombstone_change({position_in_partition_view::before_key(s.make_ckey(7)), t2})
            .produces_range_tombstone_change({position_in_partition_view::before_key(s.make_ckey(8)), {}})
            .produces_end_of_stream()

            .fast_forward_to(position_range(
                    position_in_partition::before_key(s.make_ckey(9)),
                    position_in_partition::before_key(s.make_ckey(10))))
            .produces_range_tombstone_change({position_in_partition_view::before_key(s.make_ckey(9)), t2})
            .produces_range_tombstone_change({position_in_partition_view::before_key(s.make_ckey(10)), {}})
            .produces_end_of_stream()

            .fast_forward_to(position_range(
                    position_in_partition::before_key(s.make_ckey(10)),
                    position_in_partition::before_key(s.make_ckey(13))))
            .produces_range_tombstone_change({position_in_partition_view::before_key(s.make_ckey(10)), t2})
            .produces_range_tombstone_change({position_in_partition::after_key(*s.schema(), s.make_ckey(12)), {}})
            .produces_end_of_stream()

            .fast_forward_to(position_range(
                    position_in_partition::before_key(s.make_ckey(16)),
                    position_in_partition::after_key(*s.schema(), s.make_ckey(16))))
            .produces_end_of_stream()

            .fast_forward_to(position_range(
                    position_in_partition::before_key(s.make_ckey(17)),
                    position_in_partition::after_key(*s.schema(), s.make_ckey(18))))
            .produces_range_tombstone_change({position_in_partition_view::before_key(s.make_ckey(17)), t3})
            .produces_range_tombstone_change({position_in_partition::after_key(*s.schema(), s.make_ckey(18)), {}})
            .produces_end_of_stream();

    // Slicing using query restrictions

    {
        auto slice = partition_slice_builder(*s.schema())
                .with_range(s.make_ckey_range(16, 18))
                .build();
        assert_that(ms.make_mutation_reader(s.schema(), semaphore.make_permit(), pr, slice))
                .produces_partition_start(pkey)
                .produces_range_tombstone_change({position_in_partition_view::before_key(s.make_ckey(17)), t3})
                .produces_range_tombstone_change({position_in_partition::after_key(*s.schema(), s.make_ckey(18)), {}})
                .produces_partition_end()
                .produces_end_of_stream();
    }

    {
        auto slice = partition_slice_builder(*s.schema())
                .with_range(s.make_ckey_range(0, 3))
                .with_range(s.make_ckey_range(8, 11))
                .build();
        assert_that(ms.make_mutation_reader(s.schema(), semaphore.make_permit(), pr, slice))
                .produces_partition_start(pkey)
                .produces_row_with_key(s.make_ckey(0))
                .produces_range_tombstone_change(range_tombstone_change(position_in_partition_view::before_key(s.make_ckey(1)), t1))
                .produces_range_tombstone_change(range_tombstone_change(position_in_partition::after_key(*s.schema(), s.make_ckey(3)), {}))
                .produces_range_tombstone_change(range_tombstone_change(position_in_partition_view::before_key(s.make_ckey(8)), t2))
                .produces_range_tombstone_change(range_tombstone_change(position_in_partition::after_key(*s.schema(), s.make_ckey(11)), {}))
                .produces_partition_end()
                .produces_end_of_stream();
    }
}

void test_reader_conversions(tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper& semaphore, populate_fn_ex populate) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);

    for_each_mutation([&] (const mutation& m) mutable {
        utils::chunked_vector<mutation> mutations = { m };
        auto ms = populate(m.schema(), mutations, gc_clock::now());

        // Query time must be fetched after populate. If compaction is executed
        // during populate it may be executed with timestamp later than query_time.
        // This would cause the compaction below and compaction during flush to
        // be executed at different time points producing different
        // results. The result would be sporadic test failures depending on relative
        // timing of those operations. If no other mutations happen after populate,
        // and query_time is later than the compaction time during population, we're
        // guaranteed to have the same results.
        const auto query_time = gc_clock::now();

        mutation m_compacted(m);
        m_compacted.partition().compact_for_compaction(*m_compacted.schema(), always_gc, m_compacted.decorated_key(), query_time, tombstone_gc_state::for_tests());

        {
            auto rd = ms.make_fragment_v1_stream(m.schema(), semaphore.make_permit());
            auto close_rd = deferred_close(rd);
            match_compacted_mutation(read_mutation_from_mutation_reader(rd).get(), m_compacted, query_time);
        }
    });
}

void test_next_partition(tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper&, populate_fn_ex);

void run_mutation_reader_tests_basic(tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper& semaphore,
        populate_fn_ex populate, bool with_partition_range_forwarding) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);

    test_range_tombstones_v2(semaphore, populate);
    test_time_window_clustering_slicing(semaphore, populate);
    test_clustering_slices(semaphore, populate);
    test_streamed_mutation_forwarding_across_range_tombstones(semaphore, populate);
    test_streamed_mutation_forwarding_guarantees(semaphore, populate);
    test_streamed_mutation_slicing_returns_only_relevant_tombstones(semaphore, populate);
    test_streamed_mutation_forwarding_is_consistent_with_slicing(semaphore, populate);
    test_range_queries(semaphore, populate);
    test_query_only_static_row(semaphore, populate);
    test_query_no_clustering_ranges_no_static_columns(semaphore, populate);
    test_next_partition(semaphore, populate);
    test_streamed_mutation_forwarding_succeeds_with_no_data(semaphore, populate);
    test_slicing_with_overlapping_range_tombstones(semaphore, populate);
    
    if (with_partition_range_forwarding) {
        test_fast_forwarding_across_partitions_to_empty_range(semaphore, populate);
        test_slicing_and_fast_forwarding(semaphore, populate);
    }
}

void run_mutation_reader_tests_all(populate_fn_ex populate, bool with_partition_range_forwarding) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);

    tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper semaphore;
    run_mutation_reader_tests_basic(semaphore, populate, with_partition_range_forwarding);

    // Most of the time is spent in the following tests
    test_reader_conversions(semaphore, populate);
    test_mutation_reader_fragments_have_monotonic_positions(semaphore, populate);
    test_all_data_is_read_back(semaphore, populate);
}

void test_next_partition(tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper& semaphore, populate_fn_ex populate) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);

    simple_schema s;
    auto pkeys = s.make_pkeys(4);

    utils::chunked_vector<mutation> mutations;
    for (auto key : pkeys) {
        mutation m(s.schema(), key);
        s.add_static_row(m, "s1");
        s.add_row(m, s.make_ckey(0), "v1");
        s.add_row(m, s.make_ckey(1), "v2");
        mutations.push_back(std::move(m));
    }
    auto source = populate(s.schema(), mutations, gc_clock::now());
    assert_that(source.make_mutation_reader(s.schema(), semaphore.make_permit()))
        .next_partition() // Does nothing before first partition
        .produces_partition_start(pkeys[0])
        .produces_static_row()
        .produces_row_with_key(s.make_ckey(0))
        .produces_row_with_key(s.make_ckey(1))
        .produces_partition_end()
        .next_partition() // Does nothing between partitions
        .produces_partition_start(pkeys[1])
        .next_partition() // Moves to next partition
        .produces_partition_start(pkeys[2])
        .produces_static_row()
        .next_partition()
        .produces_partition_start(pkeys[3])
        .produces_static_row()
        .produces_row_with_key(s.make_ckey(0))
        .next_partition()
        .produces_end_of_stream();
}

void run_mutation_source_tests(populate_fn populate, bool with_partition_range_forwarding) {
    auto populate_ex = [populate = std::move(populate)] (schema_ptr s, const utils::chunked_vector<mutation>& muts, gc_clock::time_point) {
        return populate(std::move(s), muts);
    };
    run_mutation_source_tests(std::move(populate_ex), with_partition_range_forwarding);
}

void run_mutation_source_tests(populate_fn_ex populate, bool with_partition_range_forwarding) {
    run_mutation_source_tests_plain(populate, with_partition_range_forwarding);
    run_mutation_source_tests_reverse(populate, with_partition_range_forwarding);
    // Some tests call the sub-types individually, mind checking them
    // if adding new stuff here
}

void run_mutation_source_tests_plain(populate_fn_ex populate, bool with_partition_range_forwarding) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
    run_mutation_reader_tests_all(populate, with_partition_range_forwarding);
}

void run_mutation_source_tests_plain_basic(populate_fn_ex populate, bool with_partition_range_forwarding) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
    tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper semaphore;
    run_mutation_reader_tests_basic(semaphore, populate, with_partition_range_forwarding);
}

void run_mutation_source_tests_plain_reader_conversion(populate_fn_ex populate, bool with_partition_range_forwarding) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
    tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper semaphore;
    test_reader_conversions(semaphore, populate);
}

void run_mutation_source_tests_plain_fragments_monotonic(populate_fn_ex populate, bool with_partition_range_forwarding) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
    tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper semaphore;
    test_mutation_reader_fragments_have_monotonic_positions(semaphore, populate);
}

void run_mutation_source_tests_plain_read_back(populate_fn_ex populate, bool with_partition_range_forwarding) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
    tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper semaphore;
    test_all_data_is_read_back(semaphore, populate);
}

// read in reverse
static mutation_source make_mutation_source(populate_fn_ex populate, schema_ptr s,
        const utils::chunked_vector<mutation>& m, gc_clock::time_point t) {
    auto table_schema = s->make_reversed();

    utils::chunked_vector<mutation> reversed_mutations;
    reversed_mutations.reserve(m.size());
    for (const auto& mut : m) {
        reversed_mutations.emplace_back(reverse(mut));
    }
    auto ms = populate(table_schema, reversed_mutations, t);

    return mutation_source([table_schema, ms = std::move(ms), reversed_slices = std::list<query::partition_slice>()] (
            schema_ptr query_schema,
            reader_permit permit,
            const dht::partition_range& pr,
            const query::partition_slice& slice,
            tracing::trace_state_ptr tr,
            streamed_mutation::forwarding fwd,
            mutation_reader::forwarding mr_fwd) mutable {
        // Note that the clustering ranges of the provided slice are already reversed in relation to the table_schema
        // above. Thus toggling its reverse option is all that needs to be done here.
        reversed_slices.emplace_back(partition_slice_builder(*table_schema, slice)
                .with_option<query::partition_slice::option::reversed>()
                .build());
        return ms.make_mutation_reader(query_schema, std::move(permit), pr, reversed_slices.back(), tr, fwd, mr_fwd);
    });
}

void run_mutation_source_tests_reverse(populate_fn_ex populate, bool with_partition_range_forwarding) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
    run_mutation_reader_tests_all([&populate] (schema_ptr s, const utils::chunked_vector<mutation>& m, gc_clock::time_point t) -> mutation_source {
        return make_mutation_source(populate, s, m, t);
    }, false); // FIXME: pass with_partition_range_forwarding after all natively reversing sources have fast-forwarding support
}

void run_mutation_source_tests_reverse_basic(populate_fn_ex populate, bool with_partition_range_forwarding) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
    tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper semaphore;
    run_mutation_reader_tests_basic(semaphore, [&populate] (schema_ptr s, const utils::chunked_vector<mutation>& m, gc_clock::time_point t) -> mutation_source {
        return make_mutation_source(populate, s, m, t);
    }, false); // FIXME: pass with_partition_range_forwarding after all natively reversing sources have fast-forwarding support
}

void run_mutation_source_tests_reverse_reader_conversion(populate_fn_ex populate, bool with_partition_range_forwarding) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
    tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper semaphore;
    test_reader_conversions(semaphore, [&populate] (schema_ptr s, const utils::chunked_vector<mutation>& m, gc_clock::time_point t) -> mutation_source {
        return make_mutation_source(populate, s, m, t);
    });
}

void run_mutation_source_tests_reverse_fragments_monotonic(populate_fn_ex populate, bool with_partition_range_forwarding) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
    tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper semaphore;
    test_mutation_reader_fragments_have_monotonic_positions(semaphore, [&populate] (schema_ptr s, const utils::chunked_vector<mutation>& m, gc_clock::time_point t) -> mutation_source {
        return make_mutation_source(populate, s, m, t);
    });
}

void run_mutation_source_tests_reverse_read_back(populate_fn_ex populate, bool with_partition_range_forwarding) {
    testlog.info(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
    tests::reader_concurrency_semaphore_wrapper semaphore;
    test_all_data_is_read_back(semaphore, [&populate] (schema_ptr s, const utils::chunked_vector<mutation>& m, gc_clock::time_point t) -> mutation_source {
        return make_mutation_source(populate, s, m, t);
    });
}

struct mutation_sets {
    std::vector<utils::chunked_vector<mutation>> equal;
    std::vector<utils::chunked_vector<mutation>> unequal;
    mutation_sets(){}
};

static tombstone new_tombstone() {
    return { new_timestamp(), gc_clock::now() + std::chrono::hours(10) };
}

static mutation_sets generate_mutation_sets() {
    using mutations = utils::chunked_vector<mutation>;
    mutation_sets result;

    {
        auto common_schema = schema_builder("ks", "test")
                .with_column("pk_col", bytes_type, column_kind::partition_key)
                .with_column("ck_col_1", bytes_type, column_kind::clustering_key)
                .with_column("ck_col_2", bytes_type, column_kind::clustering_key)
                .with_column("regular_col_1", bytes_type)
                .with_column("regular_col_2", bytes_type)
                .with_column("static_col_1", bytes_type, column_kind::static_column)
                .with_column("static_col_2", bytes_type, column_kind::static_column);

        auto s1 = common_schema
                .with_column("regular_col_1_s1", bytes_type) // will have id in between common columns
                .build();

        auto s2 = common_schema
                .with_column("regular_col_1_s2", bytes_type) // will have id in between common columns
                .build();

        auto local_keys = tests::generate_partition_keys(2, s1); // use only one schema as s1 and s2 don't differ in representation.
        auto& key1 = local_keys[0];
        auto& key2 = local_keys[1];

        // Differing keys
        result.unequal.emplace_back(mutations{
            mutation(s1, key1),
            mutation(s2, key2)
        });

        auto m1 = mutation(s1, key1);
        auto m2 = mutation(s2, key1);
        result.equal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});

        clustering_key ck1 = clustering_key::from_deeply_exploded(*s1, {data_value(bytes("ck1_0")), data_value(bytes("ck1_1"))});
        clustering_key ck2 = clustering_key::from_deeply_exploded(*s1, {data_value(bytes("ck2_0")), data_value(bytes("ck2_1"))});
        auto ttl = gc_clock::duration(10000);   // Note: large value to avoid deletion on tests ignoring query time

        {
            auto tomb = new_tombstone();
            m1.partition().apply(tomb);
            result.unequal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});
            m2.partition().apply(tomb);
            result.equal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});
        }

        {
            auto tomb = new_tombstone();
            auto key = clustering_key_prefix::from_deeply_exploded(*s1, {data_value(bytes("ck2_0"))});
            m1.partition().apply_row_tombstone(*s1, key, tomb);
            result.unequal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});
            m2.partition().apply_row_tombstone(*s2, key, tomb);
            result.equal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});
        }

        {
            auto tomb = new_tombstone();
            m1.partition().apply_delete(*s1, ck2, tomb);
            result.unequal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});
            m2.partition().apply_delete(*s2, ck2, tomb);
            result.equal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});
        }

        {
            // Add a row which falls under the tombstone prefix.
            auto ts = new_timestamp();
            auto key_full = clustering_key_prefix::from_deeply_exploded(*s1, {data_value(bytes("ck2_0")), data_value(bytes("ck1_1")), });
            m1.set_clustered_cell(key_full, "regular_col_2", data_value(bytes("regular_col_value")), ts, ttl);
            result.unequal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});
            m2.set_clustered_cell(key_full, "regular_col_2", data_value(bytes("regular_col_value")), ts, ttl);
            result.equal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});
        }

        {
            auto ts = new_timestamp();
            m1.set_clustered_cell(ck1, "regular_col_1", data_value(bytes("regular_col_value")), ts, ttl);
            result.unequal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});
            m2.set_clustered_cell(ck1, "regular_col_1", data_value(bytes("regular_col_value")), ts, ttl);
            result.equal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});
        }

        {
            auto ts = new_timestamp();
            m1.set_clustered_cell(ck1, "regular_col_2", data_value(bytes("regular_col_value")), ts, ttl);
            result.unequal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});
            m2.set_clustered_cell(ck1, "regular_col_2", data_value(bytes("regular_col_value")), ts, ttl);
            result.equal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});
        }

        {
            auto ts = new_timestamp();
            m1.partition().apply_insert(*s1, ck2, ts);
            result.unequal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});
            m2.partition().apply_insert(*s2, ck2, ts);
            result.equal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});
        }

        {
            auto ts = new_timestamp();
            m1.set_clustered_cell(ck2, "regular_col_1", data_value(bytes("ck2_regular_col_1_value")), ts);
            result.unequal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});
            m2.set_clustered_cell(ck2, "regular_col_1", data_value(bytes("ck2_regular_col_1_value")), ts);
            result.equal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});
        }

        {
            auto ts = new_timestamp();
            m1.set_static_cell("static_col_1", data_value(bytes("static_col_value")), ts, ttl);
            result.unequal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});
            m2.set_static_cell("static_col_1", data_value(bytes("static_col_value")), ts, ttl);
            result.equal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});
        }

        {
            auto ts = new_timestamp();
            m1.set_static_cell("static_col_2", data_value(bytes("static_col_value")), ts);
            result.unequal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});
            m2.set_static_cell("static_col_2", data_value(bytes("static_col_value")), ts);
            result.equal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});
        }

        {
            m1.partition().ensure_last_dummy(*m1.schema());
            result.equal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});

            m2.partition().ensure_last_dummy(*m2.schema());
            result.equal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});
        }

        {
            auto ts = new_timestamp();
            m1.set_clustered_cell(ck2, "regular_col_1_s1", data_value(bytes("x")), ts);
            result.unequal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});
            m2.set_clustered_cell(ck2, "regular_col_1_s2", data_value(bytes("x")), ts);
            result.unequal.emplace_back(mutations{m1, m2});
        }
    }

    static constexpr auto rmg_iterations = 10;

    {
        random_mutation_generator gen(random_mutation_generator::generate_counters::no, local_shard_only::yes,
                random_mutation_generator::generate_uncompactable::yes);
        for (int i = 0; i < rmg_iterations; ++i) {
            auto m = gen();
            result.unequal.emplace_back(mutations{m, gen()}); // collision unlikely
            result.equal.emplace_back(mutations{m, m});
        }
    }

    {
        random_mutation_generator gen(random_mutation_generator::generate_counters::yes, local_shard_only::yes,
                random_mutation_generator::generate_uncompactable::yes);
        for (int i = 0; i < rmg_iterations; ++i) {
            auto m = gen();
            result.unequal.emplace_back(mutations{m, gen()}); // collision unlikely
            result.equal.emplace_back(mutations{m, m});
        }
    }

    return result;
}

static const mutation_sets& get_mutation_sets() {
    static thread_local const auto ms = generate_mutation_sets();
    return ms;
}

void for_each_mutation_pair(std::function<void(const mutation&, const mutation&, are_equal)> callback) {
    auto&& ms = get_mutation_sets();
    for (auto&& mutations : ms.equal) {
        auto i = mutations.begin();
        SCYLLA_ASSERT(i != mutations.end());
        const mutation& first = *i++;
        while (i != mutations.end()) {
            callback(first, *i, are_equal::yes);
            ++i;
        }
    }
    for (auto&& mutations : ms.unequal) {
        auto i = mutations.begin();
        SCYLLA_ASSERT(i != mutations.end());
        const mutation& first = *i++;
        while (i != mutations.end()) {
            callback(first, *i, are_equal::no);
            ++i;
        }
    }
}

void for_each_mutation(std::function<void(const mutation&)> callback) {
    auto&& ms = get_mutation_sets();
    for (auto&& mutations : ms.equal) {
        for (auto&& m : mutations) {
            callback(m);
        }
    }
    for (auto&& mutations : ms.unequal) {
        for (auto&& m : mutations) {
            callback(m);
        }
    }
}

bytes make_blob(size_t blob_size) {
    return tests::random::get_bytes(blob_size);
};

class random_mutation_generator::impl {
    enum class timestamp_level {
        partition_tombstone = 0,
        range_tombstone = 1,
        row_shadowable_tombstone = 2,
        row_tombstone = 3,
        row_marker_tombstone = 4,
        collection_tombstone = 5,
        cell_tombstone = 6,
        data = 7,
    };

private:
    // Set to true in order to produce mutations which are easier to work with during debugging.
    static const bool debuggable = false;

    // The "333" prefix is so that it's easily distinguishable from other numbers in the printout.
    static const api::timestamp_type min_timestamp = debuggable ? 3330000 : ::api::min_timestamp;

    friend class random_mutation_generator;
    generate_counters _generate_counters;
    local_shard_only _local_shard_only;
    generate_uncompactable _uncompactable;
    const size_t _external_blob_size = debuggable ? 4 : 128; // Should be enough to force use of external bytes storage
    const size_t n_blobs = debuggable ? 32 : 1024;
    const column_id column_count = debuggable ? 3 : 64;
    std::mt19937 _gen;
    schema_ptr _schema;
    std::vector<bytes> _blobs;
    std::uniform_int_distribution<size_t> _ck_index_dist{0, n_blobs - 1};
    std::uniform_int_distribution<int> _bool_dist{0, 1};
    std::uniform_int_distribution<int> _not_dummy_dist{0, 19};
    std::uniform_int_distribution<int> _range_tombstone_dist{0, 29};
    std::uniform_int_distribution<api::timestamp_type> _timestamp_dist{min_timestamp, min_timestamp + 2};

    // Sequence number for mutation elements.
    // Intended to be put as "deletion time".
    // The "777" prefix is so that it's easily distinguishable from other numbers in the printout.
    // Also makes it easy to grep for a particular element.
    uint64_t _seq = 777000000;
    compress _compress = compress::yes;

    template <typename Generator>
    static gc_clock::time_point expiry_dist(Generator& gen) {
        static thread_local std::uniform_int_distribution<int> dist(0, 2);
        return gc_clock::time_point() + std::chrono::seconds(dist(gen));
    }

    schema_ptr do_make_schema(data_type type, const char* ks_name, const char* cf_name) {
        auto builder = schema_builder(ks_name, cf_name)
                .with_column("pk", bytes_type, column_kind::partition_key)
                .with_column("ck1", bytes_type, column_kind::clustering_key)
                .with_column("ck2", bytes_type, column_kind::clustering_key);

        auto add_column = [&] (const sstring& column_name, column_kind kind) {
            auto col_type = type == counter_type || _bool_dist(_gen) ? type : list_type_impl::get_instance(type, true);
            builder.with_column(to_bytes(column_name), col_type, kind);
        };
        for (column_id i = 0; i < column_count; ++i) {
            add_column(format("v{:d}", i), column_kind::regular_column);
            add_column(format("s{:d}", i), column_kind::static_column);
        }

        if(!_compress) {
            builder.set_compressor_params(compression_parameters::no_compression());
        }

        return builder.build();
    }

    schema_ptr make_schema(const char* ks_name, const char* cf_name) {
        return _generate_counters ? do_make_schema(counter_type, ks_name, cf_name)
                                  : do_make_schema(bytes_type, ks_name, cf_name);
    }

    api::timestamp_type gen_timestamp(timestamp_level l) {
        auto ts = _timestamp_dist(_gen);
        if (_uncompactable) {
            // Offset the timestamp such that no higher level tombstones
            // covers any lower level tombstone, and no tombstone covers data.
            return ts + static_cast<std::underlying_type_t<timestamp_level>>(l) * 10;
        }
        return ts;
    }

    gc_clock::time_point new_expiry() {
        return debuggable ? gc_clock::time_point(gc_clock::time_point::duration(_seq++))
                          : expiry_dist(_gen);
    }

    tombstone random_tombstone(timestamp_level l) {
        return tombstone(gen_timestamp(l), new_expiry());
    }
public:
    explicit impl(generate_counters counters, local_shard_only lso = local_shard_only::yes, generate_uncompactable uc = generate_uncompactable::no,
            std::optional<uint32_t> seed_opt = std::nullopt, const char* ks_name="ks", const char* cf_name="cf", compress c = compress::yes) : _generate_counters(counters), _local_shard_only(lso), _uncompactable(uc), _compress(c) {
        // In case of errors, reproduce using the --random-seed command line option with the test_runner seed.
        auto seed = seed_opt.value_or(tests::random::get_int<uint32_t>());
        std::cout << "random_mutation_generator seed: " << seed << "\n";
        _gen = std::mt19937(seed);

        _schema = make_schema(ks_name, cf_name);

        // The pre-existing assumption here is that the type of all the primary key components is blob.
        // So we generate partition keys and take the single blob component and save it as a random blob value.
        auto keys = tests::generate_partition_keys(n_blobs, _schema, _local_shard_only, tests::key_size{_external_blob_size, _external_blob_size});
        _blobs =  keys | std::views::transform([] (const dht::decorated_key& dk) { return dk.key().explode().front(); }) | std::ranges::to<std::vector<bytes>>();
    }

    void set_key_cardinality(size_t n_keys) {
        SCYLLA_ASSERT(n_keys <= n_blobs);
        _ck_index_dist = std::uniform_int_distribution<size_t>{0, n_keys - 1};
    }

    bytes random_blob() {
        return _blobs[std::min(_blobs.size() - 1, std::max<size_t>(0, _ck_index_dist(_gen)))];
    }

    clustering_key make_random_key() {
        return clustering_key::from_exploded(*_schema, { random_blob(), random_blob() });
    }

    clustering_key_prefix make_random_prefix(std::optional<size_t> max_components_opt = std::nullopt) {
        std::vector<bytes> components = { random_blob() };
        auto max_components = max_components_opt.value_or(_schema->clustering_key_size());
        for (size_t i = 1; i < max_components; i++) {
            if (_bool_dist(_gen)) {
                components.push_back(random_blob());
            }
        }
        return clustering_key_prefix::from_exploded(*_schema, std::move(components));
    }

    std::vector<query::clustering_range> make_random_ranges(unsigned n_ranges) {
        std::vector<query::clustering_range> ranges;

        if (n_ranges == 0) {
            return ranges;
        }

        auto keys = std::set<clustering_key, clustering_key::less_compare>{clustering_key::less_compare(*_schema)};
        while (keys.size() < n_ranges * 2) {
            keys.insert(make_random_key());
        }

        auto i = keys.begin();

        bool open_start = _bool_dist(_gen);
        bool open_end = _bool_dist(_gen);

        if (open_start && open_end && n_ranges == 1) {
            ranges.push_back(query::clustering_range::make_open_ended_both_sides());
            return ranges;
        }

        if (open_start) {
            ranges.push_back(query::clustering_range(
                { }, { query::clustering_range::bound(*i++, _bool_dist(_gen)) }
            ));
        }

        n_ranges -= unsigned(open_start);
        n_ranges -= unsigned(open_end);

        while (n_ranges--) {
            auto start_key = *i++;
            auto end_key = *i++;
            ranges.push_back(query::clustering_range(
                { query::clustering_range::bound(start_key, _bool_dist(_gen)) },
                { query::clustering_range::bound(end_key, _bool_dist(_gen)) }
            ));
        }

        if (open_end) {
            ranges.push_back(query::clustering_range(
                { query::clustering_range::bound(*i++, _bool_dist(_gen)) }, { }
            ));
        }

        return ranges;
    }

    range_tombstone make_random_range_tombstone() {
        auto t = random_tombstone(timestamp_level::range_tombstone);
        switch (_range_tombstone_dist(_gen)) {
        case 0: {
            // singular prefix
            auto prefix = make_random_prefix(_schema->clustering_key_size()-1);    // make sure the prefix is partial
            auto start = bound_view(prefix, bound_kind::incl_start);
            auto end = bound_view(prefix, bound_kind::incl_end);
            return range_tombstone(std::move(start), std::move(end), std::move(t));
        }
        case 1: {
            // unbound start
            auto prefix = make_random_prefix();
            auto start = bound_view::bottom();
            auto end = bound_view(prefix, _bool_dist(_gen) ? bound_kind::incl_end : bound_kind::excl_end);
            return range_tombstone(std::move(start), std::move(end), std::move(t));
        }
        case 2: {
            // unbound end
            auto prefix = make_random_prefix();
            auto start = bound_view(prefix, _bool_dist(_gen) ? bound_kind::incl_start : bound_kind::excl_start);
            auto end = bound_view::top();
            return range_tombstone(std::move(start), std::move(end), std::move(t));
        }
        default:
            // fully bounded
            auto start_prefix = make_random_prefix();
            auto end_prefix = make_random_prefix();
            clustering_key_prefix::tri_compare cmp(*_schema);
            auto d = cmp(end_prefix, start_prefix);
            while (d == 0) {
                end_prefix = make_random_prefix();
                d = cmp(end_prefix, start_prefix);
            }
            if (d < 0) {
                std::swap(end_prefix, start_prefix);
            }
            auto start = bound_view(std::move(start_prefix), _bool_dist(_gen) ? bound_kind::incl_start : bound_kind::excl_start);
            auto end = bound_view(std::move(end_prefix), _bool_dist(_gen) ? bound_kind::incl_end : bound_kind::excl_end);
            return range_tombstone(std::move(start), std::move(end), std::move(t));
        }
    }

    mutation operator()() {
        std::uniform_int_distribution<column_id> column_count_dist(1, column_count);
        std::uniform_int_distribution<column_id> column_id_dist(0, column_count - 1);
        std::uniform_int_distribution<size_t> value_blob_index_dist(0, 2);

        auto pkey = partition_key::from_single_value(*_schema, _blobs[0]);
        mutation m(_schema, pkey);

        std::map<counter_id, std::set<int64_t>> counter_used_clock_values;
        std::vector<counter_id> counter_ids;
        std::generate_n(std::back_inserter(counter_ids), 8, counter_id::create_random_id);

        auto random_counter_cell = [&] {
            std::uniform_int_distribution<size_t> shard_count_dist(1, counter_ids.size());
            std::uniform_int_distribution<int64_t> value_dist(-100, 100);
            std::uniform_int_distribution<int64_t> clock_dist(0, 20000);

            auto shard_count = shard_count_dist(_gen);
            std::set<counter_id> shards;
            for (auto i = 0u; i < shard_count; i++) {
                shards.emplace(counter_ids[shard_count_dist(_gen) - 1]);
            }

            counter_cell_builder ccb;
            for (auto&& id : shards) {
                // Make sure we don't get shards with the same id and clock
                // but different value.
                int64_t clock = clock_dist(_gen);
                while (counter_used_clock_values[id].contains(clock)) {
                    clock = clock_dist(_gen);
                }
                counter_used_clock_values[id].emplace(clock);
                ccb.add_shard(counter_shard(id, value_dist(_gen), clock));
            }
            return ccb.build(gen_timestamp(timestamp_level::data));
        };

        auto set_random_cells = [&] (row& r, column_kind kind) {
            auto columns_to_set = column_count_dist(_gen);
            for (column_id i = 0; i < columns_to_set; ++i) {
                auto cid = column_id_dist(_gen);
                auto& col = _schema->column_at(kind, cid);
                auto get_live_cell = [&] () -> atomic_cell_or_collection {
                    if (_generate_counters) {
                        return random_counter_cell();
                    }
                    if (col.is_atomic()) {
                        return atomic_cell::make_live(*col.type, gen_timestamp(timestamp_level::data), _blobs[value_blob_index_dist(_gen)]);
                    }
                    static thread_local std::uniform_int_distribution<int> element_dist{1, 13};
                    static thread_local std::uniform_int_distribution<int64_t> uuid_ts_dist{-12219292800000L, -12219292800000L + 1000};
                    collection_mutation_description m;
                    auto num_cells = element_dist(_gen);
                    m.cells.reserve(num_cells);
                    std::unordered_set<bytes> unique_cells;
                    unique_cells.reserve(num_cells);
                    auto ctype = static_pointer_cast<const collection_type_impl>(col.type);
                    for (auto i = 0; i < num_cells; ++i) {
                        auto uuid = utils::UUID_gen::min_time_UUID(std::chrono::milliseconds{uuid_ts_dist(_gen)}).serialize();
                        if (unique_cells.emplace(uuid).second) {
                            m.cells.emplace_back(
                                bytes(reinterpret_cast<const int8_t*>(uuid.data()), uuid.size()),
                                atomic_cell::make_live(*ctype->value_comparator(), gen_timestamp(timestamp_level::data), _blobs[value_blob_index_dist(_gen)],
                                    atomic_cell::collection_member::yes));
                        }
                    }
                    std::sort(m.cells.begin(), m.cells.end(), [] (auto&& c1, auto&& c2) {
                            return timeuuid_type->as_less_comparator()(c1.first, c2.first);
                    });
                    return m.serialize(*ctype);
                };
                auto get_dead_cell = [&] () -> atomic_cell_or_collection{
                    if (col.is_atomic() || col.is_counter()) {
                        return atomic_cell::make_dead(gen_timestamp(timestamp_level::cell_tombstone), new_expiry());
                    }
                    collection_mutation_description m;
                    m.tomb = tombstone(gen_timestamp(timestamp_level::collection_tombstone), new_expiry());
                    return m.serialize(*col.type);

                };
                // FIXME: generate expiring cells
                auto cell = _bool_dist(_gen) ? get_live_cell() : get_dead_cell();
                r.apply(_schema->column_at(kind, cid), std::move(cell));
            }
        };

        auto random_row_marker = [&] {
            static thread_local std::uniform_int_distribution<int> dist(0, 3);
            switch (dist(_gen)) {
                case 0: return row_marker();
                case 1: return row_marker(random_tombstone(timestamp_level::row_marker_tombstone));
                case 2: return row_marker(gen_timestamp(timestamp_level::data));
                case 3: return row_marker(gen_timestamp(timestamp_level::data), std::chrono::seconds(1), new_expiry());
                default: SCYLLA_ASSERT(0);
            }
            abort();
        };

        if (tests::random::with_probability(0.11)) {
            m.partition().apply(random_tombstone(timestamp_level::partition_tombstone));
        }

        m.partition().set_static_row_continuous(_bool_dist(_gen));

        set_random_cells(m.partition().static_row().maybe_create(), column_kind::static_column);

        auto row_count_dist = [&] (auto& gen) {
            static thread_local std::normal_distribution<> dist(32, 1.5);
            return static_cast<size_t>(std::min(100.0, std::max(0.0, dist(gen))));
        };

        size_t row_count = row_count_dist(_gen);

        std::unordered_set<clustering_key, clustering_key::hashing, clustering_key::equality> keys(
                0, clustering_key::hashing(*_schema), clustering_key::equality(*_schema));
        while (keys.size() < row_count) {
            keys.emplace(make_random_key());
        }

        for (auto&& ckey : keys) {
            is_continuous continuous = is_continuous(_bool_dist(_gen));
            if (_not_dummy_dist(_gen)) {
                deletable_row& row = m.partition().clustered_row(*_schema, ckey, is_dummy::no, continuous);
                row.apply(random_row_marker());
                if (!row.marker().is_missing() && !row.marker().is_live()) {
                    // Mutations are not associative if dead marker is not matched with a dead row
                    // due to shadowable tombstone merging rules. See #11307.
                    row.apply(tombstone(row.marker().timestamp(), row.marker().deletion_time()));
                }
                if (_bool_dist(_gen)) {
                    set_random_cells(row.cells(), column_kind::regular_column);
                } else {
                    bool is_regular = _bool_dist(_gen);
                    if (is_regular) {
                        row.apply(random_tombstone(timestamp_level::row_tombstone));
                    } else {
                        row.apply(shadowable_tombstone{random_tombstone(timestamp_level::row_shadowable_tombstone)});
                    }
                    bool second_tombstone = _bool_dist(_gen);
                    if (second_tombstone) {
                        // Need to add the opposite of what has been just added
                        if (is_regular) {
                            row.apply(shadowable_tombstone{random_tombstone(timestamp_level::row_shadowable_tombstone)});
                        } else {
                            row.apply(random_tombstone(timestamp_level::row_tombstone));
                        }
                    }
                }
            } else {
                m.partition().clustered_row(*_schema, position_in_partition::after_key(*_schema, ckey), is_dummy::yes, continuous);
            }
        }

        size_t range_tombstone_count = row_count_dist(_gen);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < range_tombstone_count; ++i) {
            m.partition().apply_row_tombstone(*_schema, make_random_range_tombstone());
        }

        if (_bool_dist(_gen)) {
            m.partition().ensure_last_dummy(*_schema);
            m.partition().clustered_rows().rbegin()->set_continuous(is_continuous(_bool_dist(_gen)));
        }

        return m;
    }

    std::vector<dht::decorated_key> make_partition_keys(size_t n) {
        return tests::generate_partition_keys(n, _schema, _local_shard_only);
    }

    utils::chunked_vector<mutation> operator()(size_t n) {
        auto keys = make_partition_keys(n);
        utils::chunked_vector<mutation> mutations;
        for (auto&& dkey : keys) {
            auto m = operator()();
            mutations.emplace_back(_schema, std::move(dkey), std::move(m.partition()));
        }
        return mutations;
    }
};

random_mutation_generator::~random_mutation_generator() {}

random_mutation_generator::random_mutation_generator(generate_counters counters, local_shard_only lso, generate_uncompactable uc,
        std::optional<uint32_t> seed_opt, const char* ks_name, const char* cf_name, compress c)
    : _impl(std::make_unique<random_mutation_generator::impl>(counters, lso, uc, seed_opt,  ks_name, cf_name, c))
{ }

mutation random_mutation_generator::operator()() {
    return (*_impl)();
}

utils::chunked_vector<mutation> random_mutation_generator::operator()(size_t n) {
    return (*_impl)(n);
}

std::vector<dht::decorated_key> random_mutation_generator::make_partition_keys(size_t n) {
    return _impl->make_partition_keys(n);
}

schema_ptr random_mutation_generator::schema() const {
    return _impl->_schema;
}

range_tombstone random_mutation_generator::make_random_range_tombstone() {
    return _impl->make_random_range_tombstone();
}

clustering_key random_mutation_generator::make_random_key() {
    return _impl->make_random_key();
}

std::vector<query::clustering_range> random_mutation_generator::make_random_ranges(unsigned n_ranges) {
    return _impl->make_random_ranges(n_ranges);
}

void random_mutation_generator::set_key_cardinality(size_t n_keys) {
    _impl->set_key_cardinality(n_keys);
}

void for_each_schema_change(std::function<void(schema_ptr, const utils::chunked_vector<mutation>&,
                                               schema_ptr, const utils::chunked_vector<mutation>&)> fn) {
    auto map_of_int_to_int = map_type_impl::get_instance(int32_type, int32_type, true);
    auto map_of_int_to_bytes = map_type_impl::get_instance(int32_type, bytes_type, true);
    auto frozen_map_of_int_to_int = map_type_impl::get_instance(int32_type, int32_type, false);
    auto frozen_map_of_int_to_bytes = map_type_impl::get_instance(int32_type, bytes_type, false);
    auto tuple_of_int_long = tuple_type_impl::get_instance({ int32_type, long_type });
    auto tuple_of_bytes_long = tuple_type_impl::get_instance( { bytes_type, long_type });
    auto tuple_of_bytes_bytes = tuple_type_impl::get_instance( { bytes_type, bytes_type });
    auto set_of_text = set_type_impl::get_instance(utf8_type, true);
    auto set_of_bytes = set_type_impl::get_instance(bytes_type, true);
    auto udt_int_text = user_type_impl::get_instance("ks", "udt",
        { utf8_type->decompose("f1"), utf8_type->decompose("f2"), },
        { int32_type, utf8_type }, true);
    auto udt_int_blob_long = user_type_impl::get_instance("ks", "udt",
        { utf8_type->decompose("v1"), utf8_type->decompose("v2"), utf8_type->decompose("v3"), },
        { int32_type, bytes_type, long_type }, true);
    auto frozen_udt_int_text = user_type_impl::get_instance("ks", "udt",
        { utf8_type->decompose("f1"), utf8_type->decompose("f2"), },
        { int32_type, utf8_type }, false);
    auto frozen_udt_int_blob_long = user_type_impl::get_instance("ks", "udt",
        { utf8_type->decompose("v1"), utf8_type->decompose("v2"), utf8_type->decompose("v3"), },
        { int32_type, bytes_type, long_type }, false);

    auto random_int32_value = [] {
        return int32_type->decompose(tests::random::get_int<int32_t>());
    };
    auto random_text_value = [] {
        return utf8_type->decompose(tests::random::get_sstring());
    };
    int32_t key_id = 0;
    auto random_partition_key = [&] () -> tests::data_model::mutation_description::key {
        return { random_int32_value(), random_int32_value(), int32_type->decompose(key_id++), };
    };
    auto random_clustering_key = [&] () -> tests::data_model::mutation_description::key {
        return {
            utf8_type->decompose(tests::random::get_sstring()),
            utf8_type->decompose(tests::random::get_sstring()),
            utf8_type->decompose(format("{}", key_id++)),
        };
    };
    auto random_map = [&] () -> tests::data_model::mutation_description::collection {
        return {
            { int32_type->decompose(1), random_int32_value() },
            { int32_type->decompose(2), random_int32_value() },
            { int32_type->decompose(3), random_int32_value() },
        };
    };
    auto random_frozen_map = [&] {
        return map_of_int_to_int->decompose(make_map_value(map_of_int_to_int, map_type_impl::native_type({
            { 1, tests::random::get_int<int32_t>() },
            { 2, tests::random::get_int<int32_t>() },
            { 3, tests::random::get_int<int32_t>() },
        })));
    };
    auto random_tuple = [&] {
        return tuple_of_int_long->decompose(make_tuple_value(tuple_of_int_long, tuple_type_impl::native_type{
            tests::random::get_int<int32_t>(), tests::random::get_int<int64_t>(),
        }));
    };
    auto random_set = [&] () -> tests::data_model::mutation_description::collection {
        return {
            { utf8_type->decompose("a"), bytes() },
            { utf8_type->decompose("b"), bytes() },
            { utf8_type->decompose("c"), bytes() },
        };
    };
    auto random_udt = [&] () -> tests::data_model::mutation_description::collection {
        return {
            { serialize_field_index(0), random_int32_value() },
            { serialize_field_index(1), random_text_value() },
        };
    };
    auto random_frozen_udt = [&] {
        return frozen_udt_int_text->decompose(make_user_value(udt_int_text, user_type_impl::native_type{
            tests::random::get_int<int32_t>(),
            tests::random::get_sstring(),
        }));
    };

    struct column_description {
        int id;
        data_type type;
        std::vector<data_type> alter_to;
        std::vector<std::function<tests::data_model::mutation_description::value()>> data_generators;
        data_type old_type;
    };

    auto columns = std::vector<column_description> {
        { 100, int32_type, { varint_type, bytes_type }, { [&] { return random_int32_value(); }, [&] { return bytes(); } }, uuid_type },
        { 200, map_of_int_to_int, { map_of_int_to_bytes }, { [&] { return random_map(); } }, empty_type },
        { 300, int32_type, { varint_type, bytes_type }, { [&] { return random_int32_value(); }, [&] { return bytes(); } }, empty_type },
        { 400, frozen_map_of_int_to_int, { frozen_map_of_int_to_bytes }, { [&] { return random_frozen_map(); } }, empty_type },
        { 500, tuple_of_int_long, { tuple_of_bytes_long, tuple_of_bytes_bytes }, { [&] { return random_tuple(); } }, empty_type },
        { 600, set_of_text, { set_of_bytes }, { [&] { return random_set(); } }, empty_type },
        { 700, udt_int_text, { udt_int_blob_long }, { [&] { return random_udt(); } }, empty_type },
        { 800, frozen_udt_int_text, { frozen_udt_int_blob_long }, { [&] { return random_frozen_udt(); } }, empty_type },
    };
    auto static_columns = columns;
    auto regular_columns = columns;

    // Base schema
    auto s = tests::data_model::table_description({ { "pk1", int32_type }, { "pk2", int32_type }, { "pk3", int32_type }, },
                                                  { { "ck1", utf8_type }, { "ck2", utf8_type }, { "ck3", utf8_type }, });
    for (auto& sc : static_columns) {
        auto name = format("s{}", sc.id);
        s.add_static_column(name, sc.type);
        if (sc.old_type != empty_type) {
            s.add_old_static_column(name, sc.old_type);
        }
    }
    for (auto& rc : regular_columns) {
        auto name = format("r{}", rc.id);
        s.add_regular_column(name, rc.type);
        if (rc.old_type != empty_type) {
            s.add_old_regular_column(name, rc.old_type);
        }
    }

    auto max_generator_count = std::max(
        std::ranges::fold_left(static_columns | std::views::transform([] (const column_description& c) {
            return c.data_generators.size();
        }), 0u, [] (size_t a, size_t b) { return std::max(a, b); }),
        std::ranges::fold_left(regular_columns | std::views::transform([] (const column_description& c) {
            return c.data_generators.size();
        }), 0u, [] (size_t a, size_t b) { return std::max(a, b); })
    );

    // Base data

    // Single column in a static row, nothing else
    for (auto& [id, type, alter_to, data_generators, old_type] : static_columns) {
        auto name = format("s{}", id);
        for (auto& dg : data_generators) {
            auto m = tests::data_model::mutation_description(random_partition_key());
            m.add_static_cell(name, dg());
            s.unordered_mutations().emplace_back(std::move(m));
        }
    }

    // Partition with rows each having a single column
    auto m = tests::data_model::mutation_description(random_partition_key());
    for (auto& [id, type, alter_to, data_generators, old_type] : regular_columns) {
        auto name = format("r{}", id);
        for (auto& dg : data_generators) {
            m.add_clustered_cell(random_clustering_key(), name, dg());
        }
    }
    s.unordered_mutations().emplace_back(std::move(m));

    // Absolutely everything
    for (auto i = 0u; i < max_generator_count; i++) {
        auto m = tests::data_model::mutation_description(random_partition_key());
        for (auto& [id, type, alter_to, data_generators, old_type] : static_columns) {
            auto name = format("s{}", id);
            m.add_static_cell(name, data_generators[std::min<size_t>(i, data_generators.size() - 1)]());
        }
        for (auto& [id, type, alter_to, data_generators, old_type] : regular_columns) {
            auto name = format("r{}", id);
            m.add_clustered_cell(random_clustering_key(), name, data_generators[std::min<size_t>(i, data_generators.size() - 1)]());
        }

        m.add_range_tombstone(random_clustering_key(), random_clustering_key());
        m.add_range_tombstone(random_clustering_key(), random_clustering_key());
        m.add_range_tombstone(random_clustering_key(), random_clustering_key());

        s.unordered_mutations().emplace_back(std::move(m));
    }

    // Transformations
    auto base = s.build();

    std::vector<tests::data_model::table_description::table> schemas;
    schemas.emplace_back(base);

    auto test_mutated_schemas = [&] {
        auto& [ base_change_log, base_schema, base_mutations ] = base;
        for (auto&& [ mutated_change_log, mutated_schema, mutated_mutations ] : schemas) {
            testlog.info("\nSchema change from:\n\n{}\n\nto:\n\n{}\n", base_change_log, mutated_change_log);
            fn(base_schema, base_mutations, mutated_schema, mutated_mutations);
        }
        for (auto i = 2u; i < schemas.size(); i++) {
            auto& [ base_change_log, base_schema, base_mutations ] = schemas[i - 1];
            auto& [ mutated_change_log, mutated_schema, mutated_mutations ] = schemas[i];
            testlog.info("\nSchema change from:\n\n{}\n\nto:\n\n{}\n", base_change_log, mutated_change_log);
            fn(base_schema, base_mutations, mutated_schema, mutated_mutations);
        }
        schemas.clear();
        schemas.emplace_back(base);
    };

    auto original_s = s;
     // Remove and add back all static columns
    for (auto& sc : static_columns) {
        s.remove_static_column(format("s{}", sc.id));
        schemas.emplace_back(s.build());
    }
    for (auto& sc : static_columns) {
        s.add_static_column(format("s{}", sc.id), uuid_type);
        auto mutated = s.build();
        schemas.emplace_back(s.build());
    }
    test_mutated_schemas();

    s = original_s;
    // Remove and add back all regular columns
    for (auto& rc : regular_columns) {
        s.remove_regular_column(format("r{}", rc.id));
        schemas.emplace_back(s.build());
    }
    auto temp_s = s;
    auto temp_schemas = schemas;
    for (auto& rc : regular_columns) {
        s.add_regular_column(format("r{}", rc.id), uuid_type);
        schemas.emplace_back(s.build());
    }
    test_mutated_schemas();

    s = temp_s;
    schemas = temp_schemas;
    // Add back all regular columns as collections
    for (auto& rc : regular_columns) {
        s.add_regular_column(format("r{}", rc.id), map_of_int_to_bytes);
        schemas.emplace_back(s.build());
    }
    test_mutated_schemas();

    s = temp_s;
    schemas = temp_schemas;
    // Add back all regular columns as frozen collections
    for (auto& rc : regular_columns) {
        s.add_regular_column(format("r{}", rc.id), frozen_map_of_int_to_int);
        schemas.emplace_back(s.build());
    }
    test_mutated_schemas();

    s = original_s;
    // Add more static columns
    for (auto& sc : static_columns) {
        s.add_static_column(format("s{}", sc.id + 1), uuid_type);
        schemas.emplace_back(s.build());
    }
    test_mutated_schemas();

    s = original_s;
    // Add more regular columns
    for (auto& rc : regular_columns) {
        s.add_regular_column(format("r{}", rc.id + 1), uuid_type);
        schemas.emplace_back(s.build());
    }
    test_mutated_schemas();

    s = original_s;
    // Alter column types
    for (auto& sc : static_columns) {
        for (auto& target : sc.alter_to) {
            s.alter_static_column_type(format("s{}", sc.id), target);
            schemas.emplace_back(s.build());
        }
    }
    for (auto& rc : regular_columns) {
        for (auto& target : rc.alter_to) {
            s.alter_regular_column_type(format("r{}", rc.id), target);
            schemas.emplace_back(s.build());
        }
    }
    for (auto i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
        s.alter_clustering_column_type(format("ck{}", i), bytes_type);
        schemas.emplace_back(s.build());
    }
    for (auto i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
        s.alter_partition_column_type(format("pk{}", i), bytes_type);
        schemas.emplace_back(s.build());
    }
    test_mutated_schemas();

    s = original_s;
    // Rename clustering key
    for (auto i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
        s.rename_clustering_column(format("ck{}", i), format("ck{}", 100 - i));
        schemas.emplace_back(s.build());
    }
    test_mutated_schemas();

    s = original_s;
    // Rename partition key
    for (auto i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
        s.rename_partition_column(format("pk{}", i), format("pk{}", 100 - i));
        schemas.emplace_back(s.build());
    }
    test_mutated_schemas();
}

static bool compare_readers(const schema& s, mutation_reader& authority, mutation_reader_assertions& tested) {
    bool empty = true;
    while (auto expected = authority().get()) {
        tested.produces(s, *expected);
        empty = false;
    }
    tested.produces_end_of_stream();
    return !empty;
}

void compare_readers(const schema& s, mutation_reader authority, mutation_reader tested, bool exact) {
    auto close_authority = deferred_close(authority);
    auto assertions = assert_that(std::move(tested)).exact(exact);
    compare_readers(s, authority, assertions);
}

// Assumes that the readers return fragments from (at most) a single (and the same) partition.
void compare_readers(const schema& s, mutation_reader authority, mutation_reader tested, const std::vector<position_range>& fwd_ranges) {
    auto close_authority = deferred_close(authority);
    auto assertions = assert_that(std::move(tested));
    if (compare_readers(s, authority, assertions)) {
        for (auto& r: fwd_ranges) {
            authority.fast_forward_to(r).get();
            assertions.fast_forward_to(r);
            compare_readers(s, authority, assertions);
        }
    }
}

mutation forwardable_reader_to_mutation(mutation_reader r, const std::vector<position_range>& fwd_ranges) {
    auto close_reader = deferred_close(r);

    struct consumer {
        schema_ptr _s;
        std::optional<mutation_rebuilder_v2>& _builder;
        consumer(schema_ptr s, std::optional<mutation_rebuilder_v2>& builder)
            : _s(std::move(s))
            , _builder(builder) { }

        void consume_new_partition(const dht::decorated_key& dk) {
            SCYLLA_ASSERT(!_builder);
            _builder = mutation_rebuilder_v2(std::move(_s));
            _builder->consume_new_partition(dk);
        }

        stop_iteration consume(tombstone t) {
            SCYLLA_ASSERT(_builder);
            return _builder->consume(t);
        }

        stop_iteration consume(range_tombstone_change&& rt) {
            SCYLLA_ASSERT(_builder);
            return _builder->consume(std::move(rt));
        }

        stop_iteration consume(static_row&& sr) {
            SCYLLA_ASSERT(_builder);
            return _builder->consume(std::move(sr));
        }

        stop_iteration consume(clustering_row&& cr) {
            SCYLLA_ASSERT(_builder);
            return _builder->consume(std::move(cr));
        }

        stop_iteration consume_end_of_partition() {
            SCYLLA_ASSERT(_builder);
            return stop_iteration::yes;
        }

        void consume_end_of_stream() { }
    };

    std::optional<mutation_rebuilder_v2> builder{};
    r.consume(consumer(r.schema(), builder)).get();
    BOOST_REQUIRE(builder);
    for (auto& range : fwd_ranges) {
        testlog.trace("forwardable_reader_to_mutation: forwarding to {}", range);
        r.fast_forward_to(range).get();
        r.consume(consumer(r.schema(), builder)).get();
    }

    auto m = builder->consume_end_of_stream();
    BOOST_REQUIRE(m);

    return std::move(*m);
}

utils::chunked_vector<mutation> squash_mutations(utils::chunked_vector<mutation> mutations) {
    if (mutations.empty()) {
        return {};
    }
    std::map<dht::decorated_key, mutation, dht::ring_position_less_comparator> merged_muts{
            dht::ring_position_less_comparator{*mutations.front().schema()}};
    for (const auto& mut : mutations) {
        auto [it, inserted] = merged_muts.try_emplace(mut.decorated_key(), mut);
        if (!inserted) {
            it->second.apply(mut);
        }
    }
    return merged_muts | std::views::values | std::ranges::to<utils::chunked_vector<mutation>>();
}