/*
 * Copyright (C) 2015 ScyllaDB
 */

/*
 * This file is part of Scylla.
 *
 * Scylla is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * Scylla is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with Scylla.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */

#include <boost/range/algorithm/heap_algorithm.hpp>
#include <boost/range/algorithm/reverse.hpp>
#include <boost/move/iterator.hpp>
#include <variant>

#include "mutation_reader.hh"
#include "core/future-util.hh"
#include "stdx.hh"
#include "flat_mutation_reader.hh"


GCC6_CONCEPT(
    template<typename Producer>
    concept bool FragmentProducer = requires(Producer p, dht::partition_range part_range, position_range pos_range,
            db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
        // The returned fragments are expected to have the same
        // position_in_partition. Iterators and references are expected
        // to be valid until the next call to operator()().
        { p() } -> future<boost::iterator_range<std::vector<mutation_fragment>::iterator>>;
        // These have the same semantics as their
        // flat_mutation_reader counterparts.
        { p.next_partition() };
        { p.fast_forward_to(part_range, timeout) } -> future<>;
        { p.fast_forward_to(pos_range, timeout) } -> future<>;
        { p.buffer_size() } -> size_t;
    };
)

/**
 * Merge mutation-fragments produced by producer.
 *
 * Merge a non-decreasing stream of mutation-fragments into strictly
 * increasing stream. The merger is stateful, it's intended to be kept
 * around *at least* for merging an entire partition. That is, creating
 * a new instance for each batch of fragments will produce incorrect
 * results.
 *
 * Call operator() to get the next mutation fragment. operator() will
 * consume fragments from the producer using operator().
 * Any fast-forwarding has to be communicated to the merger object using
 * fast_forward_to() and next_partition(), as appropriate.
 */
template<class Producer>
GCC6_CONCEPT(
    requires FragmentProducer<Producer>
)
class mutation_fragment_merger {
    using iterator = std::vector<mutation_fragment>::iterator;

    const schema_ptr _schema;
    Producer _producer;
    iterator _it;
    iterator _end;

    future<> fetch() {
        if (!empty()) {
            return make_ready_future<>();
        }

        return _producer().then([this] (boost::iterator_range<iterator> fragments) {
            _it = fragments.begin();
            _end = fragments.end();
        });
    }

    bool empty() const {
        return _it == _end;
    }

    const mutation_fragment& top() const {
        return *_it;
    }

    mutation_fragment pop() {
        return std::move(*_it++);
    }

public:
    mutation_fragment_merger(schema_ptr schema, Producer&& producer)
        : _schema(std::move(schema))
        , _producer(std::move(producer)) {
    }

    future<mutation_fragment_opt> operator()() {
        return fetch().then([this] () -> mutation_fragment_opt {
            if (empty()) {
                return mutation_fragment_opt();
            }
            auto current = pop();
            while (!empty() && current.mergeable_with(top())) {
                current.apply(*_schema, pop());
            }
            return current;
        });
    }

    void next_partition() {
        _producer.next_partition();
    }

    future<> fast_forward_to(const dht::partition_range& pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
        return _producer.fast_forward_to(pr, timeout);
    }

    future<> fast_forward_to(position_range pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
        return _producer.fast_forward_to(std::move(pr), timeout);
    }

    size_t buffer_size() const {
        return _producer.buffer_size();
    }
};

// Merges the output of the sub-readers into a single non-decreasing
// stream of mutation-fragments.
class mutation_reader_merger {
public:
    struct reader_and_fragment {
        flat_mutation_reader* reader;
        mutation_fragment fragment;

        reader_and_fragment(flat_mutation_reader* r, mutation_fragment f)
            : reader(r)
            , fragment(std::move(f)) {
        }
    };

    struct reader_and_last_fragment_kind {
        flat_mutation_reader* reader = nullptr;
        mutation_fragment::kind last_kind = mutation_fragment::kind::partition_end;

        reader_and_last_fragment_kind() = default;

        reader_and_last_fragment_kind(flat_mutation_reader* r, mutation_fragment::kind k)
            : reader(r)
            , last_kind(k) {
        }
    };

    using mutation_fragment_batch = boost::iterator_range<std::vector<mutation_fragment>::iterator>;
private:
    struct reader_heap_compare;
    struct fragment_heap_compare;

    std::unique_ptr<reader_selector> _selector;
    // We need a list because we need stable addresses across additions
    // and removals.
    std::list<flat_mutation_reader> _all_readers;
    // Readers positioned at a partition, different from the one we are
    // reading from now. For these readers the attached fragment is
    // always partition_start. Used to pick the next partition.
    std::vector<reader_and_fragment> _reader_heap;
    // Readers and their current fragments, belonging to the current
    // partition.
    std::vector<reader_and_fragment> _fragment_heap;
    std::vector<reader_and_last_fragment_kind> _next;
    // Readers that reached EOS.
    std::vector<reader_and_last_fragment_kind> _halted_readers;
    std::vector<mutation_fragment> _current;
    // Optimisation for cases where only a single reader emits a particular
    // partition. If _single_reader.reader is not null that reader is
    // guaranteed to be the only one having relevant data until the partition
    // end, a call to next_partition() or a call to
    // fast_forward_to(dht::partition_range).
    reader_and_last_fragment_kind _single_reader;
    dht::decorated_key_opt _key;
    const schema_ptr _schema;
    streamed_mutation::forwarding _fwd_sm;
    mutation_reader::forwarding _fwd_mr;
private:
    const dht::token* current_position() const;
    void maybe_add_readers(const dht::token* const t);
    void add_readers(std::vector<flat_mutation_reader> new_readers);
    future<> prepare_next();
    // Collect all forwardable readers into _next, and remove them from
    // their previous containers (_halted_readers and _fragment_heap).
    void prepare_forwardable_readers();
public:
    mutation_reader_merger(schema_ptr schema,
            std::unique_ptr<reader_selector> selector,
            streamed_mutation::forwarding fwd_sm,
            mutation_reader::forwarding fwd_mr);
    // Produces the next batch of mutation-fragments of the same
    // position.
    future<mutation_fragment_batch> operator()();
    void next_partition();
    future<> fast_forward_to(const dht::partition_range& pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout);
    future<> fast_forward_to(position_range pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout);
    size_t buffer_size() const;
};

// Combines multiple mutation_readers into one.
class combined_mutation_reader : public flat_mutation_reader::impl {
    mutation_fragment_merger<mutation_reader_merger> _producer;
    streamed_mutation::forwarding _fwd_sm;
public:
    // The specified streamed_mutation::forwarding and
    // mutation_reader::forwarding tag must be the same for all included
    // readers.
    combined_mutation_reader(schema_ptr schema,
            std::unique_ptr<reader_selector> selector,
            streamed_mutation::forwarding fwd_sm,
            mutation_reader::forwarding fwd_mr);
    virtual future<> fill_buffer(db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) override;
    virtual void next_partition() override;
    virtual future<> fast_forward_to(const dht::partition_range& pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) override;
    virtual future<> fast_forward_to(position_range pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) override;
    virtual size_t buffer_size() const override;
};

// Dumb selector implementation for combined_mutation_reader that simply
// forwards it's list of readers.
class list_reader_selector : public reader_selector {
    std::vector<flat_mutation_reader> _readers;

public:
    explicit list_reader_selector(schema_ptr s, std::vector<flat_mutation_reader> readers)
        : reader_selector(s, dht::ring_position::min())
        , _readers(std::move(readers)) {
    }

    list_reader_selector(const list_reader_selector&) = delete;
    list_reader_selector& operator=(const list_reader_selector&) = delete;

    list_reader_selector(list_reader_selector&&) = default;
    list_reader_selector& operator=(list_reader_selector&&) = default;

    virtual std::vector<flat_mutation_reader> create_new_readers(const dht::token* const) override {
        _selector_position = dht::ring_position::max();
        return std::exchange(_readers, {});
    }

    virtual std::vector<flat_mutation_reader> fast_forward_to(const dht::partition_range&, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) override {
        return {};
    }
};

void mutation_reader_merger::maybe_add_readers(const dht::token* const t) {
    if (!_selector->has_new_readers(t)) {
        return;
    }

    add_readers(_selector->create_new_readers(t));
}

void mutation_reader_merger::add_readers(std::vector<flat_mutation_reader> new_readers) {
    for (auto&& new_reader : new_readers) {
        _all_readers.emplace_back(std::move(new_reader));
        auto* r = &_all_readers.back();
        _next.emplace_back(r, mutation_fragment::kind::partition_end);
    }
}

const dht::token* mutation_reader_merger::current_position() const {
    if (!_key) {
        return nullptr;
    }

    return &_key->token();
}

struct mutation_reader_merger::reader_heap_compare {
    const schema& s;

    explicit reader_heap_compare(const schema& s)
        : s(s) {
    }

    bool operator()(const mutation_reader_merger::reader_and_fragment& a, const mutation_reader_merger::reader_and_fragment& b) {
        // Invert comparison as this is a max-heap.
        return b.fragment.as_partition_start().key().less_compare(s, a.fragment.as_partition_start().key());
    }
};

struct mutation_reader_merger::fragment_heap_compare {
    position_in_partition::less_compare cmp;

    explicit fragment_heap_compare(const schema& s)
        : cmp(s) {
    }

    bool operator()(const mutation_reader_merger::reader_and_fragment& a, const mutation_reader_merger::reader_and_fragment& b) {
        // Invert comparison as this is a max-heap.
        return cmp(b.fragment.position(), a.fragment.position());
    }
};

future<> mutation_reader_merger::prepare_next() {
    return parallel_for_each(_next, [this] (reader_and_last_fragment_kind rk) {
        return (*rk.reader)().then([this, rk] (mutation_fragment_opt mfo) {
            if (mfo) {
                if (mfo->is_partition_start()) {
                    _reader_heap.emplace_back(rk.reader, std::move(*mfo));
                    boost::push_heap(_reader_heap, reader_heap_compare(*_schema));
                } else {
                    _fragment_heap.emplace_back(rk.reader, std::move(*mfo));
                    boost::range::push_heap(_fragment_heap, fragment_heap_compare(*_schema));
                }
            } else if (_fwd_sm == streamed_mutation::forwarding::yes && rk.last_kind != mutation_fragment::kind::partition_end) {
                // When in streamed_mutation::forwarding mode we need
                // to keep track of readers that returned
                // end-of-stream to know what readers to ff. We can't
                // just ff all readers as we might drop fragments from
                // partitions we haven't even read yet.
                // Readers whoose last emitted fragment was a partition
                // end are out of data for good for the current range.
                _halted_readers.push_back(rk);
            } else if (_fwd_mr == mutation_reader::forwarding::no) {
                _all_readers.remove_if([mr = rk.reader] (auto& r) { return &r == mr; });
            }
        });
    }).then([this] {
        _next.clear();

        // We are either crossing partition boundary or ran out of
        // readers. If there are halted readers then we are just
        // waiting for a fast-forward so there is nothing to do.
        if (_fragment_heap.empty() && _halted_readers.empty()) {
            if (_reader_heap.empty()) {
                _key = {};
            } else {
                _key = _reader_heap.front().fragment.as_partition_start().key();
            }

            maybe_add_readers(current_position());
        }
    });
}

void mutation_reader_merger::prepare_forwardable_readers() {
    _next.reserve(_halted_readers.size() + _fragment_heap.size() + _next.size());

    std::move(_halted_readers.begin(), _halted_readers.end(), std::back_inserter(_next));
    if (_single_reader.reader) {
        _next.emplace_back(std::exchange(_single_reader.reader, {}), _single_reader.last_kind);
    }
    for (auto& df : _fragment_heap) {
        _next.emplace_back(df.reader, df.fragment.mutation_fragment_kind());
    }

    _halted_readers.clear();
    _fragment_heap.clear();
}

mutation_reader_merger::mutation_reader_merger(schema_ptr schema,
        std::unique_ptr<reader_selector> selector,
        streamed_mutation::forwarding fwd_sm,
        mutation_reader::forwarding fwd_mr)
    : _selector(std::move(selector))
    , _schema(std::move(schema))
    , _fwd_sm(fwd_sm)
    , _fwd_mr(fwd_mr) {
    maybe_add_readers(nullptr);
}

future<mutation_reader_merger::mutation_fragment_batch> mutation_reader_merger::operator()() {
    // Avoid merging-related logic if we know that only a single reader owns
    // current partition.
    if (_single_reader.reader) {
        if (_single_reader.reader->is_buffer_empty()) {
            if (_single_reader.reader->is_end_of_stream()) {
                _current.clear();
                return make_ready_future<mutation_fragment_batch>(_current);
            }
            return _single_reader.reader->fill_buffer().then([this] { return operator()(); });
        }
        _current.clear();
        _current.emplace_back(_single_reader.reader->pop_mutation_fragment());
        _single_reader.last_kind = _current.back().mutation_fragment_kind();
        if (_current.back().is_end_of_partition()) {
            _next.emplace_back(std::exchange(_single_reader.reader, {}), mutation_fragment::kind::partition_end);
        }
        return make_ready_future<mutation_fragment_batch>(_current);
    }

    if (!_next.empty()) {
        return prepare_next().then([this] { return (*this)(); });
    }

    _current.clear();

    // If we ran out of fragments for the current partition, select the
    // readers for the next one.
    if (_fragment_heap.empty()) {
        if (!_halted_readers.empty() || _reader_heap.empty()) {
            return make_ready_future<mutation_fragment_batch>(_current);
        }

        auto key = [] (const std::vector<reader_and_fragment>& heap) -> const dht::decorated_key& {
            return heap.front().fragment.as_partition_start().key();
        };

        do {
            boost::range::pop_heap(_reader_heap, reader_heap_compare(*_schema));
            // All fragments here are partition_start so no need to
            // heap-sort them.
            _fragment_heap.emplace_back(std::move(_reader_heap.back()));
            _reader_heap.pop_back();
        }
        while (!_reader_heap.empty() && key(_fragment_heap).equal(*_schema, key(_reader_heap)));
        if (_fragment_heap.size() == 1) {
            _single_reader = { _fragment_heap.back().reader, mutation_fragment::kind::partition_start };
            _current.emplace_back(std::move(_fragment_heap.back().fragment));
            _fragment_heap.clear();
            return make_ready_future<mutation_fragment_batch>(_current);
        }
    }

    const auto equal = position_in_partition::equal_compare(*_schema);
    do {
        boost::range::pop_heap(_fragment_heap, fragment_heap_compare(*_schema));
        auto& n = _fragment_heap.back();
        const auto kind = n.fragment.mutation_fragment_kind();
        _current.emplace_back(std::move(n.fragment));
        _next.emplace_back(n.reader, kind);
        _fragment_heap.pop_back();
    }
    while (!_fragment_heap.empty() && equal(_current.back().position(), _fragment_heap.front().fragment.position()));

    return make_ready_future<mutation_fragment_batch>(_current);
}

void mutation_reader_merger::next_partition() {
    prepare_forwardable_readers();
    for (auto& rk : _next) {
        rk.last_kind = mutation_fragment::kind::partition_end;
        rk.reader->next_partition();
    }
}

future<> mutation_reader_merger::fast_forward_to(const dht::partition_range& pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    _single_reader = { };
    _next.clear();
    _halted_readers.clear();
    _fragment_heap.clear();
    _reader_heap.clear();

    return parallel_for_each(_all_readers, [this, &pr, timeout] (flat_mutation_reader& mr) {
        _next.emplace_back(&mr, mutation_fragment::kind::partition_end);
        return mr.fast_forward_to(pr, timeout);
    }).then([this, &pr, timeout] {
        add_readers(_selector->fast_forward_to(pr, timeout));
    });
}

future<> mutation_reader_merger::fast_forward_to(position_range pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    prepare_forwardable_readers();
    return parallel_for_each(_next, [this, pr = std::move(pr), timeout] (reader_and_last_fragment_kind rk) {
        return rk.reader->fast_forward_to(pr, timeout);
    });
}

size_t mutation_reader_merger::buffer_size() const {
    return boost::accumulate(_all_readers | boost::adaptors::transformed(std::mem_fn(&flat_mutation_reader::buffer_size)), size_t(0));
}

combined_mutation_reader::combined_mutation_reader(schema_ptr schema,
        std::unique_ptr<reader_selector> selector,
        streamed_mutation::forwarding fwd_sm,
        mutation_reader::forwarding fwd_mr)
    : impl(std::move(schema))
    , _producer(_schema, mutation_reader_merger(_schema, std::move(selector), fwd_sm, fwd_mr))
    , _fwd_sm(fwd_sm) {
}

future<> combined_mutation_reader::fill_buffer(db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    return repeat([this] {
        return _producer().then([this] (mutation_fragment_opt mfo) {
            if (!mfo) {
                _end_of_stream = true;
                return stop_iteration::yes;
            }
            push_mutation_fragment(std::move(*mfo));
            if (is_buffer_full()) {
                return stop_iteration::yes;
            }
            return stop_iteration::no;
        });
    });
}

void combined_mutation_reader::next_partition() {
    if (_fwd_sm == streamed_mutation::forwarding::yes) {
        clear_buffer();
        _end_of_stream = false;
        _producer.next_partition();
    } else {
        clear_buffer_to_next_partition();
        // If the buffer is empty at this point then all fragments in it
        // belonged to the current partition, so either:
        // * All (forwardable) readers are still positioned in the
        // inside of the current partition, or
        // * They are between the current one and the next one.
        // Either way we need to call next_partition on them.
        if (is_buffer_empty()) {
            _producer.next_partition();
        }
    }
}

future<> combined_mutation_reader::fast_forward_to(const dht::partition_range& pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    clear_buffer();
    _end_of_stream = false;
    return _producer.fast_forward_to(pr, timeout);
}

future<> combined_mutation_reader::fast_forward_to(position_range pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    forward_buffer_to(pr.start());
    _end_of_stream = false;
    return _producer.fast_forward_to(std::move(pr), timeout);
}

size_t combined_mutation_reader::buffer_size() const {
    return flat_mutation_reader::impl::buffer_size() + _producer.buffer_size();
}

flat_mutation_reader make_combined_reader(schema_ptr schema,
        std::unique_ptr<reader_selector> selectors,
        streamed_mutation::forwarding fwd_sm,
        mutation_reader::forwarding fwd_mr) {
    return make_flat_mutation_reader<combined_mutation_reader>(schema,
            std::move(selectors),
            fwd_sm,
            fwd_mr);
}

flat_mutation_reader make_combined_reader(schema_ptr schema,
        std::vector<flat_mutation_reader> readers,
        streamed_mutation::forwarding fwd_sm,
        mutation_reader::forwarding fwd_mr) {
    if (readers.size() == 1) {
        return std::move(readers.front());
    }
    return make_flat_mutation_reader<combined_mutation_reader>(schema,
            std::make_unique<list_reader_selector>(schema, std::move(readers)),
            fwd_sm,
            fwd_mr);
}

flat_mutation_reader make_combined_reader(schema_ptr schema,
        flat_mutation_reader&& a,
        flat_mutation_reader&& b,
        streamed_mutation::forwarding fwd_sm,
        mutation_reader::forwarding fwd_mr) {
    std::vector<flat_mutation_reader> v;
    v.reserve(2);
    v.push_back(std::move(a));
    v.push_back(std::move(b));
    return make_combined_reader(std::move(schema), std::move(v), fwd_sm, fwd_mr);
}

void reader_concurrency_semaphore::signal(const resources& r) {
    _resources += r;
    while (!_wait_list.empty() && has_available_units(_wait_list.front().res)) {
        auto& x = _wait_list.front();
        _resources -= x.res;
        x.pr.set_value(make_lw_shared<reader_permit>(*this, x.res));
        _wait_list.pop_front();
    }
}

future<lw_shared_ptr<reader_concurrency_semaphore::reader_permit>> reader_concurrency_semaphore::wait_admission(size_t memory,
        db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    if (_wait_list.size() >= _max_queue_length) {
        return make_exception_future<lw_shared_ptr<reader_permit>>(_make_queue_overloaded_exception());
    }
    auto r = resources(1, static_cast<ssize_t>(memory));
    if (!may_proceed(r) && _evict_an_inactive_reader) {
        while (_evict_an_inactive_reader() && !may_proceed(r));
    }
    if (may_proceed(r)) {
        _resources -= r;
        return make_ready_future<lw_shared_ptr<reader_permit>>(make_lw_shared<reader_permit>(*this, r));
    }
    promise<lw_shared_ptr<reader_permit>> pr;
    auto fut = pr.get_future();
    _wait_list.push_back(entry(std::move(pr), r), timeout);
    return fut;
}

// A file that tracks the memory usage of buffers resulting from read
// operations.
class tracking_file_impl : public file_impl {
    file _tracked_file;
    lw_shared_ptr<reader_concurrency_semaphore::reader_permit> _permit;

    // Shouldn't be called if semaphore is NULL.
    temporary_buffer<uint8_t> make_tracked_buf(temporary_buffer<uint8_t> buf) {
        return seastar::temporary_buffer<uint8_t>(buf.get_write(),
                buf.size(),
                make_deleter(buf.release(), std::bind(&reader_concurrency_semaphore::reader_permit::signal_memory, _permit, buf.size())));
    }

public:
    tracking_file_impl(file file, reader_resource_tracker resource_tracker)
        : _tracked_file(std::move(file))
        , _permit(resource_tracker.get_permit()) {
    }

    tracking_file_impl(const tracking_file_impl&) = delete;
    tracking_file_impl& operator=(const tracking_file_impl&) = delete;
    tracking_file_impl(tracking_file_impl&&) = default;
    tracking_file_impl& operator=(tracking_file_impl&&) = default;

    virtual future<size_t> write_dma(uint64_t pos, const void* buffer, size_t len, const io_priority_class& pc) override {
        return get_file_impl(_tracked_file)->write_dma(pos, buffer, len, pc);
    }

    virtual future<size_t> write_dma(uint64_t pos, std::vector<iovec> iov, const io_priority_class& pc) override {
        return get_file_impl(_tracked_file)->write_dma(pos, std::move(iov), pc);
    }

    virtual future<size_t> read_dma(uint64_t pos, void* buffer, size_t len, const io_priority_class& pc) override {
        return get_file_impl(_tracked_file)->read_dma(pos, buffer, len, pc);
    }

    virtual future<size_t> read_dma(uint64_t pos, std::vector<iovec> iov, const io_priority_class& pc) override {
        return get_file_impl(_tracked_file)->read_dma(pos, iov, pc);
    }

    virtual future<> flush(void) override {
        return get_file_impl(_tracked_file)->flush();
    }

    virtual future<struct stat> stat(void) override {
        return get_file_impl(_tracked_file)->stat();
    }

    virtual future<> truncate(uint64_t length) override {
        return get_file_impl(_tracked_file)->truncate(length);
    }

    virtual future<> discard(uint64_t offset, uint64_t length) override {
        return get_file_impl(_tracked_file)->discard(offset, length);
    }

    virtual future<> allocate(uint64_t position, uint64_t length) override {
        return get_file_impl(_tracked_file)->allocate(position, length);
    }

    virtual future<uint64_t> size(void) override {
        return get_file_impl(_tracked_file)->size();
    }

    virtual future<> close() override {
        return get_file_impl(_tracked_file)->close();
    }

    virtual std::unique_ptr<file_handle_impl> dup() override {
        return get_file_impl(_tracked_file)->dup();
    }

    virtual subscription<directory_entry> list_directory(std::function<future<> (directory_entry de)> next) override {
        return get_file_impl(_tracked_file)->list_directory(std::move(next));
    }

    virtual future<temporary_buffer<uint8_t>> dma_read_bulk(uint64_t offset, size_t range_size, const io_priority_class& pc) override {
        return get_file_impl(_tracked_file)->dma_read_bulk(offset, range_size, pc).then([this] (temporary_buffer<uint8_t> buf) {
            if (_permit) {
                buf = make_tracked_buf(std::move(buf));
                _permit->consume_memory(buf.size());
            }
            return make_ready_future<temporary_buffer<uint8_t>>(std::move(buf));
        });
    }
};


file reader_resource_tracker::track(file f) const {
    return file(make_shared<tracking_file_impl>(f, *this));
}


class restricting_mutation_reader : public flat_mutation_reader::impl {
    struct mutation_source_and_params {
        mutation_source _ms;
        schema_ptr _s;
        std::reference_wrapper<const dht::partition_range> _range;
        std::reference_wrapper<const query::partition_slice> _slice;
        std::reference_wrapper<const io_priority_class> _pc;
        tracing::trace_state_ptr _trace_state;
        streamed_mutation::forwarding _fwd;
        mutation_reader::forwarding _fwd_mr;

        flat_mutation_reader operator()(reader_resource_tracker tracker) {
            return _ms.make_reader(std::move(_s), _range.get(), _slice.get(), _pc.get(), std::move(_trace_state), _fwd, _fwd_mr, tracker);
        }
    };

    struct pending_state {
        reader_concurrency_semaphore& semaphore;
        mutation_source_and_params reader_factory;
    };
    struct admitted_state {
        lw_shared_ptr<reader_concurrency_semaphore::reader_permit> permit;
        flat_mutation_reader reader;
    };
    std::variant<pending_state, admitted_state> _state;

    static const ssize_t new_reader_base_cost{16 * 1024};

    template<typename Function>
    GCC6_CONCEPT(
        requires std::is_move_constructible<Function>::value
            && requires(Function fn, flat_mutation_reader& reader) {
                fn(reader);
            }
    )
    decltype(auto) with_reader(Function fn, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
        if (auto* state = std::get_if<admitted_state>(&_state)) {
            return fn(state->reader);
        }

        return std::get<pending_state>(_state).semaphore.wait_admission(new_reader_base_cost,
                timeout).then([this, fn = std::move(fn)] (lw_shared_ptr<reader_concurrency_semaphore::reader_permit> permit) mutable {
            auto reader_factory = std::move(std::get<pending_state>(_state).reader_factory);
            _state.emplace<admitted_state>(admitted_state{permit, reader_factory(reader_resource_tracker(permit))});
            return fn(std::get<admitted_state>(_state).reader);
        });
    }
public:
    restricting_mutation_reader(reader_concurrency_semaphore& semaphore,
            mutation_source ms,
            schema_ptr s,
            const dht::partition_range& range,
            const query::partition_slice& slice,
            const io_priority_class& pc,
            tracing::trace_state_ptr trace_state,
            streamed_mutation::forwarding fwd,
            mutation_reader::forwarding fwd_mr)
        : impl(s)
        , _state(pending_state{semaphore,
                mutation_source_and_params{std::move(ms), std::move(s), range, slice, pc, std::move(trace_state), fwd, fwd_mr}}) {
    }

    virtual future<> fill_buffer(db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) override {
        return with_reader([this, timeout] (flat_mutation_reader& reader) {
            return reader.fill_buffer(timeout).then([this, &reader] {
                _end_of_stream = reader.is_end_of_stream();
                while (!reader.is_buffer_empty()) {
                    push_mutation_fragment(reader.pop_mutation_fragment());
                }
            });
        }, timeout);
    }
    virtual void next_partition() override {
        clear_buffer_to_next_partition();
        if (!is_buffer_empty()) {
            return;
        }
        _end_of_stream = false;
        if (auto* state = std::get_if<admitted_state>(&_state)) {
            return state->reader.next_partition();
        }
    }
    virtual future<> fast_forward_to(const dht::partition_range& pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) override {
        clear_buffer();
        _end_of_stream = false;
        return with_reader([&pr, timeout] (flat_mutation_reader& reader) {
            return reader.fast_forward_to(pr, timeout);
        }, timeout);
    }
    virtual future<> fast_forward_to(position_range pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) override {
        forward_buffer_to(pr.start());
        _end_of_stream = false;
        return with_reader([pr = std::move(pr), timeout] (flat_mutation_reader& reader) mutable {
            return reader.fast_forward_to(std::move(pr), timeout);
        }, timeout);
    }
    virtual size_t buffer_size() const override {
        if (auto* state = std::get_if<admitted_state>(&_state)) {
            return state->reader.buffer_size();
        }
        return 0;
    }
};

flat_mutation_reader
make_restricted_flat_reader(reader_concurrency_semaphore& semaphore,
                       mutation_source ms,
                       schema_ptr s,
                       const dht::partition_range& range,
                       const query::partition_slice& slice,
                       const io_priority_class& pc,
                       tracing::trace_state_ptr trace_state,
                       streamed_mutation::forwarding fwd,
                       mutation_reader::forwarding fwd_mr) {
    return make_flat_mutation_reader<restricting_mutation_reader>(semaphore, std::move(ms), std::move(s), range, slice, pc, std::move(trace_state), fwd, fwd_mr);
}


snapshot_source make_empty_snapshot_source() {
    return snapshot_source([] {
        return make_empty_mutation_source();
    });
}

mutation_source make_empty_mutation_source() {
    return mutation_source([](schema_ptr s,
            const dht::partition_range& pr,
            const query::partition_slice& slice,
            const io_priority_class& pc,
            tracing::trace_state_ptr tr,
            streamed_mutation::forwarding fwd,
            mutation_reader::forwarding,
            reader_resource_tracker) {
        return make_empty_flat_reader(s);
    }, [] {
        return [] (const dht::decorated_key& key) {
            return partition_presence_checker_result::definitely_doesnt_exist;
        };
    });
}

mutation_source make_combined_mutation_source(std::vector<mutation_source> addends) {
    return mutation_source([addends = std::move(addends)] (schema_ptr s,
            const dht::partition_range& pr,
            const query::partition_slice& slice,
            const io_priority_class& pc,
            tracing::trace_state_ptr tr,
            streamed_mutation::forwarding fwd) {
        std::vector<flat_mutation_reader> rd;
        rd.reserve(addends.size());
        for (auto&& ms : addends) {
            rd.emplace_back(ms.make_reader(s, pr, slice, pc, tr, fwd));
        }
        return make_combined_reader(s, std::move(rd), fwd);
    });
}

/// See make_foreign_reader() for description.
class foreign_reader : public flat_mutation_reader::impl {
    template <typename T>
    using foreign_unique_ptr = foreign_ptr<std::unique_ptr<T>>;

    foreign_unique_ptr<flat_mutation_reader> _reader;
    foreign_unique_ptr<future<>> _read_ahead_future;
    // Increase this counter every time next_partition() is called.
    // These pending calls will be executed the next time we go to the remote
    // reader (a fill_buffer() or a fast_forward_to() call).
    unsigned _pending_next_partition = 0;
    streamed_mutation::forwarding _fwd_sm;

    // Forward an operation to the reader on the remote shard.
    // If the remote reader has an ongoing read-ahead, bring it to the
    // foreground (wait on it) and execute the operation after.
    // After the operation completes, kick off a new read-ahead (fill_buffer())
    // and move it to the background (save it's future but don't wait on it
    // now). If all works well read-aheads complete by the next operation and
    // we don't have to wait on the remote reader filling its buffer.
    template <typename Operation, typename Result = futurize_t<std::result_of_t<Operation()>>>
    Result forward_operation(db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout, Operation op) {
        return smp::submit_to(_reader.get_owner_shard(), [reader = _reader.get(),
                read_ahead_future = std::exchange(_read_ahead_future, nullptr),
                pending_next_partition = std::exchange(_pending_next_partition, 0),
                timeout,
                op = std::move(op)] () mutable {
            auto exec_op_and_read_ahead = [=] () mutable {
                while (pending_next_partition) {
                    --pending_next_partition;
                    reader->next_partition();
                }
                return op().then([=] (auto... results) {
                    auto f = reader->is_end_of_stream() ? nullptr : std::make_unique<future<>>(reader->fill_buffer(timeout));
                    return make_ready_future<foreign_unique_ptr<future<>>, decltype(results)...>(
                                make_foreign(std::move(f)), std::move(results)...);
                });
            };
            if (read_ahead_future) {
                return read_ahead_future->then(std::move(exec_op_and_read_ahead));
            } else {
                return exec_op_and_read_ahead();
            }
        }).then([this] (foreign_unique_ptr<future<>> new_read_ahead_future, auto... results) {
            _read_ahead_future = std::move(new_read_ahead_future);
            return make_ready_future<decltype(results)...>(std::move(results)...);
        });
    }
public:
    foreign_reader(schema_ptr schema,
            foreign_unique_ptr<flat_mutation_reader> reader,
            streamed_mutation::forwarding fwd_sm = streamed_mutation::forwarding::no);

    ~foreign_reader();

    // this is captured.
    foreign_reader(const foreign_reader&) = delete;
    foreign_reader& operator=(const foreign_reader&) = delete;
    foreign_reader(foreign_reader&&) = delete;
    foreign_reader& operator=(foreign_reader&&) = delete;

    virtual future<> fill_buffer(db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) override;
    virtual void next_partition() override;
    virtual future<> fast_forward_to(const dht::partition_range& pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) override;
    virtual future<> fast_forward_to(position_range pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) override;
};

foreign_reader::foreign_reader(schema_ptr schema,
        foreign_unique_ptr<flat_mutation_reader> reader,
        streamed_mutation::forwarding fwd_sm)
    : impl(std::move(schema))
    , _reader(std::move(reader))
    , _fwd_sm(fwd_sm) {
}

foreign_reader::~foreign_reader() {
    smp::submit_to(_reader.get_owner_shard(), [reader = std::move(_reader), read_ahead_future = std::move(_read_ahead_future)] () mutable {
        if (read_ahead_future) {
            return read_ahead_future->finally([r = std::move(reader)] {});
        }
        return make_ready_future<>();
    });
}

future<> foreign_reader::fill_buffer(db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    if (_end_of_stream || is_buffer_full()) {
        return make_ready_future();
    }

    using fragment_buffer = circular_buffer<mutation_fragment>;

    return forward_operation(timeout, [reader = _reader.get(), timeout] () {
        auto f = reader->is_buffer_empty() ? reader->fill_buffer(timeout) : make_ready_future<>();
        return f.then([=] {
            return make_ready_future<foreign_unique_ptr<fragment_buffer>, bool>(
                    std::make_unique<fragment_buffer>(reader->detach_buffer()),
                    reader->is_end_of_stream());
        });
    }).then([this] (foreign_unique_ptr<fragment_buffer> buffer, bool end_of_steam) mutable {
        _end_of_stream = end_of_steam;
        for (const auto& mf : *buffer) {
            // Need a copy since the mf is on the remote shard.
            push_mutation_fragment(mutation_fragment(*_schema, mf));
        }
    });
}

void foreign_reader::next_partition() {
    if (_fwd_sm == streamed_mutation::forwarding::yes) {
        clear_buffer();
        _end_of_stream = false;
        ++_pending_next_partition;
    } else {
        clear_buffer_to_next_partition();
        if (is_buffer_empty()) {
            _end_of_stream = false;
            ++_pending_next_partition;
        }
    }
}

future<> foreign_reader::fast_forward_to(const dht::partition_range& pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    clear_buffer();
    _end_of_stream = false;
    return forward_operation(timeout, [reader = _reader.get(), &pr, timeout] () {
        return reader->fast_forward_to(pr, timeout);
    });
}

future<> foreign_reader::fast_forward_to(position_range pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    forward_buffer_to(pr.start());
    _end_of_stream = false;
    return forward_operation(timeout, [reader = _reader.get(), pr = std::move(pr), timeout] () {
        return reader->fast_forward_to(std::move(pr), timeout);
    });
}

flat_mutation_reader make_foreign_reader(schema_ptr schema,
            foreign_ptr<std::unique_ptr<flat_mutation_reader>> reader,
            streamed_mutation::forwarding fwd_sm) {
    if (reader.get_owner_shard() == engine().cpu_id()) {
        return std::move(*reader);
    }
    return make_flat_mutation_reader<foreign_reader>(std::move(schema), std::move(reader), fwd_sm);
}

// See make_foreign_reader() for description.
class multishard_combining_reader : public flat_mutation_reader::impl {
    const dht::i_partitioner& _partitioner;
    const dht::partition_range* _pr;
    remote_reader_factory _reader_factory;
    const streamed_mutation::forwarding _fwd_sm;
    const mutation_reader::forwarding _fwd_mr;

    // Thin wrapper around a flat_mutation_reader (foreign_reader) that
    // lazy-creates the reader when needed and transparently keeps track
    // of read-ahead.
    // Shard reader instances have to stay alive until all pending read-ahead
    // completes. But at the same time we don't want to do any additional work
    // after the parent reader was destroyed. To solve this we do two things:
    // * Move flat_mutation_reader instance into a struct managed through a
    //   shared pointer. Continuations using this internal state will share
    //   owhership of this struct with the shard reader instance.
    // * Add an adandoned flag to the struct which will be set when the shard
    //   reader is destroyed. When this is set don't do any work in the
    //   pending continuations, just "run through them".
    class shard_reader {
        struct state {
            flat_mutation_reader_opt reader;
            bool abandoned = false;
        };
        const multishard_combining_reader& _parent;
        const unsigned _shard;
        lw_shared_ptr<state> _state;
        unsigned _pending_next_partition = 0;
        std::optional<future<>> _read_ahead;
        promise<> _reader_promise;

    public:
        shard_reader(multishard_combining_reader& parent, unsigned shard)
            : _parent(parent)
            , _shard(shard)
            , _state(make_lw_shared<state>()) {
        }

        shard_reader(shard_reader&&) = default;
        shard_reader& operator=(shard_reader&&) = delete;

        shard_reader(const shard_reader&) = delete;
        shard_reader& operator=(const shard_reader&) = delete;

        ~shard_reader() {
            _state->abandoned = true;
            if (_read_ahead) {
                // Keep state (the reader) alive until the read-ahead completes.
                _read_ahead->finally([state = _state] {});
            }
        }

        // These methods assume the reader is already created.
        bool is_end_of_stream() const {
            return _state->reader->is_end_of_stream();
        }
        bool is_buffer_empty() const {
            return _state->reader->is_buffer_empty();
        }
        mutation_fragment pop_mutation_fragment() {
            return _state->reader->pop_mutation_fragment();
        }
        const mutation_fragment& peek_buffer() const {
            return _state->reader->peek_buffer();
        }
        future<> fill_buffer(db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout);

        // These methods don't assume the reader is already created.
        void next_partition();
        future<> fast_forward_to(const dht::partition_range& pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout);
        future<> fast_forward_to(position_range pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout);
        future<> create_reader();
        explicit operator bool() const {
            return bool(_state->reader);
        }
        bool done() const {
            return _state->reader && _state->reader->is_buffer_empty() && _state->reader->is_end_of_stream();
        }
        void read_ahead(db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout);
        bool is_read_ahead_in_progress() const {
            return _read_ahead.has_value();
        }
    };

    std::vector<shard_reader> _shard_readers;
    unsigned _current_shard;
    dht::token _next_token;
    bool _crossed_shards;
    unsigned _concurrency = 1;

    void move_to_next_shard();
    future<> handle_empty_reader_buffer(db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout);

public:
    multishard_combining_reader(schema_ptr s,
        const dht::partition_range& pr,
        const dht::i_partitioner& partitioner,
        remote_reader_factory reader_factory,
        streamed_mutation::forwarding fwd_sm,
        mutation_reader::forwarding fwd_mr);

    // this is captured.
    multishard_combining_reader(const multishard_combining_reader&) = delete;
    multishard_combining_reader& operator=(const multishard_combining_reader&) = delete;
    multishard_combining_reader(multishard_combining_reader&&) = delete;
    multishard_combining_reader& operator=(multishard_combining_reader&&) = delete;

    virtual future<> fill_buffer(db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) override;
    virtual void next_partition() override;
    virtual future<> fast_forward_to(const dht::partition_range& pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) override;
    virtual future<> fast_forward_to(position_range pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) override;
};

future<> multishard_combining_reader::shard_reader::fill_buffer(db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    if (_read_ahead) {
        return *std::exchange(_read_ahead, std::nullopt);
    }
    return _state->reader->fill_buffer();
}

void multishard_combining_reader::shard_reader::next_partition() {
    if (_state->reader) {
        _state->reader->next_partition();
    } else {
        ++_pending_next_partition;
    }
}

future<> multishard_combining_reader::shard_reader::fast_forward_to(const dht::partition_range& pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    if (_state->reader) {
        return _state->reader->fast_forward_to(pr, timeout);
    }
    // No need to fast-forward uncreated readers, they will be passed the new
    // range when created.
    return make_ready_future<>();
}

future<> multishard_combining_reader::shard_reader::fast_forward_to(position_range pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    if (_state->reader) {
        return _state->reader->fast_forward_to(pr, timeout);
    }
    return create_reader().then([this, pr = std::move(pr), timeout] {
        return _state->reader->fast_forward_to(pr, timeout);
    });
}

future<> multishard_combining_reader::shard_reader::create_reader() {
    if (_state->reader) {
        return make_ready_future<>();
    }
    if (_read_ahead) {
        return _reader_promise.get_future();
    }
    return _parent._reader_factory(_shard, *_parent._pr, _parent._fwd_sm, _parent._fwd_mr).then(
            [this, state = _state] (foreign_ptr<std::unique_ptr<flat_mutation_reader>>&& r) mutable {
        // Use the captured instance to check whether the reader is abdandoned.
        // If the reader is abandoned we can't read members of this anymore.
        if (state->abandoned) {
            return;
        }

        _state->reader = make_foreign_reader(_parent._schema, std::move(r), _parent._fwd_sm);
        while (_pending_next_partition) {
            --_pending_next_partition;
            _state->reader->next_partition();
        }
        _reader_promise.set_value();
    });
}

void multishard_combining_reader::shard_reader::read_ahead(db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    if (_state->reader) {
        _read_ahead.emplace(_state->reader->fill_buffer(timeout));
    } else {
        _read_ahead.emplace(create_reader().then([state = _state, timeout] () mutable {
            if (state->abandoned) {
                return make_ready_future<>();
            }
            return state->reader->fill_buffer(timeout);
        }));
    }
}

void multishard_combining_reader::move_to_next_shard() {
    _crossed_shards = true;
    _current_shard = (_current_shard + 1) % _partitioner.shard_count();
    _next_token = _partitioner.token_for_next_shard(_next_token, _current_shard);
}

future<> multishard_combining_reader::handle_empty_reader_buffer(db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    auto& reader = _shard_readers[_current_shard];

    if (reader.is_end_of_stream()) {
        if (_fwd_sm || std::all_of(_shard_readers.begin(), _shard_readers.end(), std::mem_fn(&shard_reader::done))) {
            _end_of_stream = true;
        } else {
            move_to_next_shard();
        }
        return make_ready_future<>();
    } else if (reader.is_read_ahead_in_progress()) {
        return reader.fill_buffer(timeout);
    } else {
        // If we crossed shards and the next reader has an empty buffer we
        // double concurrency so the next time we cross shards we will have
        // more chances of hitting the reader's buffer.
        if (_crossed_shards) {
            _concurrency = std::min(_concurrency * 2, _partitioner.shard_count());

            // If concurrency > 1 we kick-off concurrency-1 read-aheads in the
            // background. They will be brought to the foreground when we move
            // to their respective shard.
            for (unsigned i = 1; i < _concurrency; ++i) {
                _shard_readers[(_current_shard + i) % _partitioner.shard_count()].read_ahead(timeout);
            }
        }
        return reader.fill_buffer(timeout);
    }
}

multishard_combining_reader::multishard_combining_reader(schema_ptr s,
        const dht::partition_range& pr,
        const dht::i_partitioner& partitioner,
        remote_reader_factory reader_factory,
        streamed_mutation::forwarding fwd_sm,
        mutation_reader::forwarding fwd_mr)
    : impl(s)
    , _partitioner(partitioner)
    , _pr(&pr)
    , _reader_factory(std::move(reader_factory))
    , _fwd_sm(fwd_sm)
    , _fwd_mr(fwd_mr)
    , _current_shard(pr.start() ? _partitioner.shard_of(pr.start()->value().token()) : _partitioner.shard_of_minimum_token())
    , _next_token(_partitioner.token_for_next_shard(pr.start() ? pr.start()->value().token() : dht::minimum_token(),
                (_current_shard + 1) % _partitioner.shard_count())) {
    _shard_readers.reserve(_partitioner.shard_count());
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < _partitioner.shard_count(); ++i) {
        _shard_readers.emplace_back(*this, i);
    }
}

future<> multishard_combining_reader::fill_buffer(db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    _crossed_shards = false;
    return do_until([this] { return is_buffer_full() || is_end_of_stream(); }, [this, timeout] {
        auto& reader = _shard_readers[_current_shard];
        if (!reader) {
            return reader.create_reader();
        }

        if (reader.is_buffer_empty()) {
            return handle_empty_reader_buffer(timeout);
        }

        while (!reader.is_buffer_empty() && !is_buffer_full()) {
            if (const auto& mf = reader.peek_buffer(); mf.is_partition_start() && mf.as_partition_start().key().token() >= _next_token) {
                move_to_next_shard();
                return make_ready_future<>();
            }
            push_mutation_fragment(reader.pop_mutation_fragment());
        }
        return make_ready_future<>();
    });
}

void multishard_combining_reader::next_partition() {
    if (_fwd_sm == streamed_mutation::forwarding::yes) {
        clear_buffer();
        _end_of_stream = false;
        _shard_readers[_current_shard].next_partition();
    } else {
        clear_buffer_to_next_partition();
        if (is_buffer_empty()) {
            _shard_readers[_current_shard].next_partition();
        }
    }
}

future<> multishard_combining_reader::fast_forward_to(const dht::partition_range& pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    if (pr.start()) {
        auto& t = pr.start()->value().token();
        _current_shard = _partitioner.shard_of(t);
        _next_token = _partitioner.token_for_next_shard(t, (_current_shard + 1) % _partitioner.shard_count());
    } else {
        _current_shard = _partitioner.shard_of_minimum_token();
        _next_token = _partitioner.token_for_next_shard(dht::minimum_token(), (_current_shard + 1) % _partitioner.shard_count());
    }
    _pr = &pr;
    clear_buffer();
    _end_of_stream = false;
    return parallel_for_each(_shard_readers, [this, timeout] (shard_reader& sr) {
        return sr.fast_forward_to(*_pr, timeout);
    });
}

future<> multishard_combining_reader::fast_forward_to(position_range pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    forward_buffer_to(pr.start());
    _end_of_stream = false;
    if (is_buffer_empty()) {
        return _shard_readers[_current_shard].fast_forward_to(std::move(pr), timeout);
    }
    return make_ready_future<>();
}

flat_mutation_reader make_multishard_combining_reader(schema_ptr schema,
        const dht::partition_range& pr,
        const dht::i_partitioner& partitioner,
        remote_reader_factory reader_factory,
        streamed_mutation::forwarding fwd_sm,
        mutation_reader::forwarding fwd_mr) {
    return make_flat_mutation_reader<multishard_combining_reader>(schema, pr, partitioner, std::move(reader_factory), fwd_sm, fwd_mr);
}