scylladb/memtable.cc

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2014 ScyllaDB
 */

/*
 * This file is part of Scylla.
 *
 * Scylla is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * Scylla is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with Scylla.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */

#include "memtable.hh"
#include "database.hh"
#include "frozen_mutation.hh"
#include "stdx.hh"
#include "partition_snapshot_reader.hh"
#include "schema_upgrader.hh"
#include "partition_builder.hh"

memtable::memtable(schema_ptr schema, dirty_memory_manager& dmm, memtable_list* memtable_list,
    seastar::scheduling_group compaction_scheduling_group)
        : logalloc::region(dmm.region_group())
        , _dirty_mgr(dmm)
        , _cleaner(*this, no_cache_tracker, compaction_scheduling_group)
        , _memtable_list(memtable_list)
        , _schema(std::move(schema))
        , partitions(memtable_entry::compare(_schema)) {
}

static thread_local dirty_memory_manager mgr_for_tests;

memtable::memtable(schema_ptr schema)
        : memtable(std::move(schema), mgr_for_tests, nullptr)
{ }

memtable::~memtable() {
    revert_flushed_memory();
    clear();
}

uint64_t memtable::dirty_size() const {
    return occupancy().total_space();
}

void memtable::clear() noexcept {
    auto dirty_before = dirty_size();
    with_allocator(allocator(), [this] {
        partitions.clear_and_dispose([this] (memtable_entry* e) {
            e->partition().evict(_cleaner);
            current_deleter<memtable_entry>()(e);
        });
    });
    remove_flushed_memory(dirty_before - dirty_size());
}

future<> memtable::clear_gently() noexcept {
    return futurize_apply([this] {
        auto t = std::make_unique<seastar::thread>([this] {
            auto& alloc = allocator();

            auto p = std::move(partitions);
            while (!p.empty()) {
                auto dirty_before = dirty_size();
                with_allocator(alloc, [&] () noexcept {
                    while (!p.empty()) {
                        if (p.begin()->clear_gently() == stop_iteration::no) {
                            break;
                        }
                        p.erase_and_dispose(p.begin(), [&] (auto e) {
                            alloc.destroy(e);
                        });
                        if (need_preempt()) {
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                });
                remove_flushed_memory(dirty_before - dirty_size());
                seastar::thread::yield();
            }
        });
        auto f = t->join();
        return f.then([t = std::move(t)] {});
    }).handle_exception([this] (auto e) {
        this->clear();
    });
}

partition_entry&
memtable::find_or_create_partition_slow(partition_key_view key) {
    assert(!reclaiming_enabled());

    // FIXME: Perform lookup using std::pair<token, partition_key_view>
    // to avoid unconditional copy of the partition key.
    // We can't do it right now because std::map<> which holds
    // partitions doesn't support heterogeneous lookup.
    // We could switch to boost::intrusive_map<> similar to what we have for row keys.
    auto& outer = current_allocator();
    return with_allocator(standard_allocator(), [&, this] () -> partition_entry& {
        auto dk = dht::global_partitioner().decorate_key(*_schema, key);
        return with_allocator(outer, [&dk, this] () -> partition_entry& {
          return with_linearized_managed_bytes([&] () -> partition_entry& {
            return find_or_create_partition(dk);
          });
        });
    });
}

partition_entry&
memtable::find_or_create_partition(const dht::decorated_key& key) {
    assert(!reclaiming_enabled());

    // call lower_bound so we have a hint for the insert, just in case.
    auto i = partitions.lower_bound(key, memtable_entry::compare(_schema));
    if (i == partitions.end() || !key.equal(*_schema, i->key())) {
        memtable_entry* entry = current_allocator().construct<memtable_entry>(
            _schema, dht::decorated_key(key), mutation_partition(_schema));
        partitions.insert_before(i, *entry);
        return entry->partition();
    } else {
        upgrade_entry(*i);
    }
    return i->partition();
}

boost::iterator_range<memtable::partitions_type::const_iterator>
memtable::slice(const dht::partition_range& range) const {
    if (query::is_single_partition(range)) {
        const query::ring_position& pos = range.start()->value();
        auto i = partitions.find(pos, memtable_entry::compare(_schema));
        if (i != partitions.end()) {
            return boost::make_iterator_range(i, std::next(i));
        } else {
            return boost::make_iterator_range(i, i);
        }
    } else {
        auto cmp = memtable_entry::compare(_schema);

        auto i1 = range.start()
                  ? (range.start()->is_inclusive()
                        ? partitions.lower_bound(range.start()->value(), cmp)
                        : partitions.upper_bound(range.start()->value(), cmp))
                  : partitions.cbegin();

        auto i2 = range.end()
                  ? (range.end()->is_inclusive()
                        ? partitions.upper_bound(range.end()->value(), cmp)
                        : partitions.lower_bound(range.end()->value(), cmp))
                  : partitions.cend();

        return boost::make_iterator_range(i1, i2);
    }
}

class iterator_reader {
    lw_shared_ptr<memtable> _memtable;
    schema_ptr _schema;
    const dht::partition_range* _range;
    stdx::optional<dht::decorated_key> _last;
    memtable::partitions_type::iterator _i;
    memtable::partitions_type::iterator _end;
    uint64_t _last_reclaim_counter;
    size_t _last_partition_count = 0;

    memtable::partitions_type::iterator lookup_end() {
        auto cmp = memtable_entry::compare(_memtable->_schema);
        return _range->end()
            ? (_range->end()->is_inclusive()
                ? _memtable->partitions.upper_bound(_range->end()->value(), cmp)
                : _memtable->partitions.lower_bound(_range->end()->value(), cmp))
            : _memtable->partitions.end();
    }
    void update_iterators() {
        // We must be prepared that iterators may get invalidated during compaction.
        auto current_reclaim_counter = _memtable->reclaim_counter();
        auto cmp = memtable_entry::compare(_memtable->_schema);
        if (_last) {
            if (current_reclaim_counter != _last_reclaim_counter ||
                  _last_partition_count != _memtable->partition_count()) {
                _i = _memtable->partitions.upper_bound(*_last, cmp);
                _end = lookup_end();
                _last_partition_count = _memtable->partition_count();
            }
        } else {
            // Initial lookup
            _i = _range->start()
                 ? (_range->start()->is_inclusive()
                    ? _memtable->partitions.lower_bound(_range->start()->value(), cmp)
                    : _memtable->partitions.upper_bound(_range->start()->value(), cmp))
                 : _memtable->partitions.begin();
            _end = lookup_end();
            _last_partition_count = _memtable->partition_count();
        }
        _last_reclaim_counter = current_reclaim_counter;
    }
protected:
    iterator_reader(schema_ptr s,
                    lw_shared_ptr<memtable> m,
                    const dht::partition_range& range)
        : _memtable(std::move(m))
        , _schema(std::move(s))
        , _range(&range)
    { }

    memtable_entry* fetch_entry() {
        update_iterators();
        if (_i == _end) {
            return nullptr;
        } else {
            memtable_entry& e = *_i;
            _memtable->upgrade_entry(e);
            return &e;
        }
    }

    void advance_iterator() {
        ++_i;
    }

    void update_last(dht::decorated_key last) {
        _last = std::move(last);
    }

    logalloc::allocating_section& read_section() {
        return _memtable->_read_section;
    }

    lw_shared_ptr<memtable> mtbl() {
        return _memtable;
    }

    schema_ptr schema() {
        return _schema;
    }

    logalloc::region& region() {
        return *_memtable;
    };

    std::experimental::optional<dht::partition_range> get_delegate_range() {
        // We cannot run concurrently with row_cache::update().
        if (_memtable->is_flushed()) {
            return _last ? _range->split_after(*_last, dht::ring_position_comparator(*_memtable->_schema)) : *_range;
        }
        return {};
    }

    flat_mutation_reader delegate_reader(const dht::partition_range& delegate,
                                    const query::partition_slice& slice,
                                    const io_priority_class& pc,
                                    streamed_mutation::forwarding fwd,
                                    mutation_reader::forwarding fwd_mr) {
        auto ret = _memtable->_underlying->make_reader(_schema, delegate, slice, pc, nullptr, fwd, fwd_mr);
        _memtable = {};
        _last = {};
        return ret;
    }
    future<> fast_forward_to(const dht::partition_range& pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
        _range = &pr;
        _last = { };
        return make_ready_future<>();
    }
};

class scanning_reader final : public flat_mutation_reader::impl, private iterator_reader {
    stdx::optional<dht::partition_range> _delegate_range;
    stdx::optional<flat_mutation_reader> _delegate;
    const io_priority_class& _pc;
    const query::partition_slice& _slice;
    mutation_reader::forwarding _fwd_mr;

    struct consumer {
        scanning_reader* _reader;
        explicit consumer(scanning_reader* r) : _reader(r) {}
        stop_iteration operator()(mutation_fragment mf) {
            _reader->push_mutation_fragment(std::move(mf));
            return stop_iteration(_reader->is_buffer_full());
        }
    };

    future<> fill_buffer_from_delegate(db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
        return _delegate->consume_pausable(consumer(this), timeout).then([this] {
            if (_delegate->is_end_of_stream() && _delegate->is_buffer_empty()) {
                if (_delegate_range) {
                    _end_of_stream = true;
                } else {
                    _delegate = { };
                }
            }
        });
    }

public:
     scanning_reader(schema_ptr s,
                     lw_shared_ptr<memtable> m,
                     const dht::partition_range& range,
                     const query::partition_slice& slice,
                     const io_priority_class& pc,
                     mutation_reader::forwarding fwd_mr)
         : impl(s)
         , iterator_reader(s, std::move(m), range)
         , _pc(pc)
         , _slice(slice)
         , _fwd_mr(fwd_mr)
     { }

    virtual future<> fill_buffer(db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) override {
        return do_until([this] { return is_end_of_stream() || is_buffer_full(); }, [this, timeout] {
            if (!_delegate) {
                _delegate_range = get_delegate_range();
                if (_delegate_range) {
                    _delegate = delegate_reader(*_delegate_range, _slice, _pc, streamed_mutation::forwarding::no, _fwd_mr);
                } else {
                    auto key_and_snp = read_section()(region(), [&] {
                        return with_linearized_managed_bytes([&] () -> std::optional<std::pair<dht::decorated_key, partition_snapshot_ptr>> {
                            memtable_entry *e = fetch_entry();
                            if (!e) {
                                return { };
                            } else {
                                // FIXME: Introduce a memtable specific reader that will be returned from
                                // memtable_entry::read and will allow filling the buffer without the overhead of
                                // virtual calls, intermediate buffers and futures.
                                auto key = e->key();
                                auto snp = e->snapshot(*mtbl());
                                advance_iterator();
                                return std::pair(std::move(key), std::move(snp));
                            }
                        });
                    });
                    if (key_and_snp) {
                        update_last(key_and_snp->first);
                        auto cr = query::clustering_key_filter_ranges::get_ranges(*schema(), _slice, key_and_snp->first.key());
                        auto snp_schema = key_and_snp->second->schema();
                        bool digest_requested = _slice.options.contains<query::partition_slice::option::with_digest>();
                        auto mpsr = make_partition_snapshot_flat_reader(snp_schema, std::move(key_and_snp->first), std::move(cr),
                                        std::move(key_and_snp->second), digest_requested, region(), read_section(), mtbl(), streamed_mutation::forwarding::no);
                        if (snp_schema->version() != schema()->version()) {
                            _delegate = transform(std::move(mpsr), schema_upgrader(schema()));
                        } else {
                            _delegate = std::move(mpsr);
                        }
                    } else {
                        _end_of_stream = true;
                    }
                }
            }

            return is_end_of_stream() ? make_ready_future<>() : fill_buffer_from_delegate(timeout);
        });
    }
    virtual void next_partition() override {
        clear_buffer_to_next_partition();
        if (is_buffer_empty()) {
            if (!_delegate_range) {
                _delegate = {};
            } else {
                _delegate->next_partition();
            }
        }
    }
    virtual future<> fast_forward_to(const dht::partition_range& pr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) override {
        _end_of_stream = false;
        clear_buffer();
        if (_delegate_range) {
            return _delegate->fast_forward_to(pr, timeout);
        } else {
            _delegate = {};
            return iterator_reader::fast_forward_to(pr, timeout);
        }
    }
    virtual future<> fast_forward_to(position_range cr, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) override {
        throw std::runtime_error("This reader can't be fast forwarded to another partition.");
    };
    virtual size_t buffer_size() const override {
        if (_delegate) {
            return flat_mutation_reader::impl::buffer_size() + _delegate->buffer_size();
        }
        return flat_mutation_reader::impl::buffer_size();
    }
};

void memtable::add_flushed_memory(uint64_t delta) {
    _flushed_memory += delta;
    _dirty_mgr.account_potentially_cleaned_up_memory(this, delta);
}

void memtable::remove_flushed_memory(uint64_t delta) {
    delta = std::min(_flushed_memory, delta);
    _flushed_memory -= delta;
    _dirty_mgr.revert_potentially_cleaned_up_memory(this, delta);
}

void memtable::on_detach_from_region_group() noexcept {
    revert_flushed_memory();
}

void memtable::revert_flushed_memory() noexcept {
    _dirty_mgr.revert_potentially_cleaned_up_memory(this, _flushed_memory);
    _flushed_memory = 0;
}

class flush_memory_accounter {
    memtable& _mt;
public:
    void update_bytes_read(uint64_t delta) {
        _mt.add_flushed_memory(delta);
    }
    explicit flush_memory_accounter(memtable& mt)
        : _mt(mt)
	{}
    ~flush_memory_accounter() {
        assert(_mt._flushed_memory <= _mt.occupancy().used_space());
    }
    uint64_t compute_size(memtable_entry& e, partition_snapshot& snp) {
        return e.size_in_allocator_without_rows(_mt.allocator())
            + _mt.allocator().object_memory_size_in_allocator(&*snp.version());
    }
};

class partition_snapshot_accounter {
    const schema& _schema;
    flush_memory_accounter& _accounter;
public:
    partition_snapshot_accounter(const schema& s, flush_memory_accounter& acct)
        : _schema(s), _accounter(acct) {}

    // We will be passed mutation fragments here, and they are allocated using the standard
    // allocator. So we can't compute the size in memtable precisely. However, precise accounting is
    // hard anyway, since we may be holding multiple snapshots of the partitions, and the
    // partition_snapshot_reader may compose them. In doing so, we move memory to the standard
    // allocation. As long as our size read here is lesser or equal to the size in the memtables, we
    // are safe, and worst case we will allow a bit fewer requests in.
    void operator()(const range_tombstone& rt) {
        _accounter.update_bytes_read(rt.memory_usage(_schema));
    }

    void operator()(const static_row& sr) {
        _accounter.update_bytes_read(sr.external_memory_usage(_schema));
    }

    void operator()(const partition_start& ph) {}

    void operator()(const partition_end& eop) {}

    void operator()(const clustering_row& cr) {
        // Every clustering row is stored in a rows_entry object, and that has some significant
        // overhead - so add it here. We will be a bit short on our estimate because we can't know
        // what is the size in the allocator for this rows_entry object: we may have many snapshots,
        // and we don't know which one(s) contributed to the generation of this mutation fragment.
        //
        // We will add the size of the struct here, and that should be good enough.
        _accounter.update_bytes_read(sizeof(rows_entry) + cr.external_memory_usage(_schema));
    }
};

class flush_reader final : public flat_mutation_reader::impl, private iterator_reader {
    // FIXME: Similarly to scanning_reader we have an underlying
    // flat_mutation_reader for each partition. This is suboptimal.
    // Partition snapshot reader should be devirtualised and called directly
    // without using any intermediate buffers.
    flat_mutation_reader_opt _partition_reader;
    flush_memory_accounter _flushed_memory;
public:
    flush_reader(schema_ptr s, lw_shared_ptr<memtable> m)
        : impl(s)
        , iterator_reader(std::move(s), m, query::full_partition_range)
        , _flushed_memory(*m)
    {}
    flush_reader(const flush_reader&) = delete;
    flush_reader(flush_reader&&) = delete;
    flush_reader& operator=(flush_reader&&) = delete;
    flush_reader& operator=(const flush_reader&) = delete;
private:
    void get_next_partition() {
        uint64_t component_size = 0;
        auto key_and_snp = read_section()(region(), [&] {
            return with_linearized_managed_bytes([&] () -> std::optional<std::pair<dht::decorated_key, partition_snapshot_ptr>> {
                memtable_entry* e = fetch_entry();
                if (e) {
                    auto dk = e->key();
                    auto snp = e->snapshot(*mtbl());
                    component_size = _flushed_memory.compute_size(*e, *snp);
                    advance_iterator();
                    return std::pair(std::move(dk), std::move(snp));
                }
                return { };
            });
        });
        if (key_and_snp) {
            _flushed_memory.update_bytes_read(component_size);
            update_last(key_and_snp->first);
            auto cr = query::clustering_key_filter_ranges::get_ranges(*schema(), schema()->full_slice(), key_and_snp->first.key());
            auto snp_schema = key_and_snp->second->schema();
            auto mpsr = make_partition_snapshot_flat_reader<partition_snapshot_accounter>(snp_schema, std::move(key_and_snp->first), std::move(cr),
                            std::move(key_and_snp->second), false, region(), read_section(), mtbl(), streamed_mutation::forwarding::no, *snp_schema, _flushed_memory);
            if (snp_schema->version() != schema()->version()) {
                _partition_reader = transform(std::move(mpsr), schema_upgrader(schema()));
            } else {
                _partition_reader = std::move(mpsr);
            }
        }
    }
public:
    virtual future<> fill_buffer(db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) override {
        return do_until([this] { return is_end_of_stream() || is_buffer_full(); }, [this, timeout] {
            if (!_partition_reader) {
                get_next_partition();
                if (!_partition_reader) {
                    _end_of_stream = true;
                    return make_ready_future<>();
                }
            }
            return _partition_reader->consume_pausable([this] (mutation_fragment mf) {
                push_mutation_fragment(std::move(mf));
                return stop_iteration(is_buffer_full());
            }, timeout).then([this] {
                if (_partition_reader->is_end_of_stream() && _partition_reader->is_buffer_empty()) {
                    _partition_reader = stdx::nullopt;
                }
            });
        });
    }
    virtual void next_partition() override {
        clear_buffer_to_next_partition();
        if (is_buffer_empty()) {
            _partition_reader = stdx::nullopt;
        }
    }
    virtual future<> fast_forward_to(const dht::partition_range&, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) override {
        throw std::bad_function_call();
    }
    virtual future<> fast_forward_to(position_range, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) override {
        throw std::bad_function_call();
    }
    virtual size_t buffer_size() const override {
        if (_partition_reader) {
            return flat_mutation_reader::impl::buffer_size() + _partition_reader->buffer_size();
        }
        return flat_mutation_reader::impl::buffer_size();
    }
};

partition_snapshot_ptr memtable_entry::snapshot(memtable& mtbl) {
    return _pe.read(mtbl.region(), mtbl.cleaner(), _schema, no_cache_tracker);
}

flat_mutation_reader
memtable::make_flat_reader(schema_ptr s,
                      const dht::partition_range& range,
                      const query::partition_slice& slice,
                      const io_priority_class& pc,
                      tracing::trace_state_ptr trace_state_ptr,
                      streamed_mutation::forwarding fwd,
                      mutation_reader::forwarding fwd_mr) {
    if (query::is_single_partition(range)) {
        const query::ring_position& pos = range.start()->value();
        auto snp = _read_section(*this, [&] () -> partition_snapshot_ptr {
            managed_bytes::linearization_context_guard lcg;
            auto i = partitions.find(pos, memtable_entry::compare(_schema));
            if (i != partitions.end()) {
                upgrade_entry(*i);
                return i->snapshot(*this);
            } else {
                return { };
            }
        });
        if (!snp) {
            return make_empty_flat_reader(std::move(s));
        }
        auto dk = pos.as_decorated_key();
        auto cr = query::clustering_key_filter_ranges::get_ranges(*s, slice, dk.key());
        auto snp_schema = snp->schema();
        bool digest_requested = slice.options.contains<query::partition_slice::option::with_digest>();
        auto rd = make_partition_snapshot_flat_reader(snp_schema, std::move(dk), std::move(cr), std::move(snp), digest_requested,
                                                      *this, _read_section, shared_from_this(), fwd);
        if (snp_schema->version() != s->version()) {
            return transform(std::move(rd), schema_upgrader(s));
        } else {
            return rd;
        }
    } else {
        auto res = make_flat_mutation_reader<scanning_reader>(std::move(s), shared_from_this(), range, slice, pc, fwd_mr);
        if (fwd == streamed_mutation::forwarding::yes) {
            return make_forwardable(std::move(res));
        } else {
            return std::move(res);
        }
    }
}

flat_mutation_reader
memtable::make_flush_reader(schema_ptr s, const io_priority_class& pc) {
    if (group()) {
        return make_flat_mutation_reader<flush_reader>(s, shared_from_this());
    } else {
        auto& full_slice = s->full_slice();
        return make_flat_mutation_reader<scanning_reader>(std::move(s), shared_from_this(),
            query::full_partition_range, full_slice, pc, mutation_reader::forwarding::no);
    }
}

void
memtable::update(db::rp_handle&& h) {
    db::replay_position rp = h;
    if (_replay_position < rp) {
        _replay_position = rp;
    }
    _rp_set.put(std::move(h));
}

future<>
memtable::apply(memtable& mt) {
    return do_with(mt.make_flat_reader(_schema), [this] (auto&& rd) mutable {
        return consume_partitions(rd, [self = this->shared_from_this(), &rd] (mutation&& m) {
            self->apply(m);
            return stop_iteration::no;
        }, db::no_timeout);
    });
}

void
memtable::apply(const mutation& m, db::rp_handle&& h) {
    with_allocator(allocator(), [this, &m] {
        _allocating_section(*this, [&, this] {
          with_linearized_managed_bytes([&] {
            auto& p = find_or_create_partition(m.decorated_key());
            _stats_collector.update(*m.schema(), m.partition());
            p.apply(*_schema, m.partition(), *m.schema());
          });
        });
    });
    update(std::move(h));
}

void
memtable::apply(const frozen_mutation& m, const schema_ptr& m_schema, db::rp_handle&& h) {
    with_allocator(allocator(), [this, &m, &m_schema] {
        _allocating_section(*this, [&, this] {
          with_linearized_managed_bytes([&] {
            auto& p = find_or_create_partition_slow(m.key(*_schema));
            mutation_partition mp(m_schema);
            partition_builder pb(*m_schema, mp);
            m.partition().accept(*m_schema, pb);
            _stats_collector.update(*m_schema, mp);
            p.apply(*_schema, std::move(mp), *m_schema);
          });
        });
    });
    update(std::move(h));
}

logalloc::occupancy_stats memtable::occupancy() const {
    return logalloc::region::occupancy();
}

mutation_source memtable::as_data_source() {
    return mutation_source([mt = shared_from_this()] (schema_ptr s,
            const dht::partition_range& range,
            const query::partition_slice& slice,
            const io_priority_class& pc,
            tracing::trace_state_ptr trace_state,
            streamed_mutation::forwarding fwd,
            mutation_reader::forwarding fwd_mr) {
        return mt->make_flat_reader(std::move(s), range, slice, pc, std::move(trace_state), fwd, fwd_mr);
    });
}

size_t memtable::partition_count() const {
    return partitions.size();
}

memtable_entry::memtable_entry(memtable_entry&& o) noexcept
    : _link()
    , _schema(std::move(o._schema))
    , _key(std::move(o._key))
    , _pe(std::move(o._pe))
{
    using container_type = memtable::partitions_type;
    container_type::node_algorithms::replace_node(o._link.this_ptr(), _link.this_ptr());
    container_type::node_algorithms::init(o._link.this_ptr());
}

stop_iteration memtable_entry::clear_gently() noexcept {
    return _pe.clear_gently(no_cache_tracker);
}

void memtable::mark_flushed(mutation_source underlying) noexcept {
    _underlying = std::move(underlying);
}

bool memtable::is_flushed() const {
    return bool(_underlying);
}

void memtable::upgrade_entry(memtable_entry& e) {
    if (e._schema != _schema) {
        assert(!reclaiming_enabled());
        with_allocator(allocator(), [this, &e] {
          with_linearized_managed_bytes([&] {
            e.partition().upgrade(e._schema, _schema, cleaner(), no_cache_tracker);
            e._schema = _schema;
          });
        });
    }
}

void memtable::set_schema(schema_ptr new_schema) noexcept {
    _schema = std::move(new_schema);
}

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, memtable& mt) {
    logalloc::reclaim_lock rl(mt);
    return out << "{memtable: [" << ::join(",\n", mt.partitions) << "]}";
}

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const memtable_entry& mt) {
    return out << "{" << mt.key() << ": " << mt.partition() << "}";
}