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<span class="bread__item bread__item--last">JSON Support</span>
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<section id="json-support">
<span id="cql-json"></span><h1>JSON Support<a class="headerlink" href="#json-support" title="Link to this heading"></a></h1>
<p>ScyllaDB introduces JSON support to <a class="reference internal" href="dml/select.html#select-statement"><span class="std std-ref">SELECT</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="dml/insert.html#insert-statement"><span class="std std-ref">INSERT</span></a>
statements. This support does not fundamentally alter the CQL API (for example, the schema is still enforced). It simply
provides a convenient way to work with JSON documents.</p>
<section id="select-json">
<h2>SELECT JSON<a class="headerlink" href="#select-json" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>With <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code> statements, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">JSON</span></code> keyword can be used to return each row as a single <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">JSON</span></code> encoded map. The
remainder of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code> statement behavior is the same.</p>
<p>The result map keys are the same as the column names in a normal result set. For example, a statement like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span> <span class="pre">JSON</span>
<span class="pre">a,</span> <span class="pre">ttl(b)</span> <span class="pre">FROM</span> <span class="pre">...</span></code> would result in a map with keys <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;a&quot;</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;ttl(b)&quot;</span></code>. However, this is one notable exception:
for symmetry with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span> <span class="pre">JSON</span></code> behavior, case-sensitive column names with upper-case letters will be surrounded with
double-quotes. For example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span> <span class="pre">JSON</span> <span class="pre">myColumn</span> <span class="pre">FROM</span> <span class="pre">...</span></code> would result in a map key <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;\&quot;myColumn\&quot;&quot;</span></code> (note the
escaped quotes).</p>
<p>The map values will <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">JSON</span></code>-encoded representations (as described below) of the result set values.</p>
</section>
<section id="insert-json">
<h2>INSERT JSON<a class="headerlink" href="#insert-json" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>With <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> statements, the new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">JSON</span></code> keyword can be used to enable inserting a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">JSON</span></code> encoded map as a single
row. The format of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">JSON</span></code> map should generally match that returned by a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span> <span class="pre">JSON</span></code> statement on the same
table. In particular, case-sensitive column names should be surrounded by double-quotes. For example, to insert into a
table with two columns named “myKey” and “value”, you would do the following:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">mytable</span> <span class="k">JSON</span> <span class="s1">&#39;{ &quot;\&quot;myKey\&quot;&quot;: 0, &quot;value&quot;: 0}&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>By default (or if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span> <span class="pre">NULL</span></code> is explicitly used), a column omitted from the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">JSON</span></code> map will be set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>,
meaning that any pre-existing value for that column will be removed (resulting in a tombstone being created).
Alternatively, if the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span> <span class="pre">UNSET</span></code> directive is used after the value, omitted column values will be left unset,
meaning that pre-existing values for those columns will be preserved.</p>
</section>
<section id="json-encoding-of-scylladb-data-types">
<h2>JSON Encoding of ScyllaDB Data Types<a class="headerlink" href="#json-encoding-of-scylladb-data-types" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>Where possible, ScyllaDB will represent and accept data types in their native <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">JSON</span></code> representation. ScyllaDB will
also accept string representations matching the CQL literal format for all single-field types. For example, floats,
ints, UUIDs, and dates can be represented by CQL literal strings. However, compound types, such as collections, tuples,
and user-defined types, must be represented by native <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">JSON</span></code> collections (maps and lists) or a JSON-encoded string
representation of the collection.</p>
<p>The following table describes the encodings that ScyllaDB will accept in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span> <span class="pre">JSON</span></code> values (and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fromJson()</span></code>
arguments) as well as the format ScyllaDB will use when returning data for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span> <span class="pre">JSON</span></code> statements (and
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fromJson()</span></code>):</p>
<table class="docutils align-default">
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Type</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Formats accepted</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Return format</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Notes</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ascii</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>string</p></td>
<td><p>string</p></td>
<td><p>Uses JSON’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">\u</span></code> character escape</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>integer, string</p></td>
<td><p>integer</p></td>
<td><p>String must be valid 64 bit integer</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">blob</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>string</p></td>
<td><p>string</p></td>
<td><p>String should be 0x followed by an even number of hex digits</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">boolean</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>boolean, string</p></td>
<td><p>boolean</p></td>
<td><p>String must be “true” or “false”</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>string</p></td>
<td><p>string</p></td>
<td><p>Date in format <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">YYYY-MM-DD</span></code>, timezone UTC</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>integer, float, string</p></td>
<td><p>float</p></td>
<td><p>May exceed 32 or 64-bit IEEE-754 floating point precision in
client-side decoder</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>integer, float, string</p></td>
<td><p>float</p></td>
<td><p>String must be valid integer or float</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>integer, float, string</p></td>
<td><p>float</p></td>
<td><p>String must be valid integer or float</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inet</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>string</p></td>
<td><p>string</p></td>
<td><p>IPv4 or IPv6 address</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>integer, string</p></td>
<td><p>integer</p></td>
<td><p>String must be valid 32 bit integer</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>list, string</p></td>
<td><p>list</p></td>
<td><p>Uses JSON’s native list representation</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">map</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>map, string</p></td>
<td><p>map</p></td>
<td><p>Uses JSON’s native map representation</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>integer, string</p></td>
<td><p>integer</p></td>
<td><p>String must be valid 16 bit integer</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>list, string</p></td>
<td><p>list</p></td>
<td><p>Uses JSON’s native list representation</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>string</p></td>
<td><p>string</p></td>
<td><p>Uses JSON’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">\u</span></code> character escape</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>string</p></td>
<td><p>string</p></td>
<td><p>Time of day in format <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HH-MM-SS[.fffffffff]</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>integer, string</p></td>
<td><p>string</p></td>
<td><p>A timestamp. Strings constant allows to input <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#timestamps"><span class="std std-ref">timestamps
as dates</span></a>. Datestamps with format <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">YYYY-MM-DD</span>
<span class="pre">HH:MM:SS.SSS</span></code> are returned.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>string</p></td>
<td><p>string</p></td>
<td><p>Type 1 UUID. See <code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">constant</span></code> for the UUID format</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>integer, string</p></td>
<td><p>integer</p></td>
<td><p>String must be valid 8 bit integer</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tuple</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>list, string</p></td>
<td><p>list</p></td>
<td><p>Uses JSON’s native list representation</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UDT</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>map, string</p></td>
<td><p>map</p></td>
<td><p>Uses JSON’s native map representation with field names as keys</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uuid</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>string</p></td>
<td><p>string</p></td>
<td><p>See <code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">constant</span></code> for the UUID format</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>string</p></td>
<td><p>string</p></td>
<td><p>Uses JSON’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">\u</span></code> character escape</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varint</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>integer, string</p></td>
<td><p>integer</p></td>
<td><p>Variable length; may overflow 32 or 64 bit integers in
client-side decoder</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section id="the-fromjson-function">
<h2>The fromJson() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#the-fromjson-function" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fromJson()</span></code> function may be used similarly to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span> <span class="pre">JSON</span></code>, but for a single column value. It may only be used
in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">VALUES</span></code> clause of an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> statement or as one of the column values in an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DELETE</span></code>, or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code> statement. For example, it cannot be used in the selection clause of a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code> statement.</p>
</section>
<section id="the-tojson-function">
<h2>The toJson() Function<a class="headerlink" href="#the-tojson-function" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">toJson()</span></code> function may be used similarly to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span> <span class="pre">JSON</span></code>, but for a single column value. It may only be used
in the selection clause of a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code> statement.</p>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../features/local-secondary-indexes.html">Local Secondary Indexes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../features/cdc/cdc-log-table.html">The CDC Log Table</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../features/cdc/cdc-streams.html">CDC Streams</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../features/cdc/cdc-preimages.html">Preimages and postimages</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../features/workload-attributes.html">Workload Attributes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../operating-scylla/procedures/maintenance/repair.html">ScyllaDB Repair</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../architecture/sstable/index.html">SSTable</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-21" name="toctree-checkbox-21" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-21"><i class="icon-chevron-right"></i></label><div class="break"></div><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../architecture/sstable/sstable3/index.html">ScyllaDB SSTable - 3.x</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../architecture/compaction/compaction-strategies.html">Compaction Strategies</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../architecture/raft.html">Raft Consensus Algorithm in ScyllaDB</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../architecture/zero-token-nodes.html">Zero-token Nodes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../troubleshooting/log-level.html">Change Log Level</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../troubleshooting/scylla-wont-start.html">ScyllaDB will not Start</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../troubleshooting/python-error-no-module-named-yaml.html">ScyllaDB Python Script broken</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../troubleshooting/missing-dotmount-files.html">Inaccessible configuration files after ScyllaDB upgrade</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../troubleshooting/failed-add-remove-replace.html">Failure to Add, Remove, or Replace a Node</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../troubleshooting/failed-decommission.html">Failed Decommission Problem</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../troubleshooting/timeouts.html">Cluster Timeouts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../troubleshooting/node-joined-without-any-data.html">Node Joined With No Data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../troubleshooting/nodetool-nullpointerexception.html">NullPointerException</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../troubleshooting/failed-schema-sync.html">Failed Schema Sync</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../troubleshooting/large-partition-table.html">ScyllaDB Large Partitions Table</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../troubleshooting/failed-update-schema.html">Failure to Update the Schema</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../troubleshooting/drop-table-space-up.html">Disk Space is not Reclaimed</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../troubleshooting/sstable-corruption.html">SSTable Corruption Problem</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../troubleshooting/pointless-compactions.html">Pointless Compactions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="https://monitoring.docs.scylladb.com/stable/use-monitoring/advisor/heavyCompaction.html">Limiting Compaction</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../troubleshooting/time-zone.html">Time Range Query Fails</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../troubleshooting/copy-from-failed.html">COPY FROM Fails</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../troubleshooting/clients-table.html">CQL Connection Table</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../troubleshooting/reverse-dns-sshd.html">Manager lists healthy nodes as down</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../troubleshooting/autoremove-ubuntu.html">Removing ScyllaDB on Ubuntu breaks system packages</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/index.html">Knowledge Base</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-32" name="toctree-checkbox-32" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-32"><i class="icon-chevron-right"></i></label><div class="break"></div><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/cdc-experimental-upgrade.html">Upgrading from experimental CDC</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/consistency.html">Consistency in ScyllaDB</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/count-all-rows.html">Counting all rows in a table is slow</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/cqlsh-more.html">CQL Query Does Not Display Entire Result Set</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/cqlsh-results.html">When CQLSh query returns partial results with followed by “More”</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/custom-user.html">Run ScyllaDB and supporting services as a custom user:group</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/customizing-cpuset.html">Customizing CPUSET</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/decode-stack-trace.html">Decoding Stack Traces</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/disk-utilization.html">Snapshots and Disk Utilization</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/dpdk-hardware.html">DPDK mode</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/flamegraph.html">Debug your database with Flame Graphs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/gc-grace-seconds.html">How to Change gc_grace_seconds for a Table</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/gossip.html">Gossip in ScyllaDB</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/increase-permission-cache.html">Increase Permission Cache to Avoid Non-paged Queries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/lwt-differences.html">How does ScyllaDB LWT Differ from Apache Cassandra ?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/map-cpu.html">Map CPUs to ScyllaDB Shards</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/memory-usage.html">ScyllaDB Memory Usage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/ntp.html">NTP Configuration for ScyllaDB</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/perftune-modes-sync.html">Updating the Mode in perftune.yaml After a ScyllaDB Upgrade</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/posix.html">POSIX networking for ScyllaDB</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/quiz-administrators.html">ScyllaDB consistency quiz for administrators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/raid-device.html">Recreate RAID devices</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/rf-increase.html">How to Safely Increase the Replication Factor</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/scylla-and-spark-integration.html">ScyllaDB and Spark integration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/scylla-limits-systemd.html">Increase ScyllaDB resource limits over systemd</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/seed-nodes.html">ScyllaDB Seed Nodes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/set-up-swap.html">How to Set up a Swap Space</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/snapshots.html">ScyllaDB Snapshots</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/static-columns.html">ScyllaDB payload sent duplicated static columns</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/stop-local-repair.html">Stopping a local repair</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../kb/system-limits.html">System Limits</a></li>
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