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<span class="bread__item bread__item--last">Basic operations in CDC</span>
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<section id="basic-operations-in-cdc">
<h1>Basic operations in CDC<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-operations-in-cdc" title="Link to this heading"></a></h1>
<p>The CDC log table reflects operations that are performed on the base table. Different types of operations give different corresponding entries in the CDC log. These operations are:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>inserts,</p></li>
<li><p>updates,</p></li>
<li><p>single row deletions,</p></li>
<li><p>row range deletions,</p></li>
<li><p>partition deletions.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>The following sections describe how each of these operations are handled by the CDC log.</p>
<section id="updates">
<span id="id1"></span><h2>Updates<a class="headerlink" href="#updates" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>Updates are the most basic statements that can be performed. The following is an example of an update with CDC enabled.</p>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p>Start with a basic table and perform some UPDATEs:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v1</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v2</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">cdc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;enabled&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s1">&#39;true&#39;</span><span class="p">};</span>
<span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">v1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">v2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">null</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Confirm that the update was performed by displaying the contents of the table:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>returns:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> pk | ck | v1 | v2
----+----+----+------
0 | 0 | 0 | null
(1 rows)
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Display the contents of the CDC log table:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="s s-Name">&quot;cdc$batch_seq_no&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s s-Name">&quot;cdc$deleted_v1&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s s-Name">&quot;cdc$deleted_v2&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s s-Name">&quot;cdc$operation&quot;</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t_scylla_cdc_log</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>returns:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> cdc$batch_seq_no | pk | ck | v1 | cdc$deleted_v1 | v2 | cdc$deleted_v2 | cdc$operation
------------------+----+----+------+----------------+------+----------------+---------------
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | 1
0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | True | 1
(2 rows)
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Delta rows corresponding to updates are indicated by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cdc$operation</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code>. All columns corresponding to the primary key in the log are set to the same values as in the base table, in this case <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pk</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">0</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ck</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">0</span></code>.</p>
<p>Each non-key column, such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">v1</span></code> above, has a corresponding column in the log with the same name, but there’s an additional column with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cdc$deleted_</span></code> prefix (e. g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cdc$deleted_v1</span></code>) used to indicate whether the column was set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code> in the update.</p>
<p>If the update sets a column <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">X</span></code> to a non-null value, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">X</span></code> column in the log will have that value; however, if the update sets <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">X</span></code> to a null value, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">X</span></code> column in the log will be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code>, and we’ll use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cdc$deleted_X</span></code> column to indicate the update by setting it to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>. In the example above, this is what happened with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">v2</span></code> column.</p>
<p>Column deletions are a special case of an update statement. That is, the following two statements are equivalent:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">table_name</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">X</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">null</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">DELETE</span> <span class="n">X</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">table_name</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">condition</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Thus, in the example above, instead of</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">v2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">null</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>we could have used</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">DELETE</span> <span class="n">v2</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>and we would’ve obtained the same result.</p>
<p>Note that column deletions, (which are equivalent to updates that set a column to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code>) <em>are different than row deletions</em>, i.e. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DELETE</span></code> statements that specify a clustering row but don’t specify any particular column, like the following:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">DELETE</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can read about row deletions in the <a class="reference internal" href="#row-deletions"><span class="std std-ref">corresponding section</span></a>.</p>
<section id="digression-static-rows-in-scylladb">
<h3>Digression: static rows in ScyllaDB<a class="headerlink" href="#digression-static-rows-in-scylladb" title="Link to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>If a table in ScyllaDB has static columns, then every partition in this table contains a <em>static row</em>, which is global for the partition. This static row is different from the clustered rows: it contains values for partition key columns and static columns, while clustered rows contain values for partition key, clustering key, and regular columns. The following example illustrates how the static row can be used:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="k">static</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">));</span>
<span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">from</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>returns:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> pk | ck | s | c
----+------+---+------
0 | null | 0 | null
(1 rows)
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Even though no regular columns were set, the above query returned a row; the static row.</p>
<p>We can still update clustered rows, of course:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">1</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">from</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>returns:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> pk | ck | s | c
----+----+------+---
1 | 0 | null | 0
(1 rows)
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Somewhat confusingly, CQL mixes the static row with the clustered rows if both appear within the same partition. Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">2</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">1</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">2</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">2</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">from</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>returns:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> pk | ck | s | c
----+----+---+---
2 | 0 | 2 | 0
2 | 1 | 2 | 1
(2 rows)
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>From the above query result it seems as if the static column was a part of every clustered row, and setting the static column to a value within one partition is setting it “for every clustered row”. <strong>That is not the case</strong>, it is simply CQL’s way of showing the static row when both the static row and clustered rows are present: it “mixes” the static row into each clustered row. But to understand the static row, think of it as a separate row in the partition, with the property that there can be at most one static row in a partition; the static row exists if and only if at least one of the static columns are non-null.</p>
</section>
<section id="static-rows-in-cdc">
<h3>Static rows in CDC<a class="headerlink" href="#static-rows-in-cdc" title="Link to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>CDC separates static row updates from clustered row updates, showing them as different entries, even if you update both within one statement. Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="k">static</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">cdc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;enabled&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">true</span><span class="p">};</span>
<span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="s s-Name">&quot;cdc$batch_seq_no&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s s-Name">&quot;cdc$operation&quot;</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t_scylla_cdc_log</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>returns:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> cdc$batch_seq_no | pk | ck | s | c | cdc$operation
------------------+----+------+------+------+---------------
0 | 0 | null | 0 | null | 1
1 | 0 | 0 | null | 0 | 1
(2 rows)
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>CDC recognizes that logically two updates happened: one to the static row and one to the clustered row. In other words, CDC interprets the following:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>as follows:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">BEGIN</span> <span class="k">UNLOGGED</span> <span class="k">BATCH</span>
<span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">APPLY</span> <span class="k">BATCH</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>However, since they happened in a single statement and had a single timestamp, it grouped them using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cdc$batch_seq_no</span></code>. The static row update can be distinguished from the clustered row update by looking at clustering key columns, in case <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ck</span></code>: they are <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code> for static row updates and non-null for clustered row updates.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="inserts">
<h2>Inserts<a class="headerlink" href="#inserts" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<section id="digression-the-difference-between-inserts-and-updates">
<h3>Digression: the difference between inserts and updates<a class="headerlink" href="#digression-the-difference-between-inserts-and-updates" title="Link to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>Inserts are not the same as updates, contrary to a popular belief in Cassandra/ScyllaDB communities. The following example illustrates the difference:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">cdc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;enabled&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s1">&#39;true&#39;</span><span class="p">};</span>
<span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">v</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">null</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>returns:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">v</span>
<span class="c1">----+----+---</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span> <span class="n">rows</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>However:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">null</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>returns:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> pk | ck | v
----+----+------
0 | 0 | null
(1 rows)
</pre></div>
</div>
<p id="row-marker">Each table has an additional invisible column called the <em>row marker</em>. It doesn’t hold a value; it only holds <em>liveness information</em> (timestamp and time-to-live). If the row marker is alive, the row shows up when you query it, even if all its non-key columns are null. The difference between inserts and updates is that <strong>updates don’t affect the row marker</strong>, while <strong>inserts create an alive row marker</strong>.</p>
<p>Here’s another example:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">cdc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;enabled&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s1">&#39;true&#39;</span><span class="p">};</span>
<span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">v</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>returns:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">v</span>
<span class="c1">----+----+---</span>
<span class="mf">0</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="mf">0</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1</span> <span class="n">rows</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The value in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">v</span></code> column keeps the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(pk</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">0,</span> <span class="pre">ck</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">0)</span></code> row alive, therefore it shows up in the query. After we delete it, the row will be gone:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">v</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">null</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>returns:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> pk | ck | v
----+----+---
(0 rows)
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>However, if we had used an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> instead of an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code> in the first place, the row would still show up even after deleting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">v</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">set</span> <span class="n">v</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">null</span> <span class="k">where</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">and</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">from</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>returns:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> pk | ck | v
----+----+------
0 | 0 | null
(1 rows)
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The row marker introduced by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> keeps the row alive, even if there are no other non-key columns that are not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code>. Therefore the row shows up in the query.
We can create just the row marker, without updating any columns, like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>When specifying both key and non-key columns in an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> statement, we’re saying “create a row marker, <em>and</em> set cells for this row”. We can explicitly divide these two operations; the following:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>is equivalent to:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">BEGIN</span> <span class="k">UNLOGGED</span> <span class="k">BATCH</span>
<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">v</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">APPLY</span> <span class="k">BATCH</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> creates a row marker, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code> sets the cell in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(pk,</span> <span class="pre">ck)</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">(0,</span> <span class="pre">0)</span></code> row and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">v</span></code> column.</p>
</section>
<section id="inserts-in-cdc">
<h3>Inserts in CDC<a class="headerlink" href="#inserts-in-cdc" title="Link to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>Inserts affect the CDC log very similarly to updates; if no collections or static columns are involved, the difference lies only in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cdc$operation</span></code> column:</p>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p>Start with a basic table and perform some insert:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v1</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v2</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">cdc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;enabled&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s1">&#39;true&#39;</span><span class="p">};</span>
<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Confirm that the insert was performed by displaying the contents of the table:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>returns:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> pk | ck | v1 | v2
----+----+----+------
0 | 0 | 0 | null
(1 rows)
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Display the contents of the CDC log table:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="s s-Name">&quot;cdc$batch_seq_no&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s s-Name">&quot;cdc$deleted_v1&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s s-Name">&quot;cdc$deleted_v2&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s s-Name">&quot;cdc$operation&quot;</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t_scylla_cdc_log</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>returns:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> cdc$batch_seq_no | pk | ck | v1 | cdc$deleted_v1 | v2 | cdc$deleted_v2 | cdc$operation
------------------+----+----+------+----------------+------+----------------+---------------
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | 2
0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | True | 2
(2 rows)
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Delta rows corresponding to inserts are indicated by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cdc$operation</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">2</span></code>.</p>
<p>If a static row update is performed within an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code>, it is separated from the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code>, in the same way a clustered row update is separated from a static row update. Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="k">static</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">cdc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;enabled&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">true</span><span class="p">};</span>
<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="s s-Name">&quot;cdc$batch_seq_no&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s s-Name">&quot;cdc$operation&quot;</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t_scylla_cdc_log</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>returns:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> cdc$batch_seq_no | pk | ck | s | c | cdc$operation
------------------+----+------+------+------+---------------
0 | 0 | null | 0 | null | 1
1 | 0 | 0 | null | 0 | 2
(2 rows)
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>There is no such thing as a “static row insert”. Indeed, static rows don’t have a row marker; the only way to make a static row show up is to set a static column to a non-null value. Therefore, the following statement (using the table from above):</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>is equivalent to:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This is the reason why <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cdc$operation</span></code> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>, not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2</span></code>, in the example above for the static row update.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="row-deletions">
<span id="id2"></span><h2>Row deletions<a class="headerlink" href="#row-deletions" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>Row deletions are operations where you delete an entire clustering row by using a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DELETE</span></code> statement, specifying the values of all clustering key columns, but <strong>not</strong> specifying any particular regular column.
The following is an example of a row deletion with CDC enabled.</p>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p>Start with a basic table and insert some data into it.</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">cdc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;enabled&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">&#39;true&#39;</span><span class="p">};</span>
<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Display the contents of the table</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">from</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>returns:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> pk | ck | v
----+----+---
0 | 0 | 0
(1 rows)
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Remove the row where the primary key 0 and the clustering key is 0.</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">DELETE</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Check that after performing a row deletion, querying the deleted row returns 0 results:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">from</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>returns:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> pk | ck | v
----+----+------
(0 rows)
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Note that row deletions <em>are different than column deletions</em>, which are <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DELETE</span></code> statements with some particular non-key column specified, like the following:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">DELETE</span> <span class="n">v</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Column deletions are equivalent to UPDATEs with the column set to null, e.g.:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">v</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">null</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can read about UPDATEs in the <a class="reference internal" href="#updates"><span class="std std-ref">corresponding section</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="row-range-deletions">
<h2>Row range deletions<a class="headerlink" href="#row-range-deletions" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>Range deletions are statements in which you delete a set of rows specified by a continuous range of clustering keys.
They work within one partition, so you must provide a single partition key when performing a range deletion.</p>
<p>The following is an example of a row range deletion with CDC enabled.</p>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p>Start with a basic table and insert some data into it.</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">cdc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;enabled&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s1">&#39;true&#39;</span><span class="p">};</span>
<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Display the contents of the table</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>returns:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> pk | ck | v
----+----+---
0 | 0 | 0
0 | 1 | 1
0 | 2 | 2
0 | 3 | 3
(4 rows)
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Remove all rows where the primary key is 0 and the clustering key is in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(0,</span> <span class="pre">2]</span></code> range (left-opened, right-closed).</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">DELETE</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">&lt;=</span> <span class="mf">2</span> <span class="k">and</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Display the contents of the table after the delete:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>returns:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> pk | ck | v
----+----+---
0 | 0 | 0
0 | 3 | 3
(2 rows)
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Display the contents of the CDC log table:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="s s-Name">&quot;cdc$batch_seq_no&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s s-Name">&quot;cdc$operation&quot;</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t_scylla_cdc_log</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>returns:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> cdc$batch_seq_no | pk | ck | v | cdc$operation
------------------+----+----+------+---------------
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2
0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2
0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 2
0 | 0 | 0 | null | 6
1 | 0 | 2 | null | 7
(6 rows)
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
<p>A range deletion appears in CDC as a batch of up to two entries into the log table: an entry corresponding to range’s left bound (if specified), and an entry corresponding to the range’s right bound (if specified). The appropriate values of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cdc$operation</span></code> are as follows:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">5</span></code> denotes an inclusive left bound,</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">6</span></code> denotes an exclusive left bound,</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">7</span></code> denotes an inclusive right bound,</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">8</span></code> denotes an exclusive right bound.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>In the example above we’ve used the range <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(0,</span> <span class="pre">2]</span></code>, with an exclusive left bound and inclusive right bound. This is presented in the CDC log as two log rows: one with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cdc$operation</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">6</span></code> and the other with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cdc$operation</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">7</span></code>.</p>
<p>The values for non-key base columns are <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code> in these entries.</p>
<p>If you specify a one-sided range:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">DELETE</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>then two entries will appear in the CDC log: one with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cdc$operation</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">5</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code> clustering key, indicating the range is not left-bounded and the other with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cdc$operation</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">8</span></code>, representing the right bound of the range:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> cdc$batch_seq_no | pk | ck | v | cdc$operation
------------------+----+------+------+---------------
0 | 0 | null | null | 5
1 | 0 | 3 | null | 8
</pre></div>
</div>
<section id="range-deletions-with-multi-column-clustering-keys">
<h3>Range deletions with multi-column clustering keys<a class="headerlink" href="#range-deletions-with-multi-column-clustering-keys" title="Link to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>In the case of multi-column clustering keys, range deletions allow to specify an equality relation for some prefix of the clustering key, followed by an ordering relation on the column that follows the prefix.</p>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p>Start with a basic table:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck1</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck2</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck3</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">primary</span> <span class="k">key</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck3</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">cdc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;enabled&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s1">&#39;true&#39;</span><span class="p">};</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Remove the rows where the primary key is 0, a prefix of the clustering key (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ck1</span></code>) is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>, and the following column of the clustering key (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ck2</span></code>) is in the range <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(0,</span> <span class="pre">3)</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">DELETE</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">and</span> <span class="n">ck1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck2</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mf">0</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">ck2</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Display the contents of the table:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="s s-Name">&quot;cdc$batch_seq_no&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s s-Name">&quot;cdc$operation&quot;</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t_scylla_cdc_log</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>returns:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> cdc$batch_seq_no | pk | ck1 | ck2 | ck3 | v | cdc$operation
------------------+----+-----+-----+------+------+---------------
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | 6
1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | null | null | 8
(2 rows)
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
</section>
<section id="partition-deletion">
<h2>Partition deletion<a class="headerlink" href="#partition-deletion" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>An example for deleting a partition is as follows:</p>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p>Start with a basic table and insert some data into it.</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">cdc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;enabled&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s1">&#39;true&#39;</span><span class="p">};</span>
<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Display the contents of the base table</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>returns:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> pk | ck | v
----+----+---
0 | 0 | 0
0 | 1 | 1
(2 rows)
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Remove all rows where the primary key is equal to 0.</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">DELETE</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>Display the contents of the corresponding CDC log table:</p>
<div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="s s-Name">&quot;cdc$batch_seq_no&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ck</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s s-Name">&quot;cdc$operation&quot;</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">ks</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">t_scylla_cdc_log</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>returns:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> cdc$batch_seq_no | pk | ck | v | cdc$operation
------------------+----+------+------+---------------
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2
0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2
0 | 0 | null | null | 4
(3 rows)
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
<p>In the CDC log, partition deletion is identified by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cdc$operation</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">4</span></code>. Columns in the log that correspond to clustering key and non-key columns in the base table are set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code>.</p>
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