`duration` is a new native type that was introduced in Cassandra 3.10 [1]. Support for parsing and the internal representation of the type was added in8fa47b74e8. Important note: The version of cqlsh distributed with Scylla does not have support for durations included (it was added to Cassandra in [2]). To test this change, you can use cqlsh distributed with Cassandra. Duration types are useful when working with time-series tables, because they can be used to manipulate date-time values in relative terms. Two interesting applications are: - Aggregation by time intervals [3]: `SELECT * FROM my_table GROUP BY floor(time, 3h)` - Querying on changes in date-times: `SELECT ... WHERE last_heartbeat_time < now() - 3h` (Note: neither of these is currently supported, though columns with duration values are.) Internally, durations are represented as three signed counters: one for months, for days, and for nanoseconds. Each of these counters is serialized using a variable-length encoding which is described in version 5 of the CQL native protocol specification. The representation of a duration as three counters means that a semantic ordering on durations doesn't exist: Is `1mo` greater than `1mo1d`? We cannot know, because some months have more days than others. Durations can only have a concrete absolute value when they are "attached" to absolute date-time references. For example, `2015-04-31 at 12:00:00 + 1mo`. That duration values are not comparable presents some difficulties for the implementation, because most CQL types are. Like in Cassandra's implementation [2], I adopted a similar strategy to the way restrictions on the `counter` type are checked. A type "references" a duration if it is either a duration or it contains a duration (like a `tuple<..., duration, ...>`, or a UDT with a duration member). The following restrictions apply on durations. Note that some of these contexts are either experimental features (materialized views), or not currently supported at run-time (though support exists in the parser and code, so it is prudent to add the restrictions now): - Durations cannot appear in any part of a primary key, either for tables or materialized views. - Durations cannot be directly used as the element type of a `set`, nor can they be used as the key type of a `map`. Because internal ordering on durations is based on a byte-level comparison, this property of Cassandra was intended to help avoid user confusion around ordering of collection elements. - Secondary indexes on durations are not supported. - "Slice" relations (<=, <, >=, >) are not supported on durations with `WHERE` restrictions (like `SELECT ... WHERE span <= 3d`). Multi-column restrictions only work with clustering columns, which cannot be `duration` due to the first rule. - "Slice" relations are not supported on durations with query conditions (like `UPDATE my_table ... IF span > 5us`). Backwards incompatibility note: As described in the documentation [4], duration literals take one of two forms: either ISO 8601 formats (there are three), or a "standard" format. The ISO 8601 formats start with "P" (like "P5W"). Therefore, identifiers that have this form are no longer supported. Fixes #2240. [1] https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-11873 [2]bfd57d13b7[3] https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-11871 [4] http://cassandra.apache.org/doc/latest/cql/types.html#working-with-durations
119 lines
3.8 KiB
C++
119 lines
3.8 KiB
C++
/*
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* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
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* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
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* distributed with this work for additional information
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* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
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* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
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* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
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* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
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*
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* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
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*
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* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
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* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
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* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
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* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
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* limitations under the License.
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*/
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/*
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* Copyright (C) 2015 ScyllaDB
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*
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* Modified by ScyllaDB
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*/
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/*
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* This file is part of Scylla.
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*
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* Scylla is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
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* it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
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* the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
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* (at your option) any later version.
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*
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* Scylla is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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* GNU General Public License for more details.
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*
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* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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* along with Scylla. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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*/
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#pragma once
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#include <cstddef>
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#include <iosfwd>
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#include "core/sstring.hh"
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#include "seastarx.hh"
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namespace cql3 {
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class operator_type {
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public:
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static const operator_type EQ;
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static const operator_type LT;
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static const operator_type LTE;
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static const operator_type GTE;
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static const operator_type GT;
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static const operator_type IN;
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static const operator_type CONTAINS;
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static const operator_type CONTAINS_KEY;
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static const operator_type NEQ;
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static const operator_type IS_NOT;
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private:
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int32_t _b;
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const operator_type& _reverse;
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sstring _text;
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private:
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operator_type(int32_t b, const operator_type& reverse, sstring text)
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: _b(b)
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, _reverse(reverse)
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, _text(std::move(text))
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{}
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public:
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const operator_type& reverse() const { return _reverse; }
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bool is_slice() const {
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return (*this == LT) || (*this == LTE) || (*this == GT) || (*this == GTE);
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}
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sstring to_string() const { return _text; }
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bool operator==(const operator_type& other) const { return this == &other; }
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bool operator!=(const operator_type& other) const { return this != &other; }
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#if 0
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/**
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* Write the serialized version of this <code>Operator</code> to the specified output.
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*
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* @param output the output to write to
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* @throws IOException if an I/O problem occurs while writing to the specified output
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*/
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public void writeTo(DataOutput output) throws IOException
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{
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output.writeInt(b);
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}
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/**
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* Deserializes a <code>Operator</code> instance from the specified input.
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*
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* @param input the input to read from
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* @return the <code>Operator</code> instance deserialized
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* @throws IOException if a problem occurs while deserializing the <code>Type</code> instance.
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*/
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public static Operator readFrom(DataInput input) throws IOException
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{
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int b = input.readInt();
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for (Operator operator : values())
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if (operator.b == b)
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return operator;
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throw new IOException(String.format("Cannot resolve Relation.Type from binary representation: %s", b));
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}
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#endif
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};
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static inline
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std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const operator_type& op) {
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return out << op.to_string();
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}
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}
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