scylladb/tools/schema_loader.cc

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2021-present ScyllaDB
 */

/*
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
 */

#include "utils/assert.hh"
#include <algorithm>
#include <boost/algorithm/string.hpp>
#include <fmt/ranges.h>
#include <seastar/core/fstream.hh>
#include <seastar/http/short_streams.hh>
#include <seastar/util/closeable.hh>
#include <seastar/util/short_streams.hh>

#include "cdc/cdc_partitioner.hh"
#include "cdc/log.hh"
#include "cql3/query_processor.hh"
#include "cql3/statements/create_keyspace_statement.hh"
#include "cql3/statements/create_table_statement.hh"
#include "cql3/statements/create_type_statement.hh"
#include "cql3/statements/create_view_statement.hh"
#include "cql3/statements/create_index_statement.hh"
#include "cql3/statements/update_statement.hh"
#include "db/cql_type_parser.hh"
#include "db/config.hh"
#include "db/extensions.hh"
#include "db/large_data_handler.hh"
#include "db/system_distributed_keyspace.hh"
#include "db/schema_tables.hh"
#include "db/system_keyspace.hh"
#include "partition_slice_builder.hh"
#include "readers/combined.hh"
#include "replica/database.hh"
#include "sstables/sstables_manager.hh"
#include "sstables/sstable_directory.hh"
#include "types/list.hh"
#include "data_dictionary/impl.hh"
#include "data_dictionary/data_dictionary.hh"
#include "gms/feature_service.hh"
#include "locator/abstract_replication_strategy.hh"
#include "locator/local_strategy.hh"
#include "tools/schema_loader.hh"
#include "tools/read_mutation.hh"
#include "view_info.hh"

namespace {

logging::logger sllog("schema_loader");

class data_dictionary_impl;
struct keyspace;
struct table;

struct database {
    db::extensions extensions;
    const db::config& cfg;
    gms::feature_service& features;
    std::list<keyspace> keyspaces;
    std::list<table> tables;

    database(const db::config& cfg, gms::feature_service& features) : cfg(cfg), features(features)
    { }
    database(database&&) = delete;
};

struct keyspace {
    lw_shared_ptr<keyspace_metadata> metadata;

    explicit keyspace(lw_shared_ptr<keyspace_metadata> metadata) : metadata(std::move(metadata))
    { }
    keyspace(keyspace&&) = delete;
};

struct table {
    const keyspace& ks;
    schema_ptr schema;
    secondary_index::secondary_index_manager secondary_idx_man;
    bool user;

    table(data_dictionary_impl& impl, const keyspace& ks, schema_ptr schema, bool user);
    table(table&&) = delete;
};

class data_dictionary_impl : public data_dictionary::impl {
public:
    const data_dictionary::database wrap(const database& db) const {
        return make_database(this, &db);
    }
    data_dictionary::keyspace wrap(const keyspace& ks) const {
        return make_keyspace(this, &ks);
    }
    data_dictionary::table wrap(const table& t) const {
        return make_table(this, &t);
    }
    static const database& unwrap(data_dictionary::database db) {
        return *static_cast<const database*>(extract(db));
    }
    static const keyspace& unwrap(data_dictionary::keyspace ks) {
        return *static_cast<const keyspace*>(extract(ks));
    }
    static const table& unwrap(data_dictionary::table t) {
        return *static_cast<const table*>(extract(t));
    }

private:
    virtual const table_schema_version& get_version(data_dictionary::database) const override {
        throw std::bad_function_call();
    }
    virtual std::optional<data_dictionary::keyspace> try_find_keyspace(data_dictionary::database db, std::string_view name) const override {
        auto& keyspaces = unwrap(db).keyspaces;
        auto it = std::find_if(keyspaces.begin(), keyspaces.end(), [name] (const keyspace& ks) { return ks.metadata->name() == name; });
        if (it == keyspaces.end()) {
            return {};
        }
        return wrap(*it);
    }
    virtual std::vector<data_dictionary::keyspace> get_keyspaces(data_dictionary::database db) const override {
        return unwrap(db).keyspaces | std::views::transform([this] (const keyspace& ks) { return wrap(ks); }) | std::ranges::to<std::vector<data_dictionary::keyspace>>();
    }
    virtual std::vector<sstring> get_user_keyspaces(data_dictionary::database db) const override {
        return std::ranges::to<std::vector<sstring>>(
            unwrap(db).keyspaces 
            | std::views::transform([] (const keyspace& ks) { return ks.metadata->name(); })
            | std::views::filter([] (const sstring& ks) {return !is_internal_keyspace(ks); })
        );
    }
    virtual std::vector<sstring> get_all_keyspaces(data_dictionary::database db) const override {
        return unwrap(db).keyspaces | std::views::transform([] (const keyspace& ks) { return ks.metadata->name(); }) | std::ranges::to<std::vector<sstring>>();
    }
    virtual std::vector<data_dictionary::table> get_tables(data_dictionary::database db) const override {
        return unwrap(db).tables | std::views::transform([this] (const table& ks) { return wrap(ks); }) | std::ranges::to<std::vector<data_dictionary::table>>();
    }
    virtual std::optional<data_dictionary::table> try_find_table(data_dictionary::database db, std::string_view ks, std::string_view tab) const override {
        auto& tables = unwrap(db).tables;
        auto it = std::find_if(tables.begin(), tables.end(), [ks, tab] (const table& tbl) { return tbl.schema->ks_name() == ks && tbl.schema->cf_name() == tab; });
        if (it == tables.end()) {
            return {};
        }
        return wrap(*it);
    }
    virtual std::optional<data_dictionary::table> try_find_table(data_dictionary::database db, table_id id) const override {
        auto& tables = unwrap(db).tables;
        auto it = std::find_if(tables.begin(), tables.end(), [id] (const table& tbl) { return tbl.schema->id() == id; });
        if (it == tables.end()) {
            return {};
        }
        return wrap(*it);
    }
    virtual const secondary_index::secondary_index_manager& get_index_manager(data_dictionary::table t) const override {
        return unwrap(t).secondary_idx_man;
    }
    virtual schema_ptr get_table_schema(data_dictionary::table t) const override {
        return unwrap(t).schema;
    }
    virtual lw_shared_ptr<keyspace_metadata> get_keyspace_metadata(data_dictionary::keyspace ks) const override {
        return unwrap(ks).metadata;
    }
    virtual bool is_internal(data_dictionary::keyspace ks) const override {
        return is_system_keyspace(unwrap(ks).metadata->name());
    }
    virtual const locator::abstract_replication_strategy& get_replication_strategy(data_dictionary::keyspace ks) const override {
        static const locator::local_strategy strategy{locator::replication_strategy_params{locator::replication_strategy_config_options{}, 0}};
        return strategy;
    }
    virtual const std::vector<view_ptr>& get_table_views(data_dictionary::table t) const override {
        static const std::vector<view_ptr> empty;
        return empty;
    }
    virtual sstring get_available_index_name(data_dictionary::database db, std::string_view ks_name, std::string_view cf_name,
            std::optional<sstring> index_name_root) const override {
        auto has_schema = [&] (std::string_view ks_name, std::string_view table_name) {
            const auto& tables = unwrap(db).tables;
            return std::find_if(tables.begin(), tables.end(), [&] (const table& t) {
                return t.schema->ks_name() == ks_name && t.schema->cf_name() == table_name;
            }) != tables.end();
        };
        return secondary_index::get_available_index_name(ks_name, cf_name, index_name_root, existing_index_names(db, ks_name), has_schema);
    }
    virtual std::set<sstring> existing_index_names(data_dictionary::database db, std::string_view ks_name, std::string_view cf_to_exclude = {}) const override {
        auto tables = std::ranges::to<std::vector<schema_ptr>>(unwrap(db).tables
                | std::views::filter([ks_name] (const table& t) { return t.schema->ks_name() == ks_name; })
                | std::views::transform([] (const table& t) { return t.schema; }));
        return secondary_index::existing_index_names(tables, cf_to_exclude);
    }
    virtual schema_ptr find_indexed_table(data_dictionary::database db, std::string_view ks_name, std::string_view index_name) const override {
        return {};
    }
    virtual schema_ptr get_cdc_base_table(data_dictionary::database db, const schema&) const override {
        return {};
    }
    virtual const db::config& get_config(data_dictionary::database db) const override {
        return unwrap(db).cfg;
    }
    virtual const db::extensions& get_extensions(data_dictionary::database db) const override {
        return unwrap(db).extensions;
    }
    virtual const gms::feature_service& get_features(data_dictionary::database db) const override {
        return unwrap(db).features;
    }
    virtual replica::database& real_database(data_dictionary::database db) const override {
        throw std::bad_function_call();
    }
    virtual replica::database* real_database_ptr(data_dictionary::database db) const override {
        return nullptr;
    }
};

class user_types_storage : public data_dictionary::user_types_storage {
    database& _db;
public:
    user_types_storage(database& db) noexcept : _db(db) {}

    virtual const data_dictionary::user_types_metadata& get(const sstring& name) const override {
        for (const auto& ks : _db.keyspaces) {
            if (ks.metadata->name() == name) {
                return ks.metadata->user_types();
            }
        }
        throw data_dictionary::no_such_keyspace(name);
    }
};

table::table(data_dictionary_impl& impl, const keyspace& ks, schema_ptr schema, bool user) :
    ks(ks), schema(std::move(schema)), secondary_idx_man(impl.wrap(*this)), user(user)
{ }

sstring read_file(std::filesystem::path path) {
    auto file = open_file_dma(path.native(), open_flags::ro).get();
    auto fstream = make_file_input_stream(file);
    return util::read_entire_stream_contiguous(fstream).get();
}

std::vector<schema_ptr> do_load_schemas(const db::config& cfg, std::string_view schema_str) {
    cql3::cql_stats cql_stats;

    gms::feature_service feature_service(gms::feature_config_from_db_config(cfg));
    feature_service.enable(feature_service.supported_feature_set()).get();
    sharded<locator::shared_token_metadata> token_metadata;

    auto my_address = gms::inet_address("localhost");
    locator::token_metadata::config tm_cfg;
    tm_cfg.topo_cfg.this_endpoint = my_address;
    tm_cfg.topo_cfg.this_cql_address = my_address;
    tm_cfg.topo_cfg.local_dc_rack = locator::endpoint_dc_rack::default_location;

    token_metadata.start([] () noexcept { return db::schema_tables::hold_merge_lock(); }, tm_cfg).get();
    auto stop_token_metadata = deferred_stop(token_metadata);

    data_dictionary_impl dd_impl;
    database real_db(cfg, feature_service);
    auto db = dd_impl.wrap(real_db);

    // Mock system_schema keyspace to be able to parse modification statements
    // against system_schema.dropped_columns.
    real_db.keyspaces.emplace_back(make_lw_shared<keyspace_metadata>(
                db::schema_tables::NAME,
                "org.apache.cassandra.locator.LocalStrategy",
                std::map<sstring, sstring>{},
                std::nullopt,
                false));
    real_db.tables.emplace_back(dd_impl, real_db.keyspaces.back(), db::schema_tables::dropped_columns(), false);

    auto find_or_create_keyspace = [&] (const sstring& name) -> data_dictionary::keyspace {
        try {
            return db.find_keyspace(name);
        } catch (replica::no_such_keyspace&) {
            // fall-though to below
        }
        auto raw_statement = cql3::query_processor::parse_statement(
                fmt::format("CREATE KEYSPACE {} WITH replication = {{'class': 'SimpleStrategy', 'replication_factor': '1'}}", name),
                cql3::dialect{});
        auto prepared_statement = raw_statement->prepare(db, cql_stats);
        auto* statement = prepared_statement->statement.get();
        auto p = dynamic_cast<cql3::statements::create_keyspace_statement*>(statement);
        SCYLLA_ASSERT(p);
        real_db.keyspaces.emplace_back(p->get_keyspace_metadata(*token_metadata.local().get(), feature_service, cfg));
        return db.find_keyspace(name);
    };


    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<cql3::statements::raw::parsed_statement>> raw_statements;
    try {
        raw_statements = cql3::query_processor::parse_statements(schema_str, cql3::dialect{});
    } catch (...) {
        throw std::runtime_error(format("tools:do_load_schemas(): failed to parse CQL statements: {}", std::current_exception()));
    }
    for (auto& raw_statement : raw_statements) {
        auto cf_statement = dynamic_cast<cql3::statements::raw::cf_statement*>(raw_statement.get());
        if (!cf_statement) {
            continue; // we don't support any non-cf statements here
        }
        if (!cf_statement->has_keyspace()) {
            throw std::runtime_error("tools::do_load_schemas(): CQL statement does not have keyspace specified");
        }
        auto ks = find_or_create_keyspace(cf_statement->keyspace());
        auto prepared_statement = cf_statement->prepare(db, cql_stats);
        auto* statement = prepared_statement->statement.get();

        if (auto p = dynamic_cast<cql3::statements::create_keyspace_statement*>(statement)) {
            real_db.keyspaces.emplace_back(p->get_keyspace_metadata(*token_metadata.local().get(), feature_service, cfg));
        } else if (auto p = dynamic_cast<cql3::statements::create_type_statement*>(statement)) {
            dd_impl.unwrap(ks).metadata->add_user_type(p->create_type(db));
        } else if (auto p = dynamic_cast<cql3::statements::create_table_statement*>(statement)) {
            auto schema = p->get_cf_meta_data(db);
            // CDC tables use a custom partitioner, which is not reflected when
            // dumping the schema to schema.cql, so we have to manually set it here.
            if (cdc::is_log_name(schema->cf_name())) {
                schema_builder b(std::move(schema));
                b.with_partitioner(cdc::cdc_partitioner::classname);
                schema = b.build();
            }
            real_db.tables.emplace_back(dd_impl, dd_impl.unwrap(ks), std::move(schema), true);
        } else if (auto p = dynamic_cast<cql3::statements::create_view_statement*>(statement)) {
            auto&& [view, warnings] = p->prepare_view(db);
            auto it = std::find_if(real_db.tables.begin(), real_db.tables.end(), [&] (const table& t) { return t.schema->ks_name() == view->ks_name() && t.schema->cf_name() == view->cf_name(); });
            if (it != real_db.tables.end()) {
                continue; // view already exists
            }
            real_db.tables.emplace_back(dd_impl, dd_impl.unwrap(ks), view, true);
        } else if (auto p = dynamic_cast<cql3::statements::create_index_statement*>(statement)) {
            auto res = p->build_index_schema(db);
            if (!res) {
                continue; // index already exists
            }
            auto [new_base_schema, index] = *res;
            auto it = std::find_if(real_db.tables.begin(), real_db.tables.end(), [&] (const table& t) { return t.schema->id() == new_base_schema->id(); });
            if (it == real_db.tables.end()) { // shouldn't happen but let's handle it
                throw std::runtime_error(fmt::format("tools::do_load_schemas(): failed to look up base table {}.{}, while creating index on it", new_base_schema->ks_name(), new_base_schema->cf_name()));
            }
            it->schema = std::move(new_base_schema);
            it->secondary_idx_man.reload();
            auto view = it->secondary_idx_man.create_view_for_index(index);
            real_db.tables.emplace_back(dd_impl, dd_impl.unwrap(ks), view, true);
        } else if (auto p = dynamic_cast<cql3::statements::update_statement*>(statement)) {
            if (p->keyspace() != db::schema_tables::NAME && p->column_family() != db::schema_tables::DROPPED_COLUMNS) {
                throw std::runtime_error(fmt::format("tools::do_load_schemas(): expected modification statement to be against {}.{}, but it is against {}.{}",
                            db::schema_tables::NAME, db::schema_tables::DROPPED_COLUMNS, p->keyspace(), p->column_family()));
            }
            auto schema = db::schema_tables::dropped_columns();
            cql3::statements::modification_statement::json_cache_opt json_cache{};
            cql3::update_parameters params(schema, cql3::query_options::DEFAULT, api::new_timestamp(), schema->default_time_to_live(), cql3::update_parameters::prefetch_data(schema));
            auto pkeys = p->build_partition_keys(cql3::query_options::DEFAULT, json_cache);
            auto ckranges = p->create_clustering_ranges(cql3::query_options::DEFAULT, json_cache);
            auto updates = p->apply_updates(pkeys, ckranges, params, json_cache);
            if (updates.size() != 1) {
                throw std::runtime_error(fmt::format("tools::do_load_schemas(): expected one update per statement for {}.{}, got: {}",
                            db::schema_tables::NAME, db::schema_tables::DROPPED_COLUMNS, updates.size()));
            }
            auto& mut = updates.front();
            if (!mut.partition().row_tombstones().empty()) {
                throw std::runtime_error(fmt::format("tools::do_load_schemas(): expected only update against {}.{}, not deletes",
                            db::schema_tables::NAME, db::schema_tables::DROPPED_COLUMNS));
            }
            query::result_set rs(mut);
            for (auto& row : rs.rows()) {
                const auto keyspace_name = row.get_nonnull<sstring>("keyspace_name");
                const auto table_name = row.get_nonnull<sstring>("table_name");
                auto it = std::find_if(real_db.tables.begin(), real_db.tables.end(), [&] (const table& t) {
                    auto& s = t.schema;
                    return s->ks_name() == keyspace_name && s->cf_name() == table_name;
                });
                if (it == real_db.tables.end()) {
                    throw std::runtime_error(fmt::format("tools::do_load_schemas(): failed applying update to {}.{}, the table it applies to is not found: {}.{}",
                            db::schema_tables::NAME, db::schema_tables::DROPPED_COLUMNS, keyspace_name, table_name));
                }
                auto name = row.get_nonnull<sstring>("column_name");
                auto type = db::cql_type_parser::parse(keyspace_name, row.get_nonnull<sstring>("type"), user_types_storage(real_db));
                auto time = row.get_nonnull<db_clock::time_point>("dropped_time");
                it->schema = schema_builder(std::move(it->schema)).without_column(std::move(name), std::move(type), time.time_since_epoch().count()).build();
            }
        } else {
            throw std::runtime_error(fmt::format("tools::do_load_schemas(): expected statement to be one of (create keyspace, create type, create table), got: {}",
                        typeid(statement).name()));
        }
    }

    return std::ranges::to<std::vector<schema_ptr>>(
            real_db.tables |
            std::views::filter([] (const table& t) { return t.user; }) |
            std::views::transform([] (const table& t) { return t.schema; }));
}

class single_keyspace_user_types_storage : public data_dictionary::user_types_storage {
    data_dictionary::user_types_metadata _utm;
public:
    single_keyspace_user_types_storage(data_dictionary::user_types_metadata utm) : _utm(std::move(utm)) { }
    virtual const data_dictionary::user_types_metadata& get(const sstring& ks) const override {
        return _utm;
    }
};

schema_ptr do_load_schema_from_schema_tables(const db::config& dbcfg, std::filesystem::path scylla_data_path, std::string_view keyspace, std::string_view table) {
    reader_concurrency_semaphore rcs_sem(reader_concurrency_semaphore::no_limits{}, __FUNCTION__, reader_concurrency_semaphore::register_metrics::no);
    auto stop_semaphore = deferred_stop(rcs_sem);

    sharded<sstable_manager_service> sst_man;
    sst_man.start(std::ref(dbcfg)).get();
    auto stop_sst_man_service = deferred_stop(sst_man);

    auto schema_tables_path = scylla_data_path / db::schema_tables::NAME;

    auto empty = [] (const mutation_opt& mopt) {
        return !mopt || !mopt->partition().row_count();
    };
    auto do_load = [&] (std::function<const schema_ptr()> schema_factory) {
        auto s = schema_factory();
        return read_mutation_from_table_offline(
                sst_man,
                rcs_sem.make_tracking_only_permit(s, "schema_mutation", db::no_timeout, {}),
                get_table_directory(scylla_data_path, s->ks_name(), s->cf_name()).get(),
                keyspace,
                schema_factory,
                data_value(keyspace),
                data_value(table));
    };
    mutation_opt tables = do_load(db::schema_tables::tables);
    mutation_opt views = do_load(db::schema_tables::views);
    mutation_opt columns = do_load(db::schema_tables::columns);
    mutation_opt view_virtual_columns = do_load(db::schema_tables::view_virtual_columns);
    mutation_opt computed_columns = do_load(db::schema_tables::computed_columns);
    mutation_opt indexes = do_load(db::schema_tables::indexes);
    mutation_opt dropped_columns = do_load(db::schema_tables::dropped_columns);
    mutation_opt scylla_tables = do_load([] () { return db::schema_tables::scylla_tables(); });

    if ((empty(tables) && empty(views)) || empty(columns)) {
        throw std::runtime_error(fmt::format("Failed to find {}.{} in schema tables", keyspace, table));
    }

    data_dictionary::user_types_metadata utm;

    auto types_schema = db::schema_tables::types();
    auto types_mut = read_mutation_from_table_offline(
            sst_man,
            rcs_sem.make_tracking_only_permit(db::schema_tables::types(), "types_mutation", db::no_timeout, {}),
            get_table_directory(scylla_data_path, types_schema->ks_name(), types_schema->cf_name()).get(),
            keyspace,
            db::schema_tables::types,
            data_value(keyspace),
            {});
    if (types_mut) {
        query::result_set result(*types_mut);

        auto ks = make_lw_shared<keyspace_metadata>(keyspace, "org.apache.cassandra.locator.LocalStrategy", std::map<sstring, sstring>{}, std::nullopt, false);
        db::cql_type_parser::raw_builder ut_builder(*ks);

        auto get_list = [] (const query::result_set_row& row, const char* name) {
            return row.get_nonnull<const list_type_impl::native_type&>(name)
                    | std::views::transform([] (const data_value& v) { return value_cast<sstring>(v); })
                    | std::ranges::to<std::vector<sstring>>();
        };

        for (const auto& row : result.rows()) {
            const auto name = row.get_nonnull<sstring>("type_name");
            const auto field_names = get_list(row, "field_names");
            const auto field_types = get_list(row, "field_types");
            ut_builder.add(name, field_names, field_types);
        }

        auto user_types = ut_builder.build().get();
        for (auto&& ut : user_types) {
            utm.add_type(std::move(ut));
        }
    }

    auto user_type_storage = std::make_shared<single_keyspace_user_types_storage>(std::move(utm));
    gms::feature_service features(gms::feature_config_from_db_config(dbcfg));
    db::schema_ctxt ctxt(dbcfg, user_type_storage, features);

    if (empty(tables)) {
        tables = std::move(views);
    }

    schema_mutations muts(std::move(*tables), std::move(*columns), std::move(view_virtual_columns), std::move(computed_columns), std::move(indexes),
            std::move(dropped_columns), std::move(scylla_tables));
    if (muts.is_view()) {
        return db::schema_tables::create_view_from_mutations(ctxt, muts);
    } else {
        return db::schema_tables::create_table_from_mutations(ctxt, muts);
    }
}

schema_ptr do_load_schema_from_sstable(const db::config& dbcfg, std::filesystem::path sstable_path, sstring keyspace, sstring table) {
    if (keyspace.empty()) {
        keyspace = "my_keyspace";
    }
    if (table.empty()) {
        table = "my_table";
    }

    db::nop_large_data_handler large_data_handler;
    gms::feature_service feature_service(gms::feature_config_from_db_config(dbcfg));
    cache_tracker tracker;
    sstables::directory_semaphore dir_sem(1);
    abort_source abort;
    sstables::sstables_manager sst_man("tools::load_schema_from_sstable", large_data_handler, dbcfg, feature_service, tracker,
        memory::stats().total_memory(), dir_sem,
        [host_id = locator::host_id::create_random_id()] { return host_id; }, abort);
    auto close_sst_man = deferred_close(sst_man);

    schema_ptr bootstrap_schema = schema_builder(keyspace, table).with_column("pk", int32_type, column_kind::partition_key).build();

    const auto ed = sstables::parse_path(sstable_path, keyspace, table);
    const auto dir_path = sstable_path.parent_path();
    auto local = data_dictionary::make_local_options(dir_path);
    auto bootstrap_sst = sst_man.make_sstable(bootstrap_schema, local, ed.generation, sstables::sstable_state::normal, ed.version, ed.format);

    bootstrap_sst->load_metadata({}, false).get();

    const auto& serialization_header = bootstrap_sst->get_serialization_header();
    const auto& compression = bootstrap_sst->get_compression();

    auto builder = schema_builder(keyspace, table);

    const auto to_string_view = [] (bytes_view b) {
        return std::string_view(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(b.data()), b.size());
    };
    const auto parse_type = [&to_string_view] (bytes_view type_name) {
        return db::marshal::type_parser::parse(to_string_view(type_name));
    };

    // partition key
    {
        const auto pk_type_name = serialization_header.pk_type_name.value;

        const bytes composite_prefix = "org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.CompositeType(";

        if (pk_type_name.starts_with(composite_prefix)) {
            const auto composite_content = pk_type_name.substr(composite_prefix.size(), pk_type_name.size() - composite_prefix.size() - 1);

            db::marshal::type_parser parser(to_string_view(composite_content));
            unsigned i = 0;

            while (!parser.is_eos()) {
                builder.with_column(to_bytes(format("$pk{}", i++)), parser.parse(), column_kind::partition_key);
                parser.skip_blank_and_comma();
            }
        } else {
            builder.with_column("$pk", parse_type(pk_type_name), column_kind::partition_key);
        }
    }

    // clustering key
    {
        unsigned i = 0;
        for (const auto& type_name : serialization_header.clustering_key_types_names.elements) {
            builder.with_column(to_bytes(format("$ck{}", i++)), parse_type(type_name.value), column_kind::clustering_key);
        }
    }

    // static columns
    for (const auto& col_desc : serialization_header.static_columns.elements) {
        builder.with_column(col_desc.name.value, parse_type(col_desc.type_name.value), column_kind::static_column);
    }

    // regular columns
    for (const auto& col_desc : serialization_header.regular_columns.elements) {
        builder.with_column(col_desc.name.value, parse_type(col_desc.type_name.value), column_kind::regular_column);
    }

    // compression options
    builder.set_compressor_params(sstables::get_sstable_compressor(compression));

    return builder.build();
}

} // anonymous namespace

namespace tools {

future<std::vector<schema_ptr>> load_schemas(const db::config& dbcfg, std::string_view schema_str) {
    return async([&dbcfg, schema_str] () mutable {
        return do_load_schemas(dbcfg, schema_str);
    });
}

future<schema_ptr> load_one_schema_from_file(const db::config& dbcfg, std::filesystem::path path) {
    return async([&dbcfg, path] () mutable {
        auto schemas = do_load_schemas(dbcfg, read_file(path));
        if (schemas.size() == 1) {
            return std::move(schemas.front());
        } else if (schemas.size() == 2) {
            // We expect a base table at index 0 and a view/index on it at index 1
            if (!schemas[0]->is_view() && schemas[1]->is_view() && schemas[0]->id() == schemas[1]->view_info()->base_id()) {
                return std::move(schemas[1]);
            }
        }
        throw std::runtime_error(fmt::format(
                    "Schema file {} expected to contain exactly 1 schema or 2 schemas (base table and view), actually has {} non-related schemas",
                    path.native(),
                    schemas.size()));
    });
}

schema_ptr load_system_schema(const db::config& cfg, std::string_view keyspace, std::string_view table) {
    std::unordered_map<std::string_view, std::vector<schema_ptr>> schemas{
        {db::schema_tables::NAME, db::schema_tables::all_tables(db::schema_features::full())},
        {db::system_keyspace::NAME, db::system_keyspace::all_tables(cfg)},
        {db::system_distributed_keyspace::NAME, db::system_distributed_keyspace::all_distributed_tables()},
        {db::system_distributed_keyspace::NAME_EVERYWHERE, db::system_distributed_keyspace::all_everywhere_tables()},
    };
    auto ks_it = schemas.find(keyspace);
    if (ks_it == schemas.end()) {
        throw std::invalid_argument(fmt::format("unknown system keyspace: {}", keyspace));
    }
    auto tb_it = std::ranges::find_if(ks_it->second, [&] (const schema_ptr& s) {
        return s->cf_name() == table;
    });
    if (tb_it == ks_it->second.end()) {
        throw std::invalid_argument(fmt::format("unknown table {} in system keyspace: {}", table, keyspace));
    }
    return *tb_it;
}

future<schema_ptr> load_schema_from_schema_tables(const db::config& cfg, std::filesystem::path scylla_data_path, std::string_view keyspace, std::string_view table) {
    return async([=, &cfg] () mutable {
        return do_load_schema_from_schema_tables(cfg, scylla_data_path, keyspace, table);
    });
}

future<schema_ptr> load_schema_from_sstable(const db::config& cfg, std::filesystem::path sstable_path, std::string_view keyspace, std::string_view table) {
    return async([=, &cfg, sstable_path = std::move(sstable_path)] () mutable {
        return do_load_schema_from_sstable(cfg, std::move(sstable_path), sstring(keyspace), sstring(table));
    });
}

} // namespace tools