Introduces `replica::rate_limit_exception` - an exceptions that is
supposed to be thrown/returned on the replica side when the request is
rejected due to the exceeding the per-partition rate limit.
Additionally, introduces the `exception_variant` type which allows to
transport the new exception over RPC while preserving the type
information. This will be useful in later commits, as the coordinator
will have to know whether a replica has failed due to rate limit being
exceeded or another kind of error.
The `exception_variant` currently can only either hold "other exception"
(std::monostate) or the aforementioned `rate_limit_exception`, but can
be extended in a backwards-compatible way in the future to be able to
hold more exceptions that need to be handled in a different way.
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