diff --git a/state/errors.go b/state/errors.go
index 1c0b76ab4..afb5737d7 100644
--- a/state/errors.go
+++ b/state/errors.go
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ type (
 		Height int64
 	}
 
-	ErrNoResultsForHeight struct {
+	ErrNoABCIResponsesForHeight struct {
 		Height int64
 	}
 )
@@ -74,6 +74,6 @@ func (e ErrNoConsensusParamsForHeight) Error() string {
 	return cmn.Fmt("Could not find consensus params for height #%d", e.Height)
 }
 
-func (e ErrNoResultsForHeight) Error() string {
+func (e ErrNoABCIResponsesForHeight) Error() string {
 	return cmn.Fmt("Could not find results for height #%d", e.Height)
 }
diff --git a/state/execution.go b/state/execution.go
index 786cc36d2..024c3f469 100644
--- a/state/execution.go
+++ b/state/execution.go
@@ -52,25 +52,25 @@ func execBlockOnProxyApp(txEventPublisher types.TxEventPublisher, proxyAppConn p
 			// TODO: make use of res.Log
 			// TODO: make use of this info
 			// Blocks may include invalid txs.
-			// reqDeliverTx := req.(abci.RequestDeliverTx)
-			txResult := r.DeliverTx
-			if txResult.Code == abci.CodeTypeOK {
+			txRes := r.DeliverTx
+			if txRes.Code == abci.CodeTypeOK {
 				validTxs++
 			} else {
-				logger.Debug("Invalid tx", "code", txResult.Code, "log", txResult.Log)
+				logger.Debug("Invalid tx", "code", txRes.Code, "log", txRes.Log)
 				invalidTxs++
 			}
 
 			// NOTE: if we count we can access the tx from the block instead of
 			// pulling it from the req
+			tx := types.Tx(req.GetDeliverTx().Tx)
 			txEventPublisher.PublishEventTx(types.EventDataTx{types.TxResult{
 				Height: block.Height,
 				Index:  uint32(txIndex),
-				Tx:     types.Tx(req.GetDeliverTx().Tx),
-				Result: *txResult,
+				Tx:     tx,
+				Result: *txRes,
 			}})
 
-			abciResponses.DeliverTx[txIndex] = txResult
+			abciResponses.DeliverTx[txIndex] = txRes
 			txIndex++
 		}
 	}
@@ -84,6 +84,8 @@ func execBlockOnProxyApp(txEventPublisher types.TxEventPublisher, proxyAppConn p
 		}
 	}
 
+	// TODO: determine which validators were byzantine
+
 	// Begin block
 	_, err := proxyAppConn.BeginBlockSync(abci.RequestBeginBlock{
 		Hash:                block.Hash(),
@@ -322,7 +324,7 @@ func (s *State) ApplyBlock(txEventPublisher types.TxEventPublisher, proxyAppConn
 	fail.Fail() // XXX
 
 	// save the results before we commit
-	s.SaveABCIResponses(abciResponses)
+	s.SaveABCIResponses(block.Height, abciResponses)
 
 	fail.Fail() // XXX
 
diff --git a/state/state.go b/state/state.go
index be9c641c2..f0f92715e 100644
--- a/state/state.go
+++ b/state/state.go
@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@ import (
 
 // database keys
 var (
-	stateKey         = []byte("stateKey")
-	abciResponsesKey = []byte("abciResponsesKey")
+	stateKey = []byte("stateKey")
 )
 
 func calcValidatorsKey(height int64) []byte {
@@ -32,8 +31,8 @@ func calcConsensusParamsKey(height int64) []byte {
 	return []byte(cmn.Fmt("consensusParamsKey:%v", height))
 }
 
-func calcResultsKey(height int64) []byte {
-	return []byte(cmn.Fmt("resultsKey:%v", height))
+func calcABCIResponsesKey(height int64) []byte {
+	return []byte(cmn.Fmt("abciResponsesKey:%v", height))
 }
 
 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -75,10 +74,8 @@ type State struct {
 	LastConsensusParams              types.ConsensusParams
 	LastHeightConsensusParamsChanged int64
 
-	// Store LastABCIResults along with hash
-	LastResults        types.ABCIResults // TODO: remove??
-	LastResultHash     []byte            // this is the one for the next block to propose
-	LastLastResultHash []byte            // this verifies the last block?
+	// Merkle root of the results from executing prev block
+	LastResultHash []byte
 
 	// The latest AppHash we've received from calling abci.Commit()
 	AppHash []byte
@@ -154,7 +151,6 @@ func (s *State) Copy() *State {
 
 		AppHash: s.AppHash,
 
-		LastResults:    s.LastResults,
 		LastResultHash: s.LastResultHash,
 
 		logger: s.logger,
@@ -168,23 +164,23 @@ func (s *State) Save() {
 
 	s.saveValidatorsInfo()
 	s.saveConsensusParamsInfo()
-	s.saveResults()
 	s.db.SetSync(stateKey, s.Bytes())
 }
 
 // SaveABCIResponses persists the ABCIResponses to the database.
 // This is useful in case we crash after app.Commit and before s.Save().
-func (s *State) SaveABCIResponses(abciResponses *ABCIResponses) {
-	s.db.SetSync(abciResponsesKey, abciResponses.Bytes())
+// Responses are indexed by height so they can also be loaded later to produce Merkle proofs.
+func (s *State) SaveABCIResponses(height int64, abciResponses *ABCIResponses) {
+	s.db.SetSync(calcABCIResponsesKey(height), abciResponses.Bytes())
 }
 
-// LoadABCIResponses loads the ABCIResponses from the database.
+// LoadABCIResponses loads the ABCIResponses for the given height from the database.
 // This is useful for recovering from crashes where we called app.Commit and before we called
-// s.Save()
-func (s *State) LoadABCIResponses() *ABCIResponses {
-	buf := s.db.Get(abciResponsesKey)
+// s.Save(). It can also be used to produce Merkle proofs of the result of txs.
+func (s *State) LoadABCIResponses(height int64) (*ABCIResponses, error) {
+	buf := s.db.Get(calcABCIResponsesKey(height))
 	if len(buf) == 0 {
-		return nil
+		return nil, ErrNoABCIResponsesForHeight{height}
 	}
 
 	abciResponses := new(ABCIResponses)
@@ -197,7 +193,7 @@ func (s *State) LoadABCIResponses() *ABCIResponses {
 	}
 	// TODO: ensure that buf is completely read.
 
-	return abciResponses
+	return abciResponses, nil
 }
 
 // LoadValidators loads the ValidatorSet for a given height.
@@ -308,39 +304,6 @@ func (s *State) saveConsensusParamsInfo() {
 	s.db.SetSync(calcConsensusParamsKey(nextHeight), paramsInfo.Bytes())
 }
 
-// LoadResults loads the types.ABCIResults for a given height.
-func (s *State) LoadResults(height int64) (types.ABCIResults, error) {
-	resInfo := s.loadResults(height)
-	if resInfo == nil {
-		return nil, ErrNoResultsForHeight{height}
-	}
-	return resInfo, nil
-}
-
-func (s *State) loadResults(height int64) types.ABCIResults {
-	buf := s.db.Get(calcResultsKey(height))
-	if len(buf) == 0 {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	v := new(types.ABCIResults)
-	err := wire.ReadBinaryBytes(buf, v)
-	if err != nil {
-		// DATA HAS BEEN CORRUPTED OR THE SPEC HAS CHANGED
-		cmn.Exit(cmn.Fmt(`LoadResults: Data has been corrupted or its spec has changed:
-                %v\n`, err))
-	}
-	return *v
-}
-
-// saveResults persists the results for the last block to disk.
-// It should be called from s.Save(), right before the state itself is persisted.
-func (s *State) saveResults() {
-	nextHeight := s.LastBlockHeight + 1
-	results := s.LastResults
-	s.db.SetSync(calcResultsKey(nextHeight), results.Bytes())
-}
-
 // Equals returns true if the States are identical.
 func (s *State) Equals(s2 *State) bool {
 	return bytes.Equal(s.Bytes(), s2.Bytes())
@@ -393,7 +356,7 @@ func (s *State) SetBlockAndValidators(header *types.Header, blockPartsHeader typ
 		header.Time,
 		nextValSet,
 		nextParams,
-		types.NewResults(abciResponses.DeliverTx))
+		abciResponses.ResultsHash())
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -401,7 +364,7 @@ func (s *State) setBlockAndValidators(height int64,
 	newTxs int64, blockID types.BlockID, blockTime time.Time,
 	valSet *types.ValidatorSet,
 	params types.ConsensusParams,
-	results types.ABCIResults) {
+	resultsHash []byte) {
 
 	s.LastBlockHeight = height
 	s.LastBlockTotalTx += newTxs
@@ -414,8 +377,7 @@ func (s *State) setBlockAndValidators(height int64,
 	s.LastConsensusParams = s.ConsensusParams
 	s.ConsensusParams = params
 
-	s.LastResults = results
-	s.LastResultHash = results.Hash()
+	s.LastResultHash = resultsHash
 }
 
 // GetValidators returns the last and current validator sets.
@@ -425,23 +387,18 @@ func (s *State) GetValidators() (last *types.ValidatorSet, current *types.Valida
 
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-// ABCIResponses retains the responses of the various ABCI calls during block processing.
+// ABCIResponses retains the deterministic components of the responses
+// of the various ABCI calls during block processing.
 // It is persisted to disk before calling Commit.
 type ABCIResponses struct {
-	Height int64
-
 	DeliverTx []*abci.ResponseDeliverTx
 	EndBlock  *abci.ResponseEndBlock
-
-	txs types.Txs // reference for indexing results by hash
 }
 
 // NewABCIResponses returns a new ABCIResponses
 func NewABCIResponses(block *types.Block) *ABCIResponses {
 	return &ABCIResponses{
-		Height:    block.Height,
 		DeliverTx: make([]*abci.ResponseDeliverTx, block.NumTxs),
-		txs:       block.Data.Txs,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -450,6 +407,11 @@ func (a *ABCIResponses) Bytes() []byte {
 	return wire.BinaryBytes(*a)
 }
 
+func (a *ABCIResponses) ResultsHash() []byte {
+	results := types.NewResults(a.DeliverTx)
+	return results.Hash()
+}
+
 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 // ValidatorsInfo represents the latest validator set, or the last height it changed
diff --git a/state/state_test.go b/state/state_test.go
index df4a2e1c6..bcd2ba119 100644
--- a/state/state_test.go
+++ b/state/state_test.go
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ func TestStateSaveLoad(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 // TestABCIResponsesSaveLoad tests saving and loading ABCIResponses.
-func TestABCIResponsesSaveLoad(t *testing.T) {
+func TestABCIResponsesSaveLoad1(t *testing.T) {
 	tearDown, _, state := setupTestCase(t)
 	defer tearDown(t)
 	// nolint: vetshadow
@@ -87,15 +87,84 @@ func TestABCIResponsesSaveLoad(t *testing.T) {
 			Power:  10,
 		},
 	}}
-	abciResponses.txs = nil
 
-	state.SaveABCIResponses(abciResponses)
-	loadedAbciResponses := state.LoadABCIResponses()
+	state.SaveABCIResponses(block.Height, abciResponses)
+	loadedAbciResponses, err := state.LoadABCIResponses(block.Height)
+	assert.Nil(err)
 	assert.Equal(abciResponses, loadedAbciResponses,
 		cmn.Fmt(`ABCIResponses don't match: Got %v, Expected %v`, loadedAbciResponses,
 			abciResponses))
 }
 
+// TestResultsSaveLoad tests saving and loading abci results.
+func TestABCIResponsesSaveLoad2(t *testing.T) {
+	tearDown, _, state := setupTestCase(t)
+	defer tearDown(t)
+	// nolint: vetshadow
+	assert := assert.New(t)
+
+	cases := [...]struct {
+		// height is implied index+2
+		// as block 1 is created from genesis
+		added    []*abci.ResponseDeliverTx
+		expected types.ABCIResults
+	}{
+		0: {
+			[]*abci.ResponseDeliverTx{},
+			types.ABCIResults{},
+		},
+		1: {
+			[]*abci.ResponseDeliverTx{
+				{Code: 32, Data: []byte("Hello"), Log: "Huh?"},
+			},
+			types.ABCIResults{
+				{32, []byte("Hello")},
+			}},
+		2: {
+			[]*abci.ResponseDeliverTx{
+				{Code: 383},
+				{Data: []byte("Gotcha!"),
+					Tags: []*abci.KVPair{
+						abci.KVPairInt("a", 1),
+						abci.KVPairString("build", "stuff"),
+					}},
+			},
+			types.ABCIResults{
+				{383, []byte{}},
+				{0, []byte("Gotcha!")},
+			}},
+		3: {
+			nil,
+			types.ABCIResults{},
+		},
+	}
+
+	// query all before, should return error
+	for i := range cases {
+		h := int64(i + 1)
+		res, err := state.LoadABCIResponses(h)
+		assert.Error(err, "%d: %#v", i, res)
+	}
+
+	// add all cases
+	for i, tc := range cases {
+		h := int64(i + 1) // last block height, one below what we save
+		responses := &ABCIResponses{
+			DeliverTx: tc.added,
+			EndBlock:  &abci.ResponseEndBlock{},
+		}
+		state.SaveABCIResponses(h, responses)
+	}
+
+	// query all before, should return expected value
+	for i, tc := range cases {
+		h := int64(i + 1)
+		res, err := state.LoadABCIResponses(h)
+		assert.NoError(err, "%d", i)
+		assert.Equal(tc.expected.Hash(), res.ResultsHash(), "%d", i)
+	}
+}
+
 // TestValidatorSimpleSaveLoad tests saving and loading validators.
 func TestValidatorSimpleSaveLoad(t *testing.T) {
 	tearDown, _, state := setupTestCase(t)
@@ -279,73 +348,6 @@ func TestConsensusParamsChangesSaveLoad(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// TestResultsSaveLoad tests saving and loading abci results.
-func TestResultsSaveLoad(t *testing.T) {
-	tearDown, _, state := setupTestCase(t)
-	defer tearDown(t)
-	// nolint: vetshadow
-	assert := assert.New(t)
-
-	cases := [...]struct {
-		// height is implied index+2
-		// as block 1 is created from genesis
-		added    []*abci.ResponseDeliverTx
-		expected types.ABCIResults
-	}{
-		0: {
-			[]*abci.ResponseDeliverTx{},
-			types.ABCIResults{},
-		},
-		1: {
-			[]*abci.ResponseDeliverTx{
-				{Code: 32, Data: []byte("Hello"), Log: "Huh?"},
-			},
-			types.ABCIResults{
-				{32, []byte("Hello")},
-			}},
-		2: {
-			[]*abci.ResponseDeliverTx{
-				{Code: 383},
-				{Data: []byte("Gotcha!"),
-					Tags: []*abci.KVPair{
-						abci.KVPairInt("a", 1),
-						abci.KVPairString("build", "stuff"),
-					}},
-			},
-			types.ABCIResults{
-				{383, []byte{}},
-				{0, []byte("Gotcha!")},
-			}},
-		3: {
-			nil,
-			types.ABCIResults{},
-		},
-	}
-
-	// query all before, should return error
-	for i := range cases {
-		h := int64(i + 2)
-		res, err := state.LoadResults(h)
-		assert.Error(err, "%d: %#v", i, res)
-	}
-
-	// add all cases
-	for i, tc := range cases {
-		h := int64(i + 1) // last block height, one below what we save
-		header, parts, responses := makeHeaderPartsResults(state, h, tc.added)
-		state.SetBlockAndValidators(header, parts, responses)
-		state.Save()
-	}
-
-	// query all before, should return expected value
-	for i, tc := range cases {
-		h := int64(i + 2)
-		res, err := state.LoadResults(h)
-		assert.NoError(err, "%d", i)
-		assert.Equal(tc.expected, res, "%d", i)
-	}
-}
-
 func makeParams(blockBytes, blockTx, blockGas, txBytes,
 	txGas, partSize int) types.ConsensusParams {
 
@@ -488,7 +490,6 @@ func makeHeaderPartsResponsesValPubKeyChange(state *State, height int64,
 
 	block := makeBlock(state, height)
 	abciResponses := &ABCIResponses{
-		Height:   height,
 		EndBlock: &abci.ResponseEndBlock{ValidatorUpdates: []*abci.Validator{}},
 	}
 
@@ -533,7 +534,6 @@ func makeHeaderPartsResponsesParams(state *State, height int64,
 
 	block := makeBlock(state, height)
 	abciResponses := &ABCIResponses{
-		Height:   height,
 		EndBlock: &abci.ResponseEndBlock{ConsensusParamUpdates: types.TM2PB.ConsensusParams(&params)},
 	}
 	return block.Header, types.PartSetHeader{}, abciResponses
@@ -549,7 +549,6 @@ func makeHeaderPartsResults(state *State, height int64,
 
 	block := makeBlock(state, height)
 	abciResponses := &ABCIResponses{
-		Height:    height,
 		DeliverTx: results,
 		EndBlock:  &abci.ResponseEndBlock{},
 	}
diff --git a/types/block.go b/types/block.go
index ee0f54ea9..f0ae57c3b 100644
--- a/types/block.go
+++ b/types/block.go
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ type Header struct {
 	LastCommitHash data.Bytes `json:"last_commit_hash"` // commit from validators from the last block
 	DataHash       data.Bytes `json:"data_hash"`        // transactions
 
-	// hashes from the app
+	// hashes from the app output from the prev block
 	ValidatorsHash data.Bytes `json:"validators_hash"` // validators for the current block
 	ConsensusHash  data.Bytes `json:"consensus_hash"`  // consensus params for current block
 	AppHash        data.Bytes `json:"app_hash"`        // state after txs from the previous block
diff --git a/types/results.go b/types/results.go
index 208e26b39..264234515 100644
--- a/types/results.go
+++ b/types/results.go
@@ -13,14 +13,13 @@ import (
 
 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-// ABCIResult is just the essential info to prove
-// success/failure of a DeliverTx
+// ABCIResult is the deterministic component of a ResponseDeliverTx.
 type ABCIResult struct {
 	Code uint32     `json:"code"`
 	Data data.Bytes `json:"data"`
 }
 
-// Hash creates a canonical json hash of the ABCIResult
+// Hash returns the canonical json hash of the ABCIResult
 func (a ABCIResult) Hash() []byte {
 	// stupid canonical json output, easy to check in any language
 	bs := fmt.Sprintf(`{"code":%d,"data":"%s"}`, a.Code, a.Data)
@@ -36,14 +35,18 @@ type ABCIResults []ABCIResult
 func NewResults(del []*abci.ResponseDeliverTx) ABCIResults {
 	res := make(ABCIResults, len(del))
 	for i, d := range del {
-		res[i] = ABCIResult{
-			Code: d.Code,
-			Data: d.Data,
-		}
+		res[i] = NewResultFromResponse(d)
 	}
 	return res
 }
 
+func NewResultFromResponse(response *abci.ResponseDeliverTx) ABCIResult {
+	return ABCIResult{
+		Code: response.Code,
+		Data: response.Data,
+	}
+}
+
 // Bytes serializes the ABCIResponse using go-wire
 func (a ABCIResults) Bytes() []byte {
 	return wire.BinaryBytes(a)