diff --git a/tests/commands/create_bucket.sh b/tests/commands/create_bucket.sh
index 99c173c..f191b26 100644
--- a/tests/commands/create_bucket.sh
+++ b/tests/commands/create_bucket.sh
@@ -85,5 +85,8 @@ create_bucket_object_lock_enabled() {
     log 2 "error creating bucket: $error"
     return 1
   fi
+  if [ "$DIRECT" == "true" ]; then
+    sleep 15
+  fi
   return 0
 }
diff --git a/tests/commands/get_object_legal_hold.sh b/tests/commands/get_object_legal_hold.sh
index 269a9ff..edef8e3 100644
--- a/tests/commands/get_object_legal_hold.sh
+++ b/tests/commands/get_object_legal_hold.sh
@@ -42,4 +42,18 @@ get_object_legal_hold_rest() {
     return 1
   fi
   return 0
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
+
+get_object_legal_hold_version_id() {
+  if [[ $# -ne 3 ]]; then
+    log 2 "'get_object_legal_hold_version_id' command requires bucket, key, version id"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  record_command "get-object-legal-hold" "client:s3api"
+  if ! legal_hold=$(send_command aws --no-verify-ssl s3api get-object-legal-hold --bucket "$1" --key "$2" --version-id "$3" 2>&1); then
+    log 2 "error getting object legal hold w/version id: $legal_hold"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  echo "$legal_hold"
+  return 0
+}
diff --git a/tests/commands/put_object_legal_hold.sh b/tests/commands/put_object_legal_hold.sh
index 8a65fd6..0c9f253 100644
--- a/tests/commands/put_object_legal_hold.sh
+++ b/tests/commands/put_object_legal_hold.sh
@@ -20,11 +20,23 @@ put_object_legal_hold() {
     log 2 "'put object legal hold' command requires bucket, key, hold status ('ON' or 'OFF')"
     return 1
   fi
-  local error=""
-  error=$(send_command aws --no-verify-ssl s3api put-object-legal-hold --bucket "$1" --key "$2" --legal-hold "{\"Status\": \"$3\"}" 2>&1) || local put_hold_result=$?
-  if [[ $put_hold_result -ne 0 ]]; then
+  if ! error=$(send_command aws --no-verify-ssl s3api put-object-legal-hold --bucket "$1" --key "$2" --legal-hold "{\"Status\": \"$3\"}" 2>&1); then
     log 2 "error putting object legal hold: $error"
     return 1
   fi
   return 0
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
+
+put_object_legal_hold_version_id() {
+  record_command "put-object-legal-hold" "client:s3api"
+  if [[ $# -ne 4 ]]; then
+    log 2 "'put_object_legal_hold_version_id' command requires bucket, key, version ID, hold status ('ON' or 'OFF')"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  local error=""
+  if ! error=$(send_command aws --no-verify-ssl s3api put-object-legal-hold --bucket "$1" --key "$2" --version-id "$3" --legal-hold "{\"Status\": \"$4\"}" 2>&1); then
+    log 2 "error putting object legal hold w/version ID: $error"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  return 0
+}
diff --git a/tests/rest_scripts/calculate_checksum.py b/tests/rest_scripts/calculate_checksum.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dcf3254
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/rest_scripts/calculate_checksum.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import sys
+from awscrt import checksums
+
+def get_call(checksum_type):
+    if checksum_type == "crc32c":
+        return checksums.crc32c
+    elif checksum_type == "crc64nvme":
+        return checksums.crc64nvme
+    sys.stderr.write("unrecognized checksum type " + checksum_type)
+    sys.exit(1)
+
+def main():
+    if len(sys.argv) != 3:
+        sys.stderr.write('Checksum type, data file path required')
+        sys.exit(1)
+    with open(sys.argv[2], 'rb') as f:
+        function = get_call(sys.argv[1])
+        print(function(f.read()))
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/tests/rest_scripts/calculate_checksum.sh b/tests/rest_scripts/calculate_checksum.sh
index 6409c9c..a846585 100755
--- a/tests/rest_scripts/calculate_checksum.sh
+++ b/tests/rest_scripts/calculate_checksum.sh
@@ -16,29 +16,59 @@
 
 source ./tests/rest_scripts/rest.sh
 
-if ! DEACTIVATE=false source ./tests/rest_scripts/init_python_env.sh; then
-  log_rest 2 "error initializing python environment"
-  exit 1
-fi
-if ! checksum_decimal=$(python3 -c "
-import sys
-from awscrt import checksums
+calculate_checksum_python() {
+  if [ "$#" -ne 2 ]; then
+    log 2 "'calculate_checksum_python' requires checksum type, data file"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! DEACTIVATE=false source ./tests/rest_scripts/init_python_env.sh; then
+    log_rest 2 "error initializing python environment"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! checksum_decimal=$(python3 ./tests/rest_scripts/calculate_checksum.py "$1" "$2" 2>&1); then
+    log_rest 2 "error calculating checksum: $checksum_decimal"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  log 5 "decimal checksum: $checksum_decimal"
+  if ! deactivate 1>/dev/null; then
+    log_rest 2 "error deactivating virtual environment"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if [ "$CHECKSUM_TYPE" == "crc64nvme" ]; then
+    hex_format="%016x"
+  else
+    hex_format="%08x"
+  fi
+  # shellcheck disable=SC2059
+  checksum=$(printf "$hex_format" "$checksum_decimal" | xxd -r -p | base64)
+  echo "$checksum"
+}
 
-with open(sys.argv[1], 'rb') as f:
-  print(checksums.${CHECKSUM_TYPE}(f.read()))" "$DATA_FILE" 2>&1); then
-  log_rest 2 "error calculating checksum: $checksum_decimal"
+case "$CHECKSUM_TYPE" in
+"crc32c")
+  if ! checksum=$(calculate_checksum_python "crc32c" "$DATA_FILE" 2>&1); then
+    log_rest 2 "error getting checksum: $checksum"
+    exit 1
+  fi
+  ;;
+"crc64nvme")
+  if ! checksum=$(calculate_checksum_python "crc64nvme" "$DATA_FILE" 2>&1); then
+    log 2 "error calculating checksum: $checksum"
+    exit 1
+  fi
+  ;;
+"sha256")
+  checksum="$(sha256sum "$DATA_FILE" | awk '{print $1}' | xxd -r -p | base64)"
+  ;;
+"sha1")
+  checksum="$(sha1sum "$DATA_FILE" | awk '{print $1}' | xxd -r -p | base64)"
+  ;;
+"crc32")
+  checksum="$(gzip -c -1 "$DATA_FILE" | tail -c8 | od -t x4 -N 4 -A n | awk '{print $1}' | xxd -r -p | base64)"
+  ;;
+*)
+  log_rest 2 "invalid checksum type: '$CHECKSUM_TYPE'"
   exit 1
-fi
-log 5 "decimal checksum: $checksum_decimal"
-if ! deactivate 1>/dev/null; then
-  log_rest 2 "error deactivating virtual environment"
-  exit 1
-fi
-if [ "$CHECKSUM_TYPE" == "crc64nvme" ]; then
-  hex_format="%016x"
-else
-  hex_format="%08x"
-fi
-# shellcheck disable=SC2059
-checksum_hash=$(printf "$hex_format" "$checksum_decimal" | xxd -r -p | base64)
-echo "$checksum_hash"
\ No newline at end of file
+  ;;
+esac
+echo "$checksum"
diff --git a/tests/rest_scripts/put_object.sh b/tests/rest_scripts/put_object.sh
index 43b91a2..cd14a0c 100755
--- a/tests/rest_scripts/put_object.sh
+++ b/tests/rest_scripts/put_object.sh
@@ -49,35 +49,12 @@ if [ -n "$expires" ]; then
   cr_data+=("expires:$expires")
 fi
 cr_data+=("host:$host")
-if [ "$checksum_type" == "sha256" ]; then
-  if [ -z "$checksum_hash" ]; then
-    checksum_hash="$(sha256sum "$data_file" | awk '{print $1}' | xxd -r -p | base64)"
-  fi
-  cr_data+=("x-amz-checksum-sha256:$checksum_hash")
-elif [ "$checksum_type" == "sha1" ]; then
-  if [ -z "$checksum_hash" ]; then
-    checksum_hash="$(sha1sum "$data_file" | awk '{print $1}' | xxd -r -p | base64)"
-  fi
-  cr_data+=("x-amz-checksum-sha1:$checksum_hash")
-elif [ "$checksum_type" == "crc32" ]; then
-  if [ -z "$checksum_hash" ]; then
-    checksum_hash="$(gzip -c -1 "$data_file" | tail -c8 | od -t x4 -N 4 -A n | awk '{print $1}' | xxd -r -p | base64)"
-  fi
-  cr_data+=("x-amz-checksum-crc32:$checksum_hash")
-elif [ "$checksum_type" == "crc64nvme" ]; then
-  if [ -z "$checksum_hash" ] && ! checksum_hash=$(DATA_FILE="$data_file" TEST_FILE_FOLDER="$TEST_FILE_FOLDER" CHECKSUM_TYPE="crc64nvme" ./tests/rest_scripts/calculate_checksum.sh 2>&1); then
-    log_rest 2 "error calculating crc64nvme checksum: $checksum_hash"
+if [ "$checksum_type" != "" ]; then
+  if [ "$checksum_hash" == "" ] && ! checksum_hash=$(DATA_FILE="$data_file" CHECKSUM_TYPE="$checksum_type" ./tests/rest_scripts/calculate_checksum.sh 2>&1); then
+    log_rest 2 "error calculating checksum hash"
     exit 1
   fi
-  cr_data+=("x-amz-checksum-crc64nvme:$checksum_hash")
-elif [ "$checksum_type" == "crc32c" ]; then
-  if [ -z "$checksum_hash" ] && ! checksum_hash=$(DATA_FILE="$data_file" TEST_FILE_FOLDER="$TEST_FILE_FOLDER" CHECKSUM_TYPE="crc32c" ./tests/rest_scripts/calculate_checksum.sh 2>&1); then
-    log_rest 2 "error calculating crc32c checksum: $checksum_hash"
-    exit 1
-  fi
-  cr_data+=("x-amz-checksum-crc32c:$checksum_hash")
-elif [ "$checksum_type" != "" ]; then
-  cr_data+=("x-amz-checksum-$checksum_type:$checksum_hash")
+  cr_data+=("x-amz-checksum-${checksum_type}:$checksum_hash")
 fi
 cr_data+=("x-amz-content-sha256:$payload_hash" "x-amz-date:$current_date_time")
 build_canonical_request "${cr_data[@]}"
diff --git a/tests/rest_scripts/put_object_legal_hold.sh b/tests/rest_scripts/put_object_legal_hold.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..1886243
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/rest_scripts/put_object_legal_hold.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+# Copyright 2024 Versity Software
+# This file is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+# (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http:#www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+source ./tests/rest_scripts/rest.sh
+
+# Fields
+
+# shellcheck disable=SC2153
+bucket_name="$BUCKET_NAME"
+# shellcheck disable=SC2153
+key="$OBJECT_KEY"
+# shellcheck disable=SC2153
+status="$STATUS"
+# shellcheck disable=SC2153
+omit_payload="${OMIT_PAYLOAD:=false}"
+
+if [ "$omit_payload" == "false" ]; then
+  payload="<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>
+<LegalHold xmlns=\"http://s3.amazonaws.com/doc/2006-03-01/\">
+   <Status>$status</Status>
+</LegalHold>"
+fi
+
+payload_hash="$(echo -n "$payload" | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}')"
+content_md5=$(echo -n "$payload" | openssl dgst -binary -md5 | openssl base64)
+current_date_time=$(date -u +"%Y%m%dT%H%M%SZ")
+
+canonical_request="PUT
+/$bucket_name/$key
+legal-hold=
+content-md5:$content_md5
+host:$host
+x-amz-content-sha256:$payload_hash
+x-amz-date:$current_date_time
+
+content-md5;host;x-amz-content-sha256;x-amz-date
+$payload_hash"
+
+# shellcheck disable=SC2119
+create_canonical_hash_sts_and_signature
+
+curl_command+=(curl -ks -w "\"%{http_code}\"" -X PUT "$AWS_ENDPOINT_URL/$bucket_name/$key?legal-hold="
+-H "\"Authorization: AWS4-HMAC-SHA256 Credential=$aws_access_key_id/$year_month_day/$aws_region/s3/aws4_request,SignedHeaders=content-md5;host;x-amz-content-sha256;x-amz-date,Signature=$signature\""
+-H "\"Content-MD5: $content_md5\""
+-H "\"x-amz-content-sha256: $payload_hash\""
+-H "\"x-amz-date: $current_date_time\"")
+if [ "$omit_payload" == "false" ]; then
+  curl_command+=(-d "\"${payload//\"/\\\"}\"")
+fi
+curl_command+=(-o "$OUTPUT_FILE")
+# shellcheck disable=SC2154
+eval "${curl_command[*]}" 2>&1
diff --git a/tests/rest_scripts/put_object_openssl_chunked_example.sh b/tests/rest_scripts/put_object_openssl_chunked_example.sh
index e3da71c..d21880d 100755
--- a/tests/rest_scripts/put_object_openssl_chunked_example.sh
+++ b/tests/rest_scripts/put_object_openssl_chunked_example.sh
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ load_parameters() {
   test_mode=${TEST_MODE:=true}
   # shellcheck disable=SC2034
   command_file="${COMMAND_FILE:=command.txt}"
+  no_content_length="${NO_CONTENT_LENGTH:=false}"
 
   readonly signature_no_data="e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855"
 
@@ -163,8 +164,15 @@ content-length:$content_length
 host:$host
 x-amz-content-sha256:STREAMING-AWS4-HMAC-SHA256-PAYLOAD
 x-amz-date:$current_date_time
-x-amz-decoded-content-length:$file_size
-x-amz-storage-class:REDUCED_REDUNDANCY
+"
+if [ "$no_content_length" == "false" ]; then
+  canonical_request+="x-amz-decoded-content-length:$file_size
+"
+else
+  canonical_request+="x-amz-decoded-content-length:
+"
+fi
+canonical_request+="x-amz-storage-class:REDUCED_REDUNDANCY
 
 content-encoding;content-length;host;x-amz-content-sha256;x-amz-date;x-amz-decoded-content-length;x-amz-storage-class
 STREAMING-AWS4-HMAC-SHA256-PAYLOAD"
@@ -322,8 +330,12 @@ x-amz-storage-class: REDUCED_REDUNDANCY\r
 Authorization: AWS4-HMAC-SHA256 Credential=$aws_access_key_id/$year_month_day/$aws_region/s3/aws4_request,SignedHeaders=content-encoding;content-length;host;x-amz-content-sha256;x-amz-date;x-amz-decoded-content-length;x-amz-storage-class,Signature=$first_signature\r
 x-amz-content-sha256: STREAMING-AWS4-HMAC-SHA256-PAYLOAD\r
 Content-Encoding: aws-chunked\r
-x-amz-decoded-content-length: $file_size\r
-Content-Length: $content_length\r
+"
+if [ "$no_content_length" == "false" ]; then
+  command+="x-amz-decoded-content-length: $file_size\r
+"
+fi
+command+="Content-Length: $content_length\r
 \r\n"
 
 if [ "$test_mode" == "true" ] && [ "$command" != "$expected_command" ]; then
diff --git a/tests/rest_scripts/put_object_openssl_chunked_trailer_example.sh b/tests/rest_scripts/put_object_openssl_chunked_trailer_example.sh
index 444c07d..dec3455 100755
--- a/tests/rest_scripts/put_object_openssl_chunked_trailer_example.sh
+++ b/tests/rest_scripts/put_object_openssl_chunked_trailer_example.sh
@@ -53,13 +53,15 @@ load_parameters() {
     final_signature="$FINAL_SIGNATURE"
     # shellcheck disable=SC2153
     trailer="$TRAILER"
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2153
+    checksum="$CHECKSUM"
   fi
 
   readonly initial_sts_data="AWS4-HMAC-SHA256-PAYLOAD
 $current_date_time
 $year_month_day/$aws_region/s3/aws4_request"
 
-  readonly initial_trailer_sts_data="AWS4-HMAC-SHA256-TRAILER
+  readonly trailer_sts_data="AWS4-HMAC-SHA256-TRAILER
 $current_date_time
 $year_month_day/$aws_region/s3/aws4_request"
 
@@ -95,7 +97,7 @@ e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855
 e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855
 e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855"
 
-  readonly expected_sts_chunk_final="AWS4-HMAC-SHA256-PAYLOAD
+  readonly expected_sts_chunk_final="AWS4-HMAC-SHA256-TRAILER
 20130524T000000Z
 20130524/us-east-1/s3/aws4_request
 2ca2aba2005185cf7159c6277faf83795951dd77a3a99e6e65d5c9f85863f992
@@ -124,7 +126,7 @@ x-amz-content-sha256: STREAMING-AWS4-HMAC-SHA256-PAYLOAD-TRAILER\r
 Content-Encoding: aws-chunked\r
 x-amz-decoded-content-length: 66560\r
 x-amz-trailer: x-amz-checksum-crc32c\r
-Content-Length: 66824\r
+Content-Length: 66946\r
 \r\n"
 }
 
@@ -141,42 +143,26 @@ get_file_size_and_content_length() {
   get_chunk_sizes
   log_rest 5 "signature string length: ${#signature_string}"
   content_length=$((length+file_size+${#signature_string}+92))
-  if [ "$test_mode" == "true" ] && [ "$content_length" != 66824 ]; then
+  if [ "$test_mode" == "true" ] && [ "$content_length" != 66946 ]; then
     log_rest 2 "content length mismatch ($content_length)"
     return 1
   fi
 }
 
 calculate_checksum() {
-  case "$TRAILER" in
-  "x-amz-checksum-crc32c")
-    if ! checksum=$(DATA_FILE=$data_file TEST_FILE_FOLDER="$TEST_FILE_FOLDER" CHECKSUM_TYPE="crc32c" ./tests/rest_scripts/calculate_checksum.sh 2>&1); then
+  checksum_type="${trailer/x-amz-checksum-/}"
+  log_rest 5 "checksum type: $checksum_type"
+  if [ "$CHECKSUM" == "" ]; then
+    if ! checksum=$(DATA_FILE="$data_file" CHECKSUM_TYPE="$checksum_type" ./tests/rest_scripts/calculate_checksum.sh 2>&1); then
       log_rest 2 "error getting checksum: $checksum"
       return 1
     fi
-    ;;
-  "x-amz-checksum-crc64nvme")
-    if ! checksum=$(DATA_FILE="$data_file" TEST_FILE_FOLDER="$TEST_FILE_FOLDER" CHECKSUM_TYPE="crc64nvme" ./tests/rest_scripts/calculate_checksum.sh 2>&1); then
-      log 2 "error calculating checksum: $checksum"
-      return 1
-    fi
-    ;;
-  "x-amz-checksum-sha256")
-    checksum="$(sha256sum "$data_file" | awk '{print $1}' | xxd -r -p | base64)"
-    ;;
-  "x-amz-checksum-sha1")
-    checksum="$(sha1sum "$data_file" | awk '{print $1}' | xxd -r -p | base64)"
-    ;;
-  "x-amz-checksum-crc32")
-    checksum="$(gzip -c -1 "$data_file" | tail -c8 | od -t x4 -N 4 -A n | awk '{print $1}' | xxd -r -p | base64)"
-    ;;
-  *)
-    log_rest 2 "invalid trailer type: '$TRAILER'"
-    return 1
-    ;;
-  esac
-  signature_string="$TRAILER:$checksum"
+  else
+    checksum="$CHECKSUM"
+  fi
+  signature_string="$trailer:$checksum"
   trailer_payload_hash="$(echo "$signature_string" | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}')"
+  return 0
 }
 
 get_chunk_sizes() {
@@ -317,7 +303,7 @@ build_chunk() {
 
 build_trailer() {
   log_rest 5 "payload hash: $payload_hash"
-  final_sts_data="$initial_trailer_sts_data
+  final_sts_data="$trailer_sts_data
 $signature
 $trailer_payload_hash"
   log_rest 5 "$final_sts_data"
@@ -422,7 +408,7 @@ load_parameters
 
 if ! calculate_checksum; then
   log_rest 2 "error calculating trailer checksum"
-  return 1
+  exit 1
 fi
 if ! get_file_size_and_content_length; then
   log_rest 2 "error getting file size and content length"
diff --git a/tests/rest_scripts/put_object_retention.sh b/tests/rest_scripts/put_object_retention.sh
index 6cf092d..8b55023 100755
--- a/tests/rest_scripts/put_object_retention.sh
+++ b/tests/rest_scripts/put_object_retention.sh
@@ -26,12 +26,16 @@ key="$OBJECT_KEY"
 mode="$RETENTION_MODE"
 # shellcheck disable=SC2153
 retain_until_date="$RETAIN_UNTIL_DATE"
+# shellcheck disable=SC2153
+omit_payload="${OMIT_PAYLOAD:=false}"
 
-payload="<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>
-<Retention xmlns=\"http://s3.amazonaws.com/doc/2006-03-01/\">
-  <Mode>$mode</Mode>
-  <RetainUntilDate>$retain_until_date</RetainUntilDate>
-</Retention>"
+if [ "$omit_payload" == "false" ]; then
+  payload="<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>
+  <Retention xmlns=\"http://s3.amazonaws.com/doc/2006-03-01/\">
+    <Mode>$mode</Mode>
+    <RetainUntilDate>$retain_until_date</RetainUntilDate>
+  </Retention>"
+fi
 
 payload_hash="$(echo -n "$payload" | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}')"
 content_md5=$(echo -n "$payload" | openssl dgst -binary -md5 | openssl base64)
@@ -55,8 +59,10 @@ curl_command+=(curl -ks -w "\"%{http_code}\"" -X PUT "$AWS_ENDPOINT_URL/$bucket_
 -H "\"Authorization: AWS4-HMAC-SHA256 Credential=$aws_access_key_id/$year_month_day/$aws_region/s3/aws4_request,SignedHeaders=content-md5;host;x-amz-content-sha256;x-amz-date,Signature=$signature\""
 -H "\"Content-MD5: $content_md5\""
 -H "\"x-amz-content-sha256: $payload_hash\""
--H "\"x-amz-date: $current_date_time\""
--d "\"${payload//\"/\\\"}\""
--o "$OUTPUT_FILE")
+-H "\"x-amz-date: $current_date_time\"")
+if [ "$omit_payload" == "false" ]; then
+  curl_command+=(-d "\"${payload//\"/\\\"}\"")
+fi
+curl_command+=(-o "$OUTPUT_FILE")
 # shellcheck disable=SC2154
 eval "${curl_command[*]}" 2>&1
diff --git a/tests/run.sh b/tests/run.sh
index 5657193..81c5001 100755
--- a/tests/run.sh
+++ b/tests/run.sh
@@ -151,6 +151,8 @@ run_suite() {
         exit_code=1
       elif ! "$HOME"/bin/bats ./tests/test_rest_versioning.sh; then
         exit_code=1
+      elif ! "$HOME"/bin/bats ./tests/test_rest_bucket.sh; then
+        exit_code=1
       fi
       ;;
     s3api-user)
diff --git a/tests/test_rest.sh b/tests/test_rest.sh
index 32a0fa6..0e97f29 100755
--- a/tests/test_rest.sh
+++ b/tests/test_rest.sh
@@ -66,14 +66,6 @@ test_file="test_file"
   assert_success
 }
 
-@test "test_rest_list_buckets" {
-  run setup_bucket "s3api" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
-  assert_success
-
-  run list_check_buckets_rest
-  assert_success
-}
-
 @test "test_rest_delete_object" {
   run setup_bucket_and_file "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "$test_file"
   assert_success
@@ -144,26 +136,6 @@ test_file="test_file"
   assert_success
 }
 
-@test "test_rest_set_get_lock_config" {
-  run setup_bucket "s3api" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
-  assert_success
-
-  run check_no_object_lock_config_rest "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
-  assert_success
-
-  run bucket_cleanup_if_bucket_exists "s3api" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
-  assert_success
-
-  # in static bucket config, bucket will still exist
-  if ! bucket_exists "rest" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"; then
-    run create_bucket_object_lock_enabled "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
-    assert_success
-  fi
-
-  run check_object_lock_config_enabled_rest "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
-  assert_success
-}
-
 @test "REST - legal hold, get without config" {
   run setup_bucket_and_file "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "$test_file"
   assert_success
@@ -233,9 +205,6 @@ test_file="test_file"
 }
 
 @test "REST - attributes - checksum" {
-  if [ "$DIRECT" != "true" ]; then
-    skip "https://github.com/versity/versitygw/issues/1006"
-  fi
   run setup_bucket_and_file "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "$test_file"
   assert_success
 
@@ -243,39 +212,6 @@ test_file="test_file"
   assert_success
 }
 
-@test "REST - bucket tagging - no tags" {
-  run setup_bucket "s3api" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
-  assert_success
-
-  run verify_no_bucket_tags_rest "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
-  assert_success
-}
-
-@test "REST - bucket tagging - tags" {
-  test_key="testKey"
-  test_value="testValue"
-
-  run setup_bucket "s3api" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
-  assert_success
-
-  run add_verify_bucket_tags_rest "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "$test_key" "$test_value"
-  assert_success
-}
-
-@test "REST - get, put bucket ownership controls" {
-  run setup_bucket "s3api" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
-  assert_success
-
-  run get_and_check_ownership_controls "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "BucketOwnerEnforced"
-  assert_success
-
-  run put_bucket_ownership_controls_rest "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "BucketOwnerPreferred"
-  assert_success
-
-  run get_and_check_ownership_controls "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "BucketOwnerPreferred"
-  assert_success
-}
-
 @test "REST - get policy w/o policy" {
   if [ "$DIRECT" != "true" ]; then
     skip "https://github.com/versity/versitygw/issues/959"
@@ -374,9 +310,6 @@ test_file="test_file"
 }
 
 @test "REST - head object" {
-  if [ "$DIRECT" != "true" ]; then
-    skip "https://github.com/versity/versitygw/issues/1114"
-  fi
   run setup_bucket_and_file "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "$test_file"
   assert_success
 
@@ -391,6 +324,17 @@ test_file="test_file"
   assert_success
 }
 
+@test "REST - HeadObject - default crc64nvme checksum" {
+  run setup_bucket_and_file "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "$test_file"
+  assert_success
+
+  run put_object "rest" "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/$test_file" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "$test_file"
+  assert_success
+
+  run check_default_checksum "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "$test_file" "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/$test_file"
+  assert_success
+}
+
 @test "REST - POST call on root endpoint" {
   if [ "$DIRECT" != "true" ]; then
     skip "https://github.com/versity/versitygw/issues/1036"
@@ -508,19 +452,6 @@ test_file="test_file"
   assert_success
 }
 
-@test "REST - HeadBucket" {
-  run setup_bucket "s3api" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
-  assert_success
-
-  run head_bucket_rest "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
-  assert_success
-}
-
-@test "REST - HeadBucket - doesn't exist" {
-  run head_bucket_rest "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
-  assert_failure 1
-}
-
 @test "REST - PutObject with user permission - admin user" {
   run setup_bucket_file_and_user "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "$test_file" "$USERNAME_ONE" "$PASSWORD_ONE" "admin"
   assert_success
@@ -551,3 +482,54 @@ test_file="test_file"
   run put_object_rest_user_bad_signature "$username" "$password" "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/$test_file" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "$test_file"
   assert_success
 }
+
+@test "REST - PutObjectRetention - w/o request body" {
+  if [ "$DIRECT" != "true" ]; then
+    skip "https://github.com/versity/versitygw/issues/1185"
+  fi
+  run setup_bucket_object_lock_enabled "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
+  assert_success
+
+  run create_test_file "$test_file"
+  assert_success
+
+  run put_object "rest" "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/$test_file" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "$test_file"
+  assert_success
+
+  run retention_rest_without_request_body "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "$test_file"
+  assert_success
+}
+
+@test "REST - PutObjectLegalHold w/o payload" {
+  if [ "$DIRECT" != "true" ]; then
+    skip "https://github.com/versity/versitygw/issues/1191"
+  fi
+  run setup_bucket_object_lock_enabled "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
+  assert_success
+
+  run create_test_file "$test_file"
+  assert_success
+
+  run put_object "rest" "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/$test_file" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "$test_file"
+  assert_success
+
+  run check_legal_hold_without_payload "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "$test_file"
+  assert_success
+}
+
+@test "REST - PutObjectLegalHold - success" {
+  if [ "$DIRECT" != "true" ]; then
+    skip "https://github.com/versity/versitygw/issues/1193"
+  fi
+  run setup_bucket_object_lock_enabled "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
+  assert_success
+
+  run create_test_file "$test_file"
+  assert_success
+
+  run put_object "rest" "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/$test_file" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "$test_file"
+  assert_success
+
+  run rest_check_legal_hold "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "$test_file"
+  assert_success
+}
diff --git a/tests/test_rest_bucket.sh b/tests/test_rest_bucket.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..2acdb1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_rest_bucket.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bats
+
+# Copyright 2024 Versity Software
+# This file is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+# (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http:#www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+load ./bats-support/load
+load ./bats-assert/load
+
+source ./tests/commands/get_object_lock_configuration.sh
+source ./tests/commands/head_bucket.sh
+source ./tests/commands/list_buckets.sh
+source ./tests/logger.sh
+source ./tests/setup.sh
+source ./tests/util/util_bucket.sh
+source ./tests/util/util_list_buckets.sh
+source ./tests/util/util_lock_config.sh
+source ./tests/util/util_ownership.sh
+source ./tests/util/util_rest.sh
+source ./tests/util/util_tags.sh
+
+@test "REST - HeadBucket" {
+  run setup_bucket "s3api" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
+  assert_success
+
+  run head_bucket_rest "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
+  assert_success
+}
+
+@test "REST - HeadBucket - doesn't exist" {
+  run head_bucket_rest "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
+  assert_failure 1
+}
+
+@test "REST - bucket tagging - no tags" {
+  run setup_bucket "s3api" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
+  assert_success
+
+  run verify_no_bucket_tags_rest "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
+  assert_success
+}
+
+@test "REST - bucket tagging - tags" {
+  test_key="testKey"
+  test_value="testValue"
+
+  run setup_bucket "s3api" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
+  assert_success
+
+  run add_verify_bucket_tags_rest "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "$test_key" "$test_value"
+  assert_success
+}
+
+@test "test_rest_list_buckets" {
+  run setup_bucket "s3api" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
+  assert_success
+
+  run list_check_buckets_rest
+  assert_success
+}
+
+@test "REST - get, put bucket ownership controls" {
+  run setup_bucket "s3api" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
+  assert_success
+
+  run get_and_check_ownership_controls "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "BucketOwnerEnforced"
+  assert_success
+
+  run put_bucket_ownership_controls_rest "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "BucketOwnerPreferred"
+  assert_success
+
+  run get_and_check_ownership_controls "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "BucketOwnerPreferred"
+  assert_success
+}
+
+@test "test_rest_set_get_lock_config" {
+  run setup_bucket "s3api" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
+  assert_success
+
+  run check_no_object_lock_config_rest "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
+  assert_success
+
+  run bucket_cleanup_if_bucket_exists "s3api" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
+  assert_success
+
+  # in static bucket config, bucket will still exist
+  if ! bucket_exists "rest" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"; then
+    run create_bucket_object_lock_enabled "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
+    assert_success
+  fi
+
+  run check_object_lock_config_enabled_rest "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
+  assert_success
+}
diff --git a/tests/test_rest_chunked.sh b/tests/test_rest_chunked.sh
index 467a485..ec82fd9 100755
--- a/tests/test_rest_chunked.sh
+++ b/tests/test_rest_chunked.sh
@@ -26,20 +26,15 @@ source ./tests/util/util_head_object.sh
 source ./tests/util/util_setup.sh
 
 @test "REST - chunked upload, no content length" {
-  if [ "$DIRECT" != "true" ]; then
-    skip "https://github.com/versity/versitygw/issues/1043"
-  fi
+  test_file="test-file"
   run setup_bucket_and_file "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "$test_file"
   assert_success
 
-  run attempt_seed_signature_without_content_length "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "$test_file" "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/$test_file"
+  run attempt_seed_signature_without_content_length "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/$test_file" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "$test_file"
   assert_success
 }
 
 @test "REST - chunked upload, signature error" {
-  if [ "$DIRECT" != "true" ]; then
-    skip "https://github.com/versity/versitygw/issues/1123"
-  fi
   run setup_bucket "s3api" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"
   assert_success
 
@@ -162,3 +157,68 @@ source ./tests/util/util_setup.sh
   run put_chunked_upload_trailer_invalid "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/$test_file" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" "$test_file"
   assert_success
 }
+
+@test "test - REST chunked upload - sha1 trailer - invalid" {
+  if [ "$DIRECT" != "true" ]; then
+    skip "https://github.com/versity/versitygw/issues/1165"
+  fi
+  run chunked_upload_trailer_invalid_checksum "sha1"
+  assert_success
+}
+
+@test "test - REST chunked upload - sha256 trailer - invalid" {
+  if [ "$DIRECT" != "true" ]; then
+    skip "https://github.com/versity/versitygw/issues/1165"
+  fi
+  run chunked_upload_trailer_invalid_checksum "sha256"
+  assert_success
+}
+
+@test "test - REST chunked upload - crc32 trailer - invalid" {
+  if [ "$DIRECT" != "true" ]; then
+    skip "https://github.com/versity/versitygw/issues/1165"
+  fi
+  run chunked_upload_trailer_invalid_checksum "crc32"
+  assert_success
+}
+
+@test "test - REST chunked upload - crc32c trailer - invalid" {
+  if [ "$DIRECT" != "true" ]; then
+    skip "https://github.com/versity/versitygw/issues/1165"
+  fi
+  run chunked_upload_trailer_invalid_checksum "crc32c"
+  assert_success
+}
+
+@test "test - REST chunked upload - crc64nvme trailer - invalid" {
+  if [ "$DIRECT" != "true" ]; then
+    skip "https://github.com/versity/versitygw/issues/1165"
+  fi
+  run chunked_upload_trailer_invalid_checksum "crc64nvme"
+  assert_success
+}
+
+@test "test - REST chunked upload - sha1 trailer - incorrect" {
+  run chunked_upload_trailer_incorrect_checksum "sha1"
+  assert_success
+}
+
+@test "test - REST chunked upload - sha256 trailer - incorrect" {
+  run chunked_upload_trailer_incorrect_checksum "sha256"
+  assert_success
+}
+
+@test "test - REST chunked upload - crc32 trailer - incorrect" {
+  run chunked_upload_trailer_incorrect_checksum "crc32"
+  assert_success
+}
+
+@test "test - REST chunked upload - crc32c trailer - incorrect" {
+  run chunked_upload_trailer_incorrect_checksum "crc32c"
+  assert_success
+}
+
+@test "test - REST chunked upload - crc64nvme trailer - incorrect" {
+  run chunked_upload_trailer_incorrect_checksum "crc64nvme"
+  assert_success
+}
diff --git a/tests/test_user_common.sh b/tests/test_user_common.sh
index e4eca07..24d068e 100755
--- a/tests/test_user_common.sh
+++ b/tests/test_user_common.sh
@@ -23,10 +23,6 @@ source ./tests/util/util_users.sh
 source ./tests/commands/list_buckets.sh
 
 test_admin_user() {
-  if [[ $# -ne 1 ]]; then
-    fail "test admin user command requires command type"
-  fi
-
   admin_username="$USERNAME_ONE"
   admin_password="$PASSWORD_ONE"
   user_username="$USERNAME_TWO"
@@ -63,8 +59,6 @@ test_admin_user() {
 }
 
 test_create_user_already_exists() {
-  assert [ $# -eq 1 ]
-
   username="$USERNAME_ONE"
   password="$PASSWORD_ONE"
 
@@ -80,10 +74,6 @@ test_user_user() {
     skip
   fi
 
-  if [[ $# -ne 1 ]]; then
-    fail "test admin user command requires command type"
-  fi
-
   username="$USERNAME_ONE"
   password="$PASSWORD_ONE"
 
@@ -115,10 +105,6 @@ test_user_user() {
 }
 
 test_userplus_operation() {
-  if [[ $# -ne 1 ]]; then
-    fail "test admin user command requires command type"
-  fi
-
   username="$USERNAME_ONE"
   password="$PASSWORD_ONE"
 
diff --git a/tests/util/util_attributes.sh b/tests/util/util_attributes.sh
index d909b4d..c456c99 100644
--- a/tests/util/util_attributes.sh
+++ b/tests/util/util_attributes.sh
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ add_and_check_checksum() {
     log 2 "'add_and_check_checksum' requires data file, key"
     return 1
   fi
-  if ! result=$(COMMAND_LOG="$COMMAND_LOG" DATA_FILE="$1" BUCKET_NAME="$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" OBJECT_KEY="$2" CHECKSUM="true" OUTPUT_FILE="$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/result.txt" ./tests/rest_scripts/put_object.sh); then
+  if ! result=$(COMMAND_LOG="$COMMAND_LOG" DATA_FILE="$1" BUCKET_NAME="$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" OBJECT_KEY="$2" CHECKSUM_TYPE="sha256" OUTPUT_FILE="$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/result.txt" ./tests/rest_scripts/put_object.sh); then
     log 2 "error sending object file: $result"
     return 1
   fi
diff --git a/tests/util/util_bucket.sh b/tests/util/util_bucket.sh
index 4450c84..c677575 100644
--- a/tests/util/util_bucket.sh
+++ b/tests/util/util_bucket.sh
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ setup_bucket() {
 
   # bucket creation and resets take longer to propagate in direct mode
   if [ "$DIRECT" == "true" ]; then
-    sleep 10
+    sleep 15
   fi
 
   if [[ $1 == "s3cmd" ]]; then
diff --git a/tests/util/util_chunked_upload.sh b/tests/util/util_chunked_upload.sh
index e44bb16..38bd14c 100644
--- a/tests/util/util_chunked_upload.sh
+++ b/tests/util/util_chunked_upload.sh
@@ -5,12 +5,18 @@ attempt_seed_signature_without_content_length() {
     log 2 "'attempt_seed_signature_without_content_length' requires bucket name, key, data file"
     return 1
   fi
-  if ! result=$(COMMAND_LOG="$COMMAND_LOG" CONTENT_ENCODING="aws-chunked" BUCKET_NAME="$1" OBJECT_KEY="$2" DATA_FILE="$3" OUTPUT_FILE="$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/result.txt" ./tests/rest_scripts/put_object.sh); then
-    log 2 "error putting object: $result"
+  if ! result=$(COMMAND_LOG="$COMMAND_LOG" \
+         AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID="$AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID" \
+         AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY="$AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY" \
+         AWS_ENDPOINT_URL="$AWS_ENDPOINT_URL" \
+         DATA_FILE="$1" \
+         BUCKET_NAME="$2" \
+         OBJECT_KEY="$3" CHUNK_SIZE=8192 TEST_MODE=false COMMAND_FILE="$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/command.txt" NO_CONTENT_LENGTH="true" ./tests/rest_scripts/put_object_openssl_chunked_example.sh 2>&1); then
+    log 2 "error creating command: $result"
     return 1
   fi
-  if [ "$result" != 411 ]; then
-    log 2 "expected '411', actual '$result' ($(cat "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/result.txt"))"
+  if ! send_via_openssl_and_check_code "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/command.txt" 411; then
+    log 2 "error in sending or checking response code"
     return 1
   fi
   return 0
@@ -32,12 +38,8 @@ attempt_chunked_upload_with_bad_first_signature() {
     return 1
   fi
 
-  host="${AWS_ENDPOINT_URL#http*://}"
-  if [ "$host" == "s3.amazonaws.com" ]; then
-    host+=":443"
-  fi
-  if ! result=$(openssl s_client -connect "$host" -ign_eof < "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/command.txt" 2>&1); then
-    log 2 "error sending openssl command: $result"
+  if ! result=$(send_via_openssl "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/command.txt"); then
+    log 2 "error sending command via openssl"
     return 1
   fi
   response_code="$(echo "$result" | grep "HTTP" | awk '{print $2}')"
@@ -46,7 +48,9 @@ attempt_chunked_upload_with_bad_first_signature() {
     log 2 "expected code '403', was '$response_code'"
     return 1
   fi
-  response_data="$(echo "$result" | grep "<")"
+  log 5 "result: $result"
+  response_data="$(echo "$result" | grep "<Error>")"
+  response_data="${response_data/---/}"
   log 5 "response data: $response_data"
   log 5 "END"
   if ! check_xml_element <(echo "$response_data") "SignatureDoesNotMatch" "Error" "Code"; then
@@ -72,17 +76,8 @@ chunked_upload_success() {
     return 1
   fi
 
-  host="${AWS_ENDPOINT_URL#http*://}"
-  if [ "$host" == "s3.amazonaws.com" ]; then
-    host+=":443"
-  fi
-  if ! result=$(openssl s_client -connect "$host" -ign_eof < "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/command.txt" 2>&1); then
-    log 2 "error sending openssl command: $result"
-    return 1
-  fi
-  response_code="$(echo "$result" | grep "HTTP" | awk '{print $2}')"
-  if [ "$response_code" != "200" ]; then
-    log 2 "expected response '200', was '$response_code'"
+  if ! send_via_openssl_and_check_code "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/command.txt" 200; then
+    log 2 "error sending command via openssl or checking response code"
     return 1
   fi
   return 0
@@ -107,12 +102,8 @@ attempt_chunked_upload_with_bad_final_signature() {
     log 2 "error creating command: $result"
     return 1
   fi
-  host="${AWS_ENDPOINT_URL#http*://}"
-  if [ "$host" == "s3.amazonaws.com" ]; then
-    host+=":443"
-  fi
-  if ! result=$(openssl s_client -connect "$host" -ign_eof < "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/command.txt" 2>&1); then
-    log 2 "error sending openssl command: $result"
+  if ! result=$(send_via_openssl "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/command.txt"); then
+    log 2 "error sending command via openssl"
     return 1
   fi
   response_code="$(echo "$result" | grep "HTTP" | awk '{print $2}')"
@@ -144,25 +135,15 @@ put_object_chunked_trailer_success() {
            DATA_FILE="$1" \
            BUCKET_NAME="$2" \
            OBJECT_KEY="$3" CHUNK_SIZE=8192 TEST_MODE=false TRAILER="x-amz-checksum-$4" TEST_FILE_FOLDER="$TEST_FILE_FOLDER" COMMAND_FILE="$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/command.txt" ./tests/rest_scripts/put_object_openssl_chunked_trailer_example.sh 2>&1); then
-      log 2 "error creating command: $result"
-      return 1
-    fi
+    log 2 "error creating command: $result"
+    return 1
+  fi
 
-    host="${AWS_ENDPOINT_URL#http*://}"
-    if [ "$host" == "s3.amazonaws.com" ]; then
-      host+=":443"
-    fi
-    if ! result=$(openssl s_client -connect "$host" -ign_eof < "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/command.txt" 2>&1); then
-      log 2 "error sending openssl command: $result"
-      return 1
-    fi
-    log 5 "result: $result"
-    response_code="$(echo "$result" | grep "HTTP" | awk '{print $2}')"
-    if [ "$response_code" != "200" ]; then
-      log 2 "expected response '200', was '$response_code'"
-      return 1
-    fi
-    return 0
+  if ! send_via_openssl_and_check_code "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/command.txt" 200; then
+    log 2 "error sending command via openssl or checking response code"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  return 0
 }
 
 put_chunked_upload_trailer_invalid() {
@@ -182,12 +163,8 @@ put_chunked_upload_trailer_invalid() {
     return 1
   fi
 
-  host="${AWS_ENDPOINT_URL#http*://}"
-  if [ "$host" == "s3.amazonaws.com" ]; then
-    host+=":443"
-  fi
-  if ! result=$(openssl s_client -connect "$host" -ign_eof < "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/command.txt" 2>&1); then
-    log 2 "error sending openssl command: $result"
+  if ! result=$(send_via_openssl "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/command.txt"); then
+    log 2 "error sending command via openssl"
     return 1
   fi
   response_code="$(echo "$result" | grep "HTTP" | awk '{print $2}')"
@@ -196,8 +173,9 @@ put_chunked_upload_trailer_invalid() {
     return 1
   fi
   error_data="$(echo "$result" | grep "<Error>")"
-  if ! check_xml_element <(echo -n "$error_data") "InvalidRequest" "Error" "Code"; then
-    log 2 "error checking xml element"
+  echo -n "$error_data" > "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/error-data.txt"
+  if ! check_xml_error_contains "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/error-data.txt" "InvalidRequest" "The value specified in the x-amz-trailer header is not supported"; then
+    log 2 "error checking xml error, message"
     return 1
   fi
   return 0
@@ -227,3 +205,123 @@ chunked_upload_trailer_success() {
   fi
   return 0
 }
+
+chunked_upload_trailer_invalid_checksum() {
+  if [ "$#" -ne 1 ]; then
+    log 2 "'chunked_upload_trailer_invalid_checksum' requires checksum"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! setup_bucket "s3api" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"; then
+    log 2 "error setting up bucket"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  test_file="test-file"
+  if ! create_test_file "$test_file" 10000; then
+    log 2 "error creating test file"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  # shellcheck disable=SC2097,SC2098
+  if ! result=$(COMMAND_LOG="$COMMAND_LOG" \
+         AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID="$AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID" \
+         AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY="$AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY" \
+         AWS_ENDPOINT_URL="$AWS_ENDPOINT_URL" \
+         DATA_FILE="$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/$test_file" \
+         BUCKET_NAME="$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" \
+         OBJECT_KEY="$test_file" CHUNK_SIZE=8192 TEST_MODE=false TRAILER="x-amz-checksum-$1" CHECKSUM="a" TEST_FILE_FOLDER="$TEST_FILE_FOLDER" COMMAND_FILE="$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/command.txt" ./tests/rest_scripts/put_object_openssl_chunked_trailer_example.sh 2>&1); then
+    log 2 "error creating command: $result"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! send_via_openssl_check_code_error_contains "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/command.txt" "400" "InvalidRequest" "Value for x-amz-checksum-$1 trailing header is invalid."; then
+    log 2 "error sending openssl and checking response"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  return 0
+}
+
+chunked_upload_trailer_incorrect_checksum() {
+  if [ "$#" -ne 1 ]; then
+    log 2 "'chunked_upload_trailer_invalid_checksum' requires checksum"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! setup_bucket "s3api" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"; then
+    log 2 "error setting up bucket"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  test_file="test-file"
+  if ! create_test_file "$test_file" 10000; then
+    log 2 "error creating test file"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! checksum=$(calculate_incorrect_checksum "$1" "$test_file"); then
+    log 2 "error calculating incorrect checksum"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  # shellcheck disable=SC2097,SC2098
+  if ! result=$(COMMAND_LOG="$COMMAND_LOG" \
+         AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID="$AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID" \
+         AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY="$AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY" \
+         AWS_ENDPOINT_URL="$AWS_ENDPOINT_URL" \
+         DATA_FILE="$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/$test_file" \
+         BUCKET_NAME="$BUCKET_ONE_NAME" \
+         OBJECT_KEY="$test_file" CHUNK_SIZE=8192 TEST_MODE=false TRAILER="x-amz-checksum-$1" CHECKSUM="$checksum" TEST_FILE_FOLDER="$TEST_FILE_FOLDER" COMMAND_FILE="$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/command.txt" ./tests/rest_scripts/put_object_openssl_chunked_trailer_example.sh 2>&1); then
+    log 2 "error creating command: $result"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  uppercase_type="$(echo "$1" | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]')"
+  if ! send_via_openssl_check_code_error_contains "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/command.txt" "400" "BadDigest" "The $uppercase_type you specified did not match the calculated checksum."; then
+    log 2 "error sending openssl and checking response"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  return 0
+}
+
+send_via_openssl() {
+  if [ "$#" -ne 1 ]; then
+    log 2 "'send_via_openssl' requires command file"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  host="${AWS_ENDPOINT_URL#http*://}"
+  if [ "$host" == "s3.amazonaws.com" ]; then
+    host+=":443"
+  fi
+  if ! result=$(openssl s_client -connect "$host" -ign_eof < "$1" 2>&1); then
+    log 2 "error sending openssl command: $result"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  echo "$result"
+}
+
+send_via_openssl_and_check_code() {
+  if [ "$#" -ne 2 ]; then
+    log 2 "'send_via_openssl_and_check_code' requires command file, expected code"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! result=$(send_via_openssl "$1"); then
+    log 2 "error sending command via openssl"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  response_code="$(echo "$result" | grep "HTTP/" | awk '{print $2}')"
+  if [ "$response_code" != "$2" ]; then
+    log 2 "expected '$2', actual '$response_code' (error response:  '$result')"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  echo "$result"
+}
+
+send_via_openssl_check_code_error_contains() {
+  if [ "$#" -ne 4 ]; then
+    log 2 "'send_via_openssl_check_code_error_contains' requires command file, expected code, error, message"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! result=$(send_via_openssl_and_check_code "$1" "$2"); then
+    log 2 "error sending and checking code"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  error_data="$(echo "$result" | grep "<Error>" | sed 's/---//')"
+  echo -n "$error_data" > "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/error-data.txt"
+  if ! check_xml_error_contains "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/error-data.txt" "$3" "$4"; then
+    log 2 "error checking xml error, message"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  return 0
+}
diff --git a/tests/util/util_head_object.sh b/tests/util/util_head_object.sh
index a70d525..03d1bb9 100644
--- a/tests/util/util_head_object.sh
+++ b/tests/util/util_head_object.sh
@@ -192,3 +192,30 @@ head_object_without_and_with_checksum() {
   fi
   return 0
 }
+
+check_default_checksum() {
+  if [ $# -ne 3 ]; then
+    log 2 "'head_object_without_checksum' requires bucket, file, local file"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! result=$(OUTPUT_FILE="$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/result.txt" COMMAND_LOG="$COMMAND_LOG" BUCKET_NAME="$1" OBJECT_KEY="$2" ./tests/rest_scripts/head_object.sh); then
+    log 2 "error getting result: $result"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! result=$(OUTPUT_FILE="$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/result.txt" COMMAND_LOG="$COMMAND_LOG" BUCKET_NAME="$1" OBJECT_KEY="$2" CHECKSUM="true" ./tests/rest_scripts/head_object.sh); then
+    log 2 "error getting result: $result"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  log 5 "result: $(cat "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/result.txt")"
+  head_checksum=$(grep -i "x-amz-checksum-crc64nvme" "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/result.txt" | awk '{print $2}' | sed 's/\r$//')
+  log 5 "checksum: $head_checksum"
+  if ! checksum=$(CHECKSUM_TYPE="crc64nvme" DATA_FILE="$3" TEST_FILE_FOLDER="$TEST_FILE_FOLDER" ./tests/rest_scripts/calculate_checksum.sh); then
+    log 2 "error calculating local checksum: $checksum"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if [ "$head_checksum" != "$checksum" ]; then
+    log 2 "checksum mismatch (returned:  '$head_checksum', local:  '$checksum')"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  return 0
+}
diff --git a/tests/util/util_legal_hold.sh b/tests/util/util_legal_hold.sh
index 31f504a..e381a28 100644
--- a/tests/util/util_legal_hold.sh
+++ b/tests/util/util_legal_hold.sh
@@ -57,3 +57,73 @@ check_legal_hold_without_lock_enabled() {
   fi
   return 0
 }
+
+check_remove_legal_hold_versions() {
+  if [ $# -ne 3 ]; then
+    log 2 "'check_remove_legal_hold_versions' requires bucket, key, version ID"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! legal_hold=$(get_object_legal_hold_version_id "$1" "$2" "$3"); then
+    if [[ "$legal_hold" != *"MethodNotAllowed"* ]]; then
+      log 2 "error getting object legal hold status with version id"
+      return 1
+    fi
+    return 0
+  fi
+  log 5 "legal hold: $legal_hold"
+  if ! status="$(echo "$legal_hold" | grep -v "InsecureRequestWarning" | jq -r '.LegalHold.Status' 2>&1)"; then
+    log 2 "error getting legal hold status: $status"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if [ "$status" == "ON" ]; then
+    if ! put_object_legal_hold_version_id "$1" "$2" "$3" "OFF"; then
+      log 2 "error removing legal hold of version ID"
+      return 1
+    fi
+  fi
+  return 0
+}
+
+check_legal_hold_without_payload() {
+  if [ $# -ne 2 ]; then
+    log 2 "'check_legal_hold_without_payload' requires bucket name, key"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! result=$(COMMAND_LOG="$COMMAND_LOG" BUCKET_NAME="$1" OBJECT_KEY="$2" OMIT_PAYLOAD="true" OUTPUT_FILE="$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/result.txt" ./tests/rest_scripts/put_object_legal_hold.sh); then
+    log 2 "error: $result"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if [ "$result" != "400" ]; then
+    log 2 "expected '400', was '$result' ($(cat "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/result.txt"))"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! check_xml_error_contains "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/result.txt" "MalformedXML" "The XML you provided"; then
+    log 2 "error checking xml error, message"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  return 0
+}
+
+rest_check_legal_hold() {
+  if [ $# -ne 2 ]; then
+    log 2 "'rest_check_legal_hold' requires bucket name, key"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! result=$(COMMAND_LOG="$COMMAND_LOG" BUCKET_NAME="$1" OBJECT_KEY="$2" STATUS="ON" OUTPUT_FILE="$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/result.txt" ./tests/rest_scripts/put_object_legal_hold.sh); then
+    log 2 "error: $result"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if [ "$result" != "200" ]; then
+    log 2 "expected '200', was '$result' ($(cat "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/result.txt"))"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! result=$(COMMAND_LOG="$COMMAND_LOG" BUCKET_NAME="$1" OBJECT_KEY="$2" OUTPUT_FILE="$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/result.txt" ./tests/rest_scripts/get_object_legal_hold.sh); then
+    log 2 "error: $result"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! check_xml_element "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/result.txt" "ON" "LegalHold" "Status"; then
+    log 2 "error checking legal hold status"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  return 0
+}
diff --git a/tests/util/util_object.sh b/tests/util/util_object.sh
index 5dcc6af..68128eb 100644
--- a/tests/util/util_object.sh
+++ b/tests/util/util_object.sh
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ put_object_rest_checksum() {
 
 check_checksum_rest_invalid() {
   if [ $# -ne 1 ]; then
-    log 2 "'put_object_rest_sha256_invalid' requires checksum type"
+    log 2 "'check_checksum_rest_invalid' requires checksum type"
     return 1
   fi
   test_file="test_file"
@@ -405,6 +405,7 @@ calculate_incorrect_checksum() {
     log 2 "invalid checksum type: $1"
     return 1
   esac
+  echo "$incorrect_checksum"
   return 0
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/util/util_retention.sh b/tests/util/util_retention.sh
index dec3a07..64557c5 100644
--- a/tests/util/util_retention.sh
+++ b/tests/util/util_retention.sh
@@ -92,3 +92,24 @@ log_worm_protection() {
   # shellcheck disable=SC2154
   log 5 "RETENTION: $retention"
 }
+
+retention_rest_without_request_body() {
+  if [ $# -ne 2 ]; then
+    log 2 "'retention_rest_without_request_body' requires bucket name, key"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! result=$(COMMAND_LOG="$COMMAND_LOG" BUCKET_NAME="$1" OBJECT_KEY="$2" OMIT_PAYLOAD="true" OUTPUT_FILE="$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/result.txt" ./tests/rest_scripts/put_object_retention.sh); then
+    log 2 "error: $result"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if [ "$result" != "400" ]; then
+    log 2 "expected '400', was '$result'"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  log 5 "result: $result ($(cat "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/result.txt"))"
+  if ! check_xml_error_contains "$TEST_FILE_FOLDER/result.txt" "MalformedXML" "The XML you provided"; then
+    log 2 "error checking xml reply"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  return 0
+}
diff --git a/tests/util/util_setup.sh b/tests/util/util_setup.sh
index 9f6b9b6..6c58e9e 100644
--- a/tests/util/util_setup.sh
+++ b/tests/util/util_setup.sh
@@ -77,3 +77,23 @@ setup_bucket_file_and_user() {
   echo "$result"
   return 0
 }
+
+setup_bucket_object_lock_enabled() {
+  if [ $# -ne 1 ]; then
+    log 2 "'setup_bucket_object_lock_enabled' requires bucket name"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! bucket_cleanup_if_bucket_exists "s3api" "$1"; then
+    log 2 "error cleaning up bucket"
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  # in static bucket config, bucket will still exist
+  if ! bucket_exists "rest" "$1"; then
+    if ! create_bucket_object_lock_enabled "$1"; then
+      log 2 "error creating bucket with object lock enabled"
+      return 1
+    fi
+  fi
+  return 0
+}
diff --git a/tests/util/util_versioning.sh b/tests/util/util_versioning.sh
index 244b825..6833570 100644
--- a/tests/util/util_versioning.sh
+++ b/tests/util/util_versioning.sh
@@ -65,8 +65,14 @@ delete_object_version_with_or_without_retention() {
   log 5 "version ID: ${version_ids[$idx]}"
   # shellcheck disable=SC2154
   if [ "$lock_config_exists" == "true" ]; then
+    if ! check_remove_legal_hold_versions "$1" "${version_keys[$idx]}" "${version_ids[$idx]}"; then
+      log 2 "error checking, removing legal hold versions"
+    fi
+    if ! put_object_legal_hold_version_id "$1" "${version_keys[$idx]}" "${version_ids[$idx]}" "OFF"; then
+      log 2 "error turning off object legal hold"
+    fi
     if ! delete_object_version_bypass_retention "$1" "${version_keys[$idx]}" "${version_ids[$idx]}"; then
-      log 2 "error deleting object version"
+      log 2 "error deleting object version, bypassing retention"
       return 1
     fi
   else
diff --git a/tests/util/util_xml.sh b/tests/util/util_xml.sh
index ff837ed..77da803 100644
--- a/tests/util/util_xml.sh
+++ b/tests/util/util_xml.sh
@@ -1,17 +1,29 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 
+get_element_text() {
+  if [ $# -lt 2 ]; then
+    log 2 "'get_element_text' requires data source, XML tree"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  local xpath='//'
+  for tree_val in "${@:2}"; do
+    xpath+='*[local-name()="'$tree_val'"]/'
+  done
+  xpath+='text()'
+  if ! xml_val=$(xmllint --xpath "$xpath" "$1" 2>&1); then
+    log 2 "error getting XML value matching $xpath: $xml_val (file data: $(cat "$1"))"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  echo "$xml_val"
+}
+
 check_xml_element() {
   if [ $# -lt 3 ]; then
     log 2 "'check_xml_element' requires data source, expected value, XML tree"
     return 1
   fi
-  local xpath='//'
-  for tree_val in "${@:3}"; do
-    xpath+='*[local-name()="'$tree_val'"]/'
-  done
-  xpath+='text()'
-  if ! xml_val=$(xmllint --xpath "$xpath" "$1" 2>&1); then
-    log 2 "error getting XML value matching $xpath: $xml_val"
+  if ! xml_val=$(get_element_text "$1" "${@:3}"); then
+    log 2 "error getting element text"
     return 1
   fi
   if [ "$2" != "$xml_val" ]; then
@@ -20,3 +32,35 @@ check_xml_element() {
   fi
   return 0
 }
+
+check_xml_element_contains() {
+  if [ $# -lt 3 ]; then
+    log 2 "'check_xml_element_contains' requires data source, expected value, XML tree"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! xml_val=$(get_element_text "$1" "${@:3}"); then
+    log 2 "error getting element text"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if [[ "$xml_val" != *"$2"* ]]; then
+    log 2 "XML data mismatch, expected '$2', actual '$xml_val'"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  return 0
+}
+
+check_xml_error_contains() {
+  if [ "$#" -ne 3 ]; then
+    log 2 "'check_xml_code_error_contains' requires data source, expected error, string"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! check_xml_element "$1" "$2" "Error" "Code"; then
+    log 2 "error checking xml error code"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! check_xml_element_contains "$1" "$3" "Error" "Message"; then
+    log 2 "error checking xml element"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  return 0
+}