diff --git a/chart/Chart.yaml b/chart/Chart.yaml
index 0bbc9778..0aeb0636 100644
--- a/chart/Chart.yaml
+++ b/chart/Chart.yaml
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ apiVersion: v2
 name: versitygw
 description: A Helm chart for deploying the Versity S3 Gateway on Kubernetes
 type: application
-version: 0.4.2
+version: 0.4.3
 sources:
   - https://github.com/versity/versitygw
 icon: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/versity/versitygw/main/webui/web/assets/images/Versity-logo-blue-horizontal.png
diff --git a/chart/README.md b/chart/README.md
index 7a2ac9c6..504a0e76 100644
--- a/chart/README.md
+++ b/chart/README.md
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ Key points:
 - **Private mTLS endpoint**: gateways reach the standalone IAM service over a private endpoint (`iamServer.private.port`, default `7443`) that always requires mutual TLS on TCP. Provide certificates either via `existingSecret` (bring your own `tls.crt`/`tls.key`/`ca.crt`) or `certificate.create=true` to auto-provision via cert-manager.
 - **Shared CA requirement**: when using cert-manager auto-provisioning, `iamServer.private.certificate.issuerRef` and `iam.standalone.certificate.issuerRef` **must reference the same CA-type issuer** (an `Issuer`/`ClusterIssuer` of kind `CA`, or a Vault issuer) — one that populates `ca.crt` in the resulting Secret. Both sides verify their peer using their own certificate's `ca.crt`, which only works when both certificates share the same issuing CA.
 - **External IAM service**: to point a gateway at a standalone IAM service deployed outside this chart (or by a separate chart release), set `iam.standalone.endpoint` to its `host:port` and provide the mTLS material via `iam.standalone.certificate.existingSecret`.
-- **OIDC identity providers**: `AssumeRoleWithWebIdentity` only trusts an OIDC provider reachable over verified https at a publicly routable address on the implicit `:443`. An in-cluster provider satisfies none of that, so `iamServer.oidc.allowPrivateEndpoints` permits private/loopback addresses and an explicit port (a SPIRE OIDC discovery provider on a ClusterIP `Service`), and `iamServer.oidc.allowInsecureTransport` additionally permits plaintext `http://` providers and drops TLS verification (the same provider bound to `127.0.0.1` as a sidecar). Each relaxes real protections — see the comments in `values.yaml` — so enable only the one your topology needs.
+- **OIDC identity providers**: `AssumeRoleWithWebIdentity` only trusts an OIDC provider reachable over verified https at a publicly routable address on the implicit `:443`. An in-cluster provider satisfies none of that, so `iamServer.oidc.allowPrivateEndpoints` permits private/loopback addresses and an explicit port (a SPIRE OIDC discovery provider on a ClusterIP `Service`), and `iamServer.oidc.allowInsecureTransport` additionally permits plaintext `http://` providers and drops TLS verification (the same provider bound to `127.0.0.1` as a sidecar). Each relaxes real protections — see the comments in `values.yaml` — so enable only the one your topology needs. `iamServer.oidc.discoveryUrls` is the narrower alternative for a provider that is public but reachable in-cluster: it moves only one provider's discovery fetch to an address you name (private addresses included, without `allowPrivateEndpoints`), while tokens keep naming their public issuer.
 - **WebUI access**: to manage IAM users from the WebUI, set `webui.iamGateways` to the URL a browser can reach `iamServer` on, and `iamServer.corsAllowOrigin` to the WebUI's own origin. Every WebUI call to the IAM API is cross-origin, so without `corsAllowOrigin` the browser blocks it and the WebUI's IAM navigation silently never appears.
 - **Secret rotation**: the processes load mTLS material and environment-based credentials at startup. After a referenced Secret rotates, restart both Deployments or configure a Secret-reloader controller through `deploymentAnnotations` and `iamServer.deploymentAnnotations`.
 
diff --git a/chart/templates/iam-deployment.yaml b/chart/templates/iam-deployment.yaml
index b3f06540..8a439578 100644
--- a/chart/templates/iam-deployment.yaml
+++ b/chart/templates/iam-deployment.yaml
@@ -124,6 +124,10 @@ spec:
             - name: VGW_IAM_OIDC_ALLOW_INSECURE_TRANSPORT
               value: "true"
             {{- end }}
+            {{- if $iamServerOidc.discoveryUrls }}
+            - name: VGW_IAM_OIDC_DISCOVERY_URLS
+              value: {{ join "," $iamServerOidc.discoveryUrls | quote }}
+            {{- end }}
             {{- if .Values.iamServer.corsAllowOrigin }}
             - name: VGW_CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN
               value: {{ .Values.iamServer.corsAllowOrigin | quote }}
diff --git a/chart/values.yaml b/chart/values.yaml
index 89b2f389..1a6f2587 100644
--- a/chart/values.yaml
+++ b/chart/values.yaml
@@ -435,6 +435,19 @@ iamServer:
     # own pod. Needs allowPrivateEndpoints as well for a loopback or
     # cluster-internal address.
     allowInsecureTransport: false
+    # Fetch individual providers' discovery documents from somewhere other
+    # than the provider URL itself, as "<provider url>=<discovery url>"
+    # entries. The discovery URL is fetched exactly as written, so include the
+    # "/.well-known/openid-configuration" path, and it may be a private
+    # in-cluster address without allowPrivateEndpoints above -- it is named
+    # here rather than by a request. Only the fetch moves: tokens are still
+    # matched against the provider URL, the fetched document's own issuer must
+    # still equal it, and keys still come from the jwks_uri that document
+    # publishes. This is how an identity provider hands out tokens naming its
+    # public issuer while the gateway reads its keys over a cluster-internal
+    # Service.
+    discoveryUrls: []
+    #  - "https://oidc.example.com=https://oidc.oidc-ns/.well-known/openid-configuration"
   # Access-Control-Allow-Origin for the control-plane API. Required before a
   # browser can reach this service: the WebUI is served from another origin, so
   # every call it makes is cross-origin and is blocked without this. Set it to
diff --git a/cmd/internal/gwcli/iam.go b/cmd/internal/gwcli/iam.go
index b49bce3c..60ae6e0e 100644
--- a/cmd/internal/gwcli/iam.go
+++ b/cmd/internal/gwcli/iam.go
@@ -124,6 +124,11 @@ func IAMCommand() *cli.Command {
 				Usage:   "allow plaintext http OIDC provider URLs and skip TLS certificate verification (thumbprint pinning included) for https ones; only for an identity provider reached over an already-trusted path, such as a loopback-bound sidecar",
 				EnvVars: []string{"VGW_IAM_OIDC_ALLOW_INSECURE_TRANSPORT"},
 			},
+			&cli.StringSliceFlag{
+				Name:    "oidc-discovery-url",
+				Usage:   "fetch one OIDC provider's discovery document from somewhere other than the provider URL itself, as '<provider url>=<discovery url>' (can be specified multiple times); the discovery URL is fetched exactly as given, so include the '/.well-known/openid-configuration' path, and it may be a private in-cluster address without --oidc-allow-private-endpoints. Tokens are still matched against the provider URL, and keys are still read from the jwks_uri the fetched document publishes",
+				EnvVars: []string{"VGW_IAM_OIDC_DISCOVERY_URLS"},
+			},
 			&cli.StringSliceFlag{
 				Name:    "private-ports",
 				Usage:   "private endpoint listen address: a unix socket path, or <ip>:<port>/:<port> when mTLS (--private-cert/--private-cert-key/--private-client-ca) is also configured — refuses to start otherwise (can be specified multiple times)",
diff --git a/cmd/versitygw/iam.go b/cmd/versitygw/iam.go
index 93254f4a..610dc331 100644
--- a/cmd/versitygw/iam.go
+++ b/cmd/versitygw/iam.go
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ func runIAM(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		DisableOIDCThumbprintAutoFetch: ctx.Bool("disable-oidc-thumbprint-autofetch"),
 		OIDCAllowPrivateEndpoints:      ctx.Bool("oidc-allow-private-endpoints"),
 		OIDCAllowInsecureTransport:     ctx.Bool("oidc-allow-insecure-transport"),
+		OIDCDiscoveryURLs:              ctx.StringSlice("oidc-discovery-url"),
 		CORSAllowOrigin:                corsAllowOrigin,
 		Region:                         region,
 		WebuiPorts:                     webuiPorts,
diff --git a/embedgw/iam.go b/embedgw/iam.go
index 9bbf1431..00006406 100644
--- a/embedgw/iam.go
+++ b/embedgw/iam.go
@@ -208,6 +208,15 @@ type IAMConfig struct {
 	// itself trusted, such as a discovery provider bound to loopback as a
 	// sidecar in this process's own pod.
 	OIDCAllowInsecureTransport bool
+
+	// OIDCDiscoveryURLs redirects individual providers' discovery-document
+	// fetches, as "<provider url>=<discovery url>" pairs. The discovery URL
+	// is fetched exactly as given, path included. Only the fetch moves: the
+	// provider Url stays what a token's iss claim and the fetched document's
+	// own issuer field must match, so an IdP can hand out tokens naming its
+	// public issuer while this process reads its keys over a private,
+	// in-cluster path.
+	OIDCDiscoveryURLs []string
 }
 
 // privateAPIServer is the standalone IAM service's private endpoint set
@@ -441,6 +450,9 @@ func RunIAMAPI(ctx context.Context, cfg *IAMConfig) error {
 	if cfg.OIDCAllowInsecureTransport {
 		opts = append(opts, iamapi.WithOIDCAllowInsecureTransport())
 	}
+	if len(cfg.OIDCDiscoveryURLs) > 0 {
+		opts = append(opts, iamapi.WithOIDCDiscoveryURLs(cfg.OIDCDiscoveryURLs))
+	}
 	corsAllowOrigin := strings.TrimSpace(cfg.CORSAllowOrigin)
 	if len(cfg.WebuiPorts) > 0 && corsAllowOrigin == "" {
 		// Every WebUI call to this API is cross-origin, so without an allowed
diff --git a/extra/example-iam.conf b/extra/example-iam.conf
index 5ae70692..d6bb7e42 100644
--- a/extra/example-iam.conf
+++ b/extra/example-iam.conf
@@ -153,4 +153,13 @@ ROOT_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=
 # verification (thumbprint pinning included) for https ones; only for an
 # identity provider reached over an already-trusted path, such as a
 # loopback-bound sidecar.
-#VGW_IAM_OIDC_ALLOW_INSECURE_TRANSPORT=false
\ No newline at end of file
+#VGW_IAM_OIDC_ALLOW_INSECURE_TRANSPORT=false
+
+# Fetch one OIDC provider's discovery document from somewhere other than the
+# provider URL itself, as '<provider url>=<discovery url>'. Specify one or
+# more comma-separated entries. The discovery URL is fetched exactly as
+# given, so include the '/.well-known/openid-configuration' path, and it may
+# be a private in-cluster address without VGW_IAM_OIDC_ALLOW_PRIVATE_ENDPOINTS.
+# Tokens are still matched against the provider URL, and keys are still read
+# from the jwks_uri the fetched document publishes.
+#VGW_IAM_OIDC_DISCOVERY_URLS=
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/iamapi/controller.go b/iamapi/controller.go
index b6bcdc66..8e3a59c6 100644
--- a/iamapi/controller.go
+++ b/iamapi/controller.go
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"slices"
+	"strings"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/gofiber/fiber/v3"
@@ -1054,13 +1055,14 @@ func (c IAMApiController) CreateOpenIDConnectProvider(ctx fiber.Ctx) (*Response,
 
 	thumbprints := iamutil.ParseStringList(ctx, "ThumbprintList")
 	if len(thumbprints) == 0 {
+		endpoint, _ := c.oidcPolicy.ResolveDiscovery(url)
 		switch {
-		case iamutil.IsInsecureOIDCProviderURL(url):
-			// A plaintext http provider never presents a certificate, so
+		case !strings.HasPrefix(endpoint, "https://"):
+			// A plaintext http endpoint never presents a certificate, so
 			// there is nothing to auto-fetch and nothing for a later JWKS
 			// fetch to pin against: an empty ThumbprintList is the accurate
 			// record of that, not a missing one.
-			debuglogger.Logf("CreateOpenIDConnectProvider: %q is a plaintext http provider; storing an empty ThumbprintList", url)
+			debuglogger.Logf("CreateOpenIDConnectProvider: %q is reached over plaintext http; storing an empty ThumbprintList", endpoint)
 		case c.oidc.ThumbprintAutoFetchDisabled:
 			debuglogger.Logf("CreateOpenIDConnectProvider: ThumbprintList omitted and auto-fetch is disabled")
 			return nil, iamerr.MissingValue("thumbprintList")
diff --git a/iamapi/controller_test.go b/iamapi/controller_test.go
index a2527a72..aa990495 100644
--- a/iamapi/controller_test.go
+++ b/iamapi/controller_test.go
@@ -3864,6 +3864,102 @@ func TestIAMApiControllerAssumeRoleWithWebIdentityLoopbackIdP(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+// TestIAMApiControllerAssumeRoleWithWebIdentityDiscoveryURL exercises a
+// configured discovery URL: the token's issuer is a public URL that is never
+// contacted, while the discovery document and the JWKS it points to are
+// served from loopback. Only the discovery override makes that address
+// reachable — insecure transport is about schemes, not addresses — and the
+// document's own issuer must still equal the provider Url.
+func TestIAMApiControllerAssumeRoleWithWebIdentityDiscoveryURL(t *testing.T) {
+	key, err := rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, 2048)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("rsa.GenerateKey: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	const goodIssuer = "https://oidc.discovery.example"
+	const badIssuer = "https://oidc.mismatch.example"
+
+	var keysURI string
+	idp := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		switch r.URL.Path {
+		case "/good/.well-known/openid-configuration":
+			json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(map[string]any{"issuer": goodIssuer, "jwks_uri": keysURI})
+		case "/mismatch/.well-known/openid-configuration":
+			// Served for badIssuer, but naming its own private location.
+			json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(map[string]any{"issuer": r.Host, "jwks_uri": keysURI})
+		case "/keys":
+			json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(map[string]any{"keys": []any{map[string]any{
+				"kty": "RSA",
+				"kid": "k1",
+				"n":   base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(key.N.Bytes()),
+				"e":   base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(big.NewInt(int64(key.E)).Bytes()),
+			}}})
+		default:
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotFound)
+		}
+	}))
+	defer idp.Close()
+	keysURI = idp.URL + "/keys"
+
+	server := newIAMControllerTestServerWith(t,
+		WithOIDCAllowInsecureTransport(),
+		WithOIDCDiscoveryURLs([]string{
+			goodIssuer + "=" + idp.URL + "/good/.well-known/openid-configuration",
+			badIssuer + "=" + idp.URL + "/mismatch/.well-known/openid-configuration",
+		}))
+
+	for _, issuer := range []string{goodIssuer, badIssuer} {
+		providerArn := createTestOIDCProviderForTrust(t, server, issuer, "versitygw")
+		roleName := "role-for-" + iamutil.CanonicalOIDCProviderURL(issuer)
+		createTestRoleForTrust(t, server, roleName,
+			`{"Version":"2012-10-17","Statement":[{"Effect":"Allow","Principal":{"Federated":"`+providerArn+`"},`+
+				`"Action":"sts:AssumeRoleWithWebIdentity"}]}`)
+	}
+
+	assume := func(t *testing.T, issuer, roleName string) *http.Response {
+		t.Helper()
+		token := jwt.NewWithClaims(jwt.SigningMethodRS256, jwt.MapClaims{
+			"iss": issuer,
+			"aud": "versitygw",
+			"sub": "spiffe://example.org/ns/default/sa/versitygw",
+			"iat": time.Now().Unix(),
+			"exp": time.Now().Add(time.Hour).Unix(),
+		})
+		token.Header["kid"] = "k1"
+		signed, err := token.SignedString(key)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("sign token: %v", err)
+		}
+		return doSTSAction(t, server, url.Values{
+			"Action":           {"AssumeRoleWithWebIdentity"},
+			"RoleArn":          {"arn:aws:iam::000000000000:role/" + roleName},
+			"RoleSessionName":  {"discovery-session"},
+			"WebIdentityToken": {signed},
+		})
+	}
+
+	t.Run("keys read over the private path", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resp := assume(t, goodIssuer, "role-for-oidc.discovery.example")
+		if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+			t.Fatalf("AssumeRoleWithWebIdentity status = %d, body=%s", resp.StatusCode, readBody(t, resp))
+		}
+		var out iamtypes.AssumeRoleWithWebIdentityResponse
+		unmarshalXML(t, readBody(t, resp), &out)
+		if out.Result.Provider != goodIssuer {
+			t.Errorf("Provider = %q, want the public issuer %q", out.Result.Provider, goodIssuer)
+		}
+		if out.Result.Credentials.SessionToken == "" {
+			t.Errorf("no session credentials returned: %+v", out.Result.Credentials)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("discovery document naming another issuer is rejected", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resp := assume(t, badIssuer, "role-for-oidc.mismatch.example")
+		requireSTSError(t, resp, http.StatusBadRequest, "Sender", "InvalidIdentityToken",
+			"Couldn't retrieve verification key from your identity provider,  please reference AssumeRoleWithWebIdentity documentation for requirements")
+	})
+}
+
 // accessKeyImplicitUserNameActions are the four access-key actions that
 // accept an omitted UserName and infer it from the calling access key.
 var accessKeyImplicitUserNameActions = []string{"CreateAccessKey", "UpdateAccessKey", "DeleteAccessKey", "ListAccessKeys"}
diff --git a/iamapi/internal/iamutil/oidc.go b/iamapi/internal/iamutil/oidc.go
index b0643bda..43f47277 100644
--- a/iamapi/internal/iamutil/oidc.go
+++ b/iamapi/internal/iamutil/oidc.go
@@ -79,6 +79,12 @@ type OIDCEndpointPolicy struct {
 	// path is trustworthy on its own, such as a sidecar bound to loopback
 	// inside the gateway's own pod.
 	AllowInsecureTransport bool
+
+	// DiscoveryURLs maps a stored provider Url to the exact URL its
+	// discovery document is fetched from, so an IdP's keys can be read over
+	// a private in-cluster path while the tokens it issues keep naming their
+	// public issuer. Only the fetch moves; see ResolveDiscovery.
+	DiscoveryURLs map[string]string
 }
 
 // IsInsecureOIDCProviderURL reports whether providerURL, a stored provider
@@ -103,6 +109,32 @@ func OIDCEndpointURL(providerURL string) string {
 	return "https://" + providerURL
 }
 
+// CanonicalOIDCProviderURL reduces a full provider URL to the form providers
+// are stored under, the inverse of OIDCEndpointURL.
+func CanonicalOIDCProviderURL(rawURL string) string {
+	if IsInsecureOIDCProviderURL(rawURL) {
+		return rawURL
+	}
+	return strings.TrimPrefix(rawURL, "https://")
+}
+
+// ResolveDiscovery returns where providerURL's discovery document is fetched
+// from, and the policy governing that fetch and the jwks_uri the document
+// publishes: the well-known path under the provider's own endpoint under an
+// unchanged policy, or a configured DiscoveryURLs entry under one whose
+// private-address check is waived. That entry is named by the operator at
+// startup rather than by a request, so it needs no AllowPrivateEndpoints to
+// be private. Transport is unaffected either way.
+func (p OIDCEndpointPolicy) ResolveDiscovery(providerURL string) (string, OIDCEndpointPolicy) {
+	endpoint, ok := p.DiscoveryURLs[providerURL]
+	if !ok {
+		base := strings.TrimRight(OIDCEndpointURL(providerURL), "/")
+		return base + "/.well-known/openid-configuration", p
+	}
+	p.AllowPrivateEndpoints = true
+	return endpoint, p
+}
+
 // ParseStringList reads flat indexed list members "<paramName>.member.1",
 // "<paramName>.member.2", ... — the AWS Query-protocol wire form for a bare
 // []string (distinct from ParseTags's Key/Value-pair member form, used by
@@ -256,10 +288,7 @@ func ValidateOIDCProviderURL(rawURL string, policy OIDCEndpointPolicy) (string,
 		return "", iamerr.InvalidInput("Invalid Open ID Connect Provider URL.")
 	}
 
-	if insecure {
-		return rawURL, nil
-	}
-	return strings.TrimPrefix(rawURL, "https://"), nil
+	return CanonicalOIDCProviderURL(rawURL), nil
 }
 
 func isValidOIDCHostname(host string) bool {
@@ -269,7 +298,7 @@ func isValidOIDCHostname(host string) bool {
 	if host == "" || len(host) > 253 {
 		return false
 	}
-	for _, label := range strings.Split(host, ".") {
+	for label := range strings.SplitSeq(host, ".") {
 		if !oidcHostLabelPattern.MatchString(label) {
 			return false
 		}
diff --git a/iamapi/internal/iamutil/oidc_test.go b/iamapi/internal/iamutil/oidc_test.go
index bb77f7e0..150dee5a 100644
--- a/iamapi/internal/iamutil/oidc_test.go
+++ b/iamapi/internal/iamutil/oidc_test.go
@@ -25,6 +25,44 @@ var (
 	insecureOIDCPolicy = OIDCEndpointPolicy{AllowPrivateEndpoints: true, AllowInsecureTransport: true}
 )
 
+// TestResolveDiscovery covers where a provider's discovery document is
+// fetched from, and the address-check waiver a configured discovery URL
+// carries: the endpoint is named by the operator at startup, not by a
+// request, so it needs no AllowPrivateEndpoints to be private.
+func TestResolveDiscovery(t *testing.T) {
+	const clusterURL = "https://oidc.oidc-ns/.well-known/openid-configuration"
+	policy := OIDCEndpointPolicy{DiscoveryURLs: map[string]string{"oidc.example.com": clusterURL}}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name        string
+		providerURL string
+		want        string
+		wantPrivate bool
+	}{
+		{"override", "oidc.example.com", clusterURL, true},
+		{"other provider unaffected", "other.example.com", "https://other.example.com/.well-known/openid-configuration", false},
+		{"trailing slash", "other.example.com/", "https://other.example.com/.well-known/openid-configuration", false},
+		{"http provider keeps its scheme", "http://127.0.0.1:8080", "http://127.0.0.1:8080/.well-known/openid-configuration", false},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got, gotPolicy := policy.ResolveDiscovery(tt.providerURL)
+			if got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("ResolveDiscovery(%q) = %q, want %q", tt.providerURL, got, tt.want)
+			}
+			if gotPolicy.AllowPrivateEndpoints != tt.wantPrivate {
+				t.Errorf("AllowPrivateEndpoints = %v, want %v", gotPolicy.AllowPrivateEndpoints, tt.wantPrivate)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+	// The waiver is scoped to the returned copy: the policy the rest of the
+	// request is validated against keeps its address check.
+	if policy.AllowPrivateEndpoints {
+		t.Error("ResolveDiscovery mutated the receiver's AllowPrivateEndpoints")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestValidateOIDCProviderURL(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name   string
diff --git a/iamapi/internal/iamutil/oidc_thumbprint.go b/iamapi/internal/iamutil/oidc_thumbprint.go
index 0157e2f7..3cd935d0 100644
--- a/iamapi/internal/iamutil/oidc_thumbprint.go
+++ b/iamapi/internal/iamutil/oidc_thumbprint.go
@@ -38,7 +38,9 @@ const oidcThumbprintFetchTimeout = 8 * time.Second
 // the presented chain against the system trust store and the provider's own
 // hostname like any normal TLS client, and returns the SHA-1 thumbprint of
 // the last (top-most/intermediate CA) certificate in the peer's presented
-// chain.
+// chain. A configured discovery URL moves the handshake to that endpoint's
+// host, since that is the host every later fetch pins this thumbprint
+// against.
 //
 // SSRF hardening: the hostname is resolved once via
 // net.DefaultResolver.LookupIP; if any resolved address is
@@ -70,14 +72,15 @@ const oidcThumbprintFetchTimeout = 8 * time.Second
 // verification for this handshake entirely and pins whatever is presented.
 func FetchThumbprint(ctx context.Context, providerURL string, policy OIDCEndpointPolicy) (string, error) {
 	displayURL := OIDCEndpointURL(providerURL)
-	if IsInsecureOIDCProviderURL(providerURL) {
-		// A plaintext http provider performs no handshake, so there is no
+	endpoint, policy := policy.ResolveDiscovery(providerURL)
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(endpoint, "https://") {
+		// A plaintext http endpoint performs no handshake, so there is no
 		// certificate to observe. Callers skip auto-fetch for these
 		// entirely; this is the guard for the ones that don't.
-		debuglogger.Logf("oidc thumbprint fetch: %q is a plaintext http provider and presents no certificate", displayURL)
+		debuglogger.Logf("oidc thumbprint fetch: %q is reached over plaintext http and presents no certificate", endpoint)
 		return "", iamerr.OpenIdIdpCommunicationError(displayURL)
 	}
-	host, port := splitOIDCHostPort(hostFromOIDCUrl(providerURL))
+	host, port := splitOIDCHostPort(hostFromOIDCUrl(CanonicalOIDCProviderURL(endpoint)))
 
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, oidcThumbprintFetchTimeout)
 	defer cancel()
diff --git a/iamapi/internal/iamutil/oidc_thumbprint_test.go b/iamapi/internal/iamutil/oidc_thumbprint_test.go
index 677164ec..10e1b618 100644
--- a/iamapi/internal/iamutil/oidc_thumbprint_test.go
+++ b/iamapi/internal/iamutil/oidc_thumbprint_test.go
@@ -180,6 +180,31 @@ func TestFetchThumbprintAllowPrivateEndpoints(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// TestFetchThumbprintDiscoveryURL confirms auto-fetch pins the endpoint it
+// will actually talk to: with a discovery URL configured, the handshake goes
+// to that endpoint's host — a loopback one here, which the default address
+// check would refuse — rather than to the provider's own unreachable host.
+func TestFetchThumbprintDiscoveryURL(t *testing.T) {
+	srv := httptest.NewTLSServer(nil)
+	defer srv.Close()
+
+	policy := OIDCEndpointPolicy{
+		AllowInsecureTransport: true,
+		DiscoveryURLs: map[string]string{
+			"idp.example": "https://" + srv.Listener.Addr().String() + "/.well-known/openid-configuration",
+		},
+	}
+	got, err := FetchThumbprint(context.Background(), "idp.example", policy)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("FetchThumbprint(discovery url): %v", err)
+	}
+
+	sum := sha1.Sum(srv.Certificate().Raw)
+	if want := hex.EncodeToString(sum[:]); got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("FetchThumbprint thumbprint = %q, want the discovery endpoint's %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
 // TestFetchThumbprintRejectsPlaintextProvider covers the defensive branch
 // for an http provider Url: there is no handshake to observe a certificate
 // in, so auto-fetch must report a failure rather than dial anything.
diff --git a/iamapi/internal/iamutil/webidentity.go b/iamapi/internal/iamutil/webidentity.go
index 721d8e6e..7e12daa4 100644
--- a/iamapi/internal/iamutil/webidentity.go
+++ b/iamapi/internal/iamutil/webidentity.go
@@ -617,18 +617,22 @@ var (
 // current ThumbprintList (freshly read from storage for the request being
 // verified), so a changed configuration always maps to a different key here;
 // thumbprints are sorted first since storage doesn't guarantee list order is
-// stable across reads of an unchanged provider.
-func jwksCacheKey(issuerURL string, thumbprints []string) string {
+// stable across reads of an unchanged provider. The discovery endpoint
+// policy resolves issuerURL to is bound in as well, so an in-process restart
+// with a different discovery override never reuses key material fetched
+// from the previous endpoint.
+func jwksCacheKey(issuerURL string, thumbprints []string, policy OIDCEndpointPolicy) string {
 	sorted := slices.Clone(thumbprints)
 	slices.Sort(sorted)
-	return issuerURL + "|" + strings.Join(sorted, ",")
+	discoveryURL, _ := policy.ResolveDiscovery(issuerURL)
+	return issuerURL + "|" + discoveryURL + "|" + strings.Join(sorted, ",")
 }
 
 // cachedJWKS returns issuerURL's key set from cache if a fresh-enough entry
 // exists for the current thumbprints, otherwise fetches and caches a fresh
 // one.
 func cachedJWKS(ctx context.Context, issuerURL string, thumbprints []string, policy OIDCEndpointPolicy) (*jwkSet, error) {
-	key := jwksCacheKey(issuerURL, thumbprints)
+	key := jwksCacheKey(issuerURL, thumbprints, policy)
 	jwksCacheMu.Lock()
 	entry, ok := jwksCache[key]
 	jwksCacheMu.Unlock()
@@ -656,7 +660,7 @@ func cachedJWKS(ctx context.Context, issuerURL string, thumbprints []string, pol
 // gated the next one. Recording the attempt up front bounds retries to one
 // per jwksMinForcedRefreshInterval regardless of whether the fetch succeeds.
 func forceRefreshJWKSCache(ctx context.Context, issuerURL string, thumbprints []string, policy OIDCEndpointPolicy) (*jwkSet, error) {
-	key := jwksCacheKey(issuerURL, thumbprints)
+	key := jwksCacheKey(issuerURL, thumbprints, policy)
 	jwksCacheMu.Lock()
 	entry, ok := jwksCache[key]
 	if ok && time.Since(entry.lastForcedRefresh) < jwksMinForcedRefreshInterval {
@@ -679,12 +683,12 @@ func forceRefreshJWKSCache(ctx context.Context, issuerURL string, thumbprints []
 }
 
 // fetchAndCacheJWKS fetches issuerURL's key set and, on success, replaces
-// its cache entry, coalescing concurrent callers for the same issuerURL AND
-// thumbprints via jwksFetchGroup (keyed identically to jwksCache, so a
+// its cache entry, coalescing concurrent callers for the same issuerURL,
+// thumbprints AND discovery endpoint via jwksFetchGroup (keyed identically to jwksCache, so a
 // caller mid-fetch for one thumbprint configuration never receives a result
 // coalesced from a differently-configured concurrent caller).
 func fetchAndCacheJWKS(ctx context.Context, issuerURL string, thumbprints []string, policy OIDCEndpointPolicy) (*jwkSet, error) {
-	key := jwksCacheKey(issuerURL, thumbprints)
+	key := jwksCacheKey(issuerURL, thumbprints, policy)
 	v, err, _ := jwksFetchGroup.Do(key, func() (any, error) {
 		keys, err := fetchJWKS(ctx, issuerURL, thumbprints, policy)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -704,17 +708,18 @@ func fetchAndCacheJWKS(ctx context.Context, issuerURL string, thumbprints []stri
 	return v.(*jwkSet), nil
 }
 
-// fetchJWKS retrieves issuerURL's OIDC discovery document, then the JWKS it
-// points to. issuerURL is the provider's stored Url. thumbprints, if
-// non-empty, lets the fetch's TLS connections succeed against a
-// self-signed/private-CA certificate whose chain matches one of them, the
-// same trust-pinning fallback real AWS documents for OIDC providers.
+// fetchJWKS retrieves issuerURL's OIDC discovery document — from wherever
+// ResolveDiscovery places it — then the JWKS that document points to.
+// issuerURL is the provider's stored Url. thumbprints, if non-empty, lets
+// the fetch's TLS connections succeed against a self-signed/private-CA
+// certificate whose chain matches one of them, the same trust-pinning
+// fallback real AWS documents for OIDC providers.
 func fetchJWKS(ctx context.Context, issuerURL string, thumbprints []string, policy OIDCEndpointPolicy) (*jwkSet, error) {
+	discoveryURL, policy := policy.ResolveDiscovery(issuerURL)
 	client := ssrfSafeHTTPClient(thumbprints, policy)
-	base := OIDCEndpointURL(issuerURL)
 
 	var doc oidcDiscoveryDoc
-	if err := fetchJSON(ctx, client, strings.TrimRight(base, "/")+"/.well-known/openid-configuration", &doc); err != nil {
+	if err := fetchJSON(ctx, client, discoveryURL, &doc); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	if err := validateDiscoveryIssuer(doc, issuerURL); err != nil {
diff --git a/iamapi/internal/iamutil/webidentity_test.go b/iamapi/internal/iamutil/webidentity_test.go
index 4147222d..ffccedb1 100644
--- a/iamapi/internal/iamutil/webidentity_test.go
+++ b/iamapi/internal/iamutil/webidentity_test.go
@@ -572,27 +572,31 @@ func TestValidateDiscoveryIssuer(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestJWKSCacheKeyBindsThumbprints(t *testing.T) {
-	base := jwksCacheKey("example.com", []string{"aaaa"})
+	base := jwksCacheKey("example.com", []string{"aaaa"}, OIDCEndpointPolicy{})
 
-	if got := jwksCacheKey("example.com", []string{"bbbb"}); got == base {
+	if got := jwksCacheKey("example.com", []string{"bbbb"}, OIDCEndpointPolicy{}); got == base {
 		t.Errorf("jwksCacheKey did not change when thumbprint changed: %q", got)
 	}
-	if got := jwksCacheKey("example.com", nil); got == base {
+	if got := jwksCacheKey("example.com", nil, OIDCEndpointPolicy{}); got == base {
 		t.Errorf("jwksCacheKey did not change when thumbprint was removed: %q", got)
 	}
-	if got := jwksCacheKey("other.example.com", []string{"aaaa"}); got == base {
+	if got := jwksCacheKey("other.example.com", []string{"aaaa"}, OIDCEndpointPolicy{}); got == base {
 		t.Errorf("jwksCacheKey did not change when issuer changed: %q", got)
 	}
+	overridden := OIDCEndpointPolicy{DiscoveryURLs: map[string]string{"example.com": "https://oidc.internal/.well-known/openid-configuration"}}
+	if got := jwksCacheKey("example.com", []string{"aaaa"}, overridden); got == base {
+		t.Errorf("jwksCacheKey did not change when the discovery endpoint changed: %q", got)
+	}
 	// Storage doesn't guarantee ThumbprintList order is stable across reads
 	// of an unchanged provider, so the key must not depend on input order.
-	if got := jwksCacheKey("example.com", []string{"bbbb", "aaaa"}); got != jwksCacheKey("example.com", []string{"aaaa", "bbbb"}) {
+	if got := jwksCacheKey("example.com", []string{"bbbb", "aaaa"}, OIDCEndpointPolicy{}); got != jwksCacheKey("example.com", []string{"aaaa", "bbbb"}, OIDCEndpointPolicy{}) {
 		t.Errorf("jwksCacheKey is sensitive to thumbprint order: %q", got)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestForceRefreshJWKSCacheGatesFailedAttempts(t *testing.T) {
 	issuer := "localhost"
-	key := jwksCacheKey(issuer, nil)
+	key := jwksCacheKey(issuer, nil, OIDCEndpointPolicy{})
 	jwksCacheMu.Lock()
 	delete(jwksCache, key)
 	jwksCacheMu.Unlock()
diff --git a/iamapi/server.go b/iamapi/server.go
index 023e8a81..575c923b 100644
--- a/iamapi/server.go
+++ b/iamapi/server.go
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
@@ -84,17 +85,74 @@ type OIDCConfig struct {
 	// drops TLS verification for https ones; see
 	// WithOIDCAllowInsecureTransport.
 	AllowInsecureTransport bool
+	// DiscoveryURLs holds "<provider url>=<discovery url>" pairs, each
+	// redirecting one provider's discovery-document fetch; see
+	// WithOIDCDiscoveryURLs.
+	DiscoveryURLs []string
+	// discovery is DiscoveryURLs parsed and keyed by stored provider Url,
+	// built by New.
+	discovery map[string]string
 }
 
-// endpointPolicy projects the two endpoint relaxations into the form
-// iamutil's URL-validation and fetch helpers take.
+// endpointPolicy projects the endpoint relaxations into the form iamutil's
+// URL-validation and fetch helpers take.
 func (c OIDCConfig) endpointPolicy() iamutil.OIDCEndpointPolicy {
 	return iamutil.OIDCEndpointPolicy{
 		AllowPrivateEndpoints:  c.AllowPrivateEndpoints,
 		AllowInsecureTransport: c.AllowInsecureTransport,
+		DiscoveryURLs:          c.discovery,
 	}
 }
 
+// parseDiscoveryURLs turns DiscoveryURLs' pairs into the map the endpoint
+// policy takes, keyed by stored provider Url so a lookup by a provider's
+// stored form hits directly. The provider Url is held to the same rules
+// CreateOpenIDConnectProvider applies, so a pair naming a provider that could
+// never be registered fails here; the discovery URL must be an absolute
+// http or https URL, since it is fetched exactly as written.
+func (c *OIDCConfig) parseDiscoveryURLs() error {
+	if len(c.DiscoveryURLs) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	c.discovery = make(map[string]string, len(c.DiscoveryURLs))
+	for _, pair := range c.DiscoveryURLs {
+		providerURL, discoveryURL, ok := cutDiscoveryURLPair(pair)
+		providerURL, discoveryURL = strings.TrimSpace(providerURL), strings.TrimSpace(discoveryURL)
+		if !ok || providerURL == "" {
+			return fmt.Errorf("iamapi: oidc discovery url %q must be in <provider url>=<discovery url> form, with an http:// or https:// discovery url", pair)
+		}
+		stored, err := iamutil.ValidateOIDCProviderURL(providerURL, c.endpointPolicy())
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("iamapi: oidc discovery url %q: invalid provider url %q: %w", pair, providerURL, err)
+		}
+		parsed, err := url.Parse(discoveryURL)
+		if err != nil || (parsed.Scheme != "https" && parsed.Scheme != "http") || parsed.Host == "" {
+			return fmt.Errorf("iamapi: oidc discovery url %q: invalid discovery url %q", pair, discoveryURL)
+		}
+		if parsed.Scheme == "http" && !c.AllowInsecureTransport {
+			return fmt.Errorf("iamapi: plaintext oidc discovery url %q requires insecure transport to be allowed", discoveryURL)
+		}
+		c.discovery[stored] = discoveryURL
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// cutDiscoveryURLPair splits a "<provider url>=<discovery url>" pair at the
+// "=" immediately preceding the discovery URL's scheme rather than at the
+// first "=", since a provider Url's path may itself contain "=".
+func cutDiscoveryURLPair(pair string) (providerURL, discoveryURL string, ok bool) {
+	i := -1
+	for _, sep := range []string{"=https://", "=http://"} {
+		if j := strings.Index(pair, sep); j >= 0 && (i < 0 || j < i) {
+			i = j
+		}
+	}
+	if i < 0 {
+		return "", "", false
+	}
+	return pair[:i], pair[i+1:], true
+}
+
 func New(store storage.Storer, root RootCredentials, opts ...Option) (*IAMApiServer, error) {
 	if store == nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("iamapi: storer is required")
@@ -112,6 +170,10 @@ func New(store storage.Storer, root RootCredentials, opts ...Option) (*IAMApiSer
 		opt(server)
 	}
 
+	if err := server.oidc.parseDiscoveryURLs(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
 	app := fiber.New(fiber.Config{
 		AppName:           "versitygw-iam",
 		ServerHeader:      "VERSITYGW",
@@ -236,6 +298,22 @@ func WithOIDCAllowInsecureTransport() Option {
 	return func(s *IAMApiServer) { s.oidc.AllowInsecureTransport = true }
 }
 
+// WithOIDCDiscoveryURLs redirects the discovery-document fetch of individual
+// providers, taking "<provider url>=<discovery url>" pairs. The discovery URL
+// is fetched exactly as given, so it must include the
+// "/.well-known/openid-configuration" path when the IdP serves it there.
+//
+// Only the fetch moves: the provider Url is still what a token's iss claim
+// and the fetched document's own issuer field must match, and the JWKS is
+// still fetched from the jwks_uri that document publishes. That is what lets
+// an IdP hand out tokens naming a public issuer while this gateway reads its
+// keys over a cluster-internal path — the endpoints being private is the
+// point, so a configured discovery URL and the jwks_uri it publishes are
+// exempt from the private-address check without WithOIDCAllowPrivateEndpoints.
+func WithOIDCDiscoveryURLs(pairs []string) Option {
+	return func(s *IAMApiServer) { s.oidc.DiscoveryURLs = pairs }
+}
+
 func (s *IAMApiServer) ServeMultiPort(ports []string) error {
 	if len(ports) == 0 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("no ports specified")
diff --git a/iamapi/server_test.go b/iamapi/server_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5f286c26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iamapi/server_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+// Copyright 2026 Versity Software
+// This file is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+// (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+package iamapi
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/versity/versitygw/iamapi/storage"
+)
+
+// TestOIDCConfigParseDiscoveryURLs covers the "<provider url>=<discovery
+// url>" pairs the CLI and Helm chart pass through: a malformed pair fails at
+// startup rather than at the first AssumeRoleWithWebIdentity, and a valid one
+// is keyed by the provider's stored Url so the lookup at fetch time hits.
+func TestOIDCConfigParseDiscoveryURLs(t *testing.T) {
+	const discoveryURL = "https://oidc.oidc-ns/.well-known/openid-configuration"
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		pairs    []string
+		insecure bool
+		private  bool
+		want     map[string]string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:  "https provider keyed scheme-stripped",
+			pairs: []string{"https://oidc.example.com=" + discoveryURL},
+			want:  map[string]string{"oidc.example.com": discoveryURL},
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "provider port survives into the key",
+			pairs:   []string{"https://oidc.example.com:8443=" + discoveryURL},
+			private: true,
+			want:    map[string]string{"oidc.example.com:8443": discoveryURL},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "provider port without private endpoints",
+			pairs: []string{"https://oidc.example.com:8443=" + discoveryURL},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "provider path containing =",
+			pairs: []string{"https://oidc.example.com/tenant=abc=" + discoveryURL},
+			want:  map[string]string{"oidc.example.com/tenant=abc": discoveryURL},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "discovery url query containing =",
+			pairs: []string{"https://oidc.example.com=" + discoveryURL + "?tenant=abc"},
+			want:  map[string]string{"oidc.example.com": discoveryURL + "?tenant=abc"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "http provider keeps its scheme",
+			pairs:    []string{"http://127.0.0.1:8080=" + discoveryURL},
+			insecure: true,
+			private:  true,
+			want:     map[string]string{"http://127.0.0.1:8080": discoveryURL},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "plaintext discovery url with insecure transport",
+			pairs:    []string{"https://oidc.example.com=http://127.0.0.1:8080/.well-known/openid-configuration"},
+			insecure: true,
+			want:     map[string]string{"oidc.example.com": "http://127.0.0.1:8080/.well-known/openid-configuration"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "plaintext discovery url without insecure transport",
+			pairs: []string{"https://oidc.example.com=http://127.0.0.1:8080/.well-known/openid-configuration"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "no separator",
+			pairs: []string{"https://oidc.example.com"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "empty discovery url",
+			pairs: []string{"https://oidc.example.com="},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "provider url without a scheme",
+			pairs: []string{"oidc.example.com=" + discoveryURL},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "discovery url without a scheme",
+			pairs: []string{"https://oidc.example.com=oidc.oidc-ns"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "provider url without a host",
+			pairs: []string{"https://=" + discoveryURL},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "provider url with an invalid host",
+			pairs: []string{"https://bad host=" + discoveryURL},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "discovery url without a host",
+			pairs: []string{"https://oidc.example.com=https://"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "discovery url with an invalid host",
+			pairs: []string{"https://oidc.example.com=https://bad host/.well-known/openid-configuration"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			cfg := OIDCConfig{DiscoveryURLs: tt.pairs, AllowInsecureTransport: tt.insecure, AllowPrivateEndpoints: tt.private}
+			err := cfg.parseDiscoveryURLs()
+			if tt.want == nil {
+				if err == nil {
+					t.Fatalf("parseDiscoveryURLs(%q) = nil, want an error", tt.pairs)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("parseDiscoveryURLs(%q): %v", tt.pairs, err)
+			}
+			got := cfg.endpointPolicy().DiscoveryURLs
+			if len(got) != len(tt.want) {
+				t.Fatalf("DiscoveryURLs = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
+			}
+			for provider, want := range tt.want {
+				if got[provider] != want {
+					t.Errorf("DiscoveryURLs[%q] = %q, want %q", provider, got[provider], want)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestNewRejectsInvalidDiscoveryURLs confirms the parse runs at construction
+// time, so a bad flag value never reaches a running server.
+func TestNewRejectsInvalidDiscoveryURLs(t *testing.T) {
+	store, err := storage.New(storage.Config{Dir: t.TempDir()})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("storage.New: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := New(store, testRoot, WithQuiet(), WithOIDCDiscoveryURLs([]string{"not-a-pair"})); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("New with a malformed discovery url = nil error, want a failure")
+	}
+}