diff --git a/tests/drivers/delete_object/delete_object_rest.sh b/tests/drivers/delete_object/delete_object_rest.sh
index c57eee84..2cf4c78e 100644
--- a/tests/drivers/delete_object/delete_object_rest.sh
+++ b/tests/drivers/delete_object/delete_object_rest.sh
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 source ./tests/commands/list_objects_v2.sh
 source ./tests/drivers/list_object_versions/list_object_versions_rest.sh
 source ./tests/drivers/xml.sh
-source ./tests/util/util_legal_hold.sh
+source ./tests/drivers/get_object_legal_hold/get_object_legal_hold_rest.sh
 
 list_and_delete_objects() {
   log 6 "list_and_delete_objects: '$1'"
diff --git a/tests/drivers/get_bucket_acl/get_bucket_acl.sh b/tests/drivers/get_bucket_acl/get_bucket_acl.sh
index 7da45dc7..1f01fab8 100644
--- a/tests/drivers/get_bucket_acl/get_bucket_acl.sh
+++ b/tests/drivers/get_bucket_acl/get_bucket_acl.sh
@@ -101,3 +101,22 @@ get_check_acl_after_second_put() {
   fi
   return 0
 }
+
+get_bucket_acl_and_check_owner() {
+  if ! check_param_count_v2 "client, bucket name" 2 $#; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! get_bucket_acl "$1" "$2"; then
+    log 2 "error getting bucket acl"
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  # shellcheck disable=SC2154
+  log 5 "ACL: $acl"
+  id=$(echo "$acl" | jq -r '.Owner.ID')
+  if [[ "$id" != "$AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID" ]]; then
+    log 2 "Acl mismatch"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  return 0
+}
diff --git a/tests/util/util_get_object_attributes.sh b/tests/drivers/get_object_attributes/get_object_attributes_s3api.sh
similarity index 98%
rename from tests/util/util_get_object_attributes.sh
rename to tests/drivers/get_object_attributes/get_object_attributes_s3api.sh
index 1910e402..375a1b37 100644
--- a/tests/util/util_get_object_attributes.sh
+++ b/tests/drivers/get_object_attributes/get_object_attributes_s3api.sh
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 
-# Copyright 2024 Versity Software
+# Copyright 2026 Versity Software
 # This file is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 # (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 # with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
diff --git a/tests/drivers/get_object_legal_hold/get_object_legal_hold.sh b/tests/drivers/get_object_legal_hold/get_object_legal_hold.sh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9d30c277
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/drivers/get_object_legal_hold/get_object_legal_hold.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+# Copyright 2026 Versity Software
+# This file is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+# (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http:#www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+get_and_check_legal_hold() {
+  if ! check_param_count_v2 "client, bucket, key, expected status" 4 $#; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! head_object "$1" "$2" "$3"; then
+    log 2 "error getting object metadata"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  # shellcheck disable=SC2154
+  raw_metadata=$(echo "$metadata" | grep -v "InsecureRequestWarning")
+  log 5 "raw metadata: $raw_metadata"
+  if ! hold_status=$(echo "$raw_metadata" | jq -r ".ObjectLockLegalHoldStatus // empty" 2>&1); then
+    log 2 "error retrieving hold status: $hold_status"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  modified_hold_status="${hold_status:-OFF}"
+  if [[ "$modified_hold_status" != "$4" ]]; then
+    log 2 "hold status mismatch (expected '$4', actual '$modified_hold_status')"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  return 0
+}
diff --git a/tests/util/util_legal_hold.sh b/tests/drivers/get_object_legal_hold/get_object_legal_hold_rest.sh
similarity index 86%
rename from tests/util/util_legal_hold.sh
rename to tests/drivers/get_object_legal_hold/get_object_legal_hold_rest.sh
index f8681bcb..b960524c 100644
--- a/tests/util/util_legal_hold.sh
+++ b/tests/drivers/get_object_legal_hold/get_object_legal_hold_rest.sh
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 
-# Copyright 2024 Versity Software
+# Copyright 2026 Versity Software
 # This file is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 # (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 # with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
@@ -14,28 +14,6 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-get_and_check_legal_hold() {
-  if ! check_param_count "get_and_check_legal_hold" "client, bucket, key, expected status" 4 $#; then
-    return 1
-  fi
-  if ! head_object "$1" "$2" "$3"; then
-    log 2 "error getting object metadata"
-    return 1
-  fi
-  # shellcheck disable=SC2154
-  raw_metadata=$(echo "$metadata" | grep -v "InsecureRequestWarning")
-  log 5 "raw metadata: $raw_metadata"
-  if ! hold_status=$(echo "$raw_metadata" | jq -r ".ObjectLockLegalHoldStatus" 2>&1); then
-    log 2 "error retrieving hold status: $hold_status"
-    return 1
-  fi
-  if [[ "$hold_status" != "$4" ]]; then
-    log 2 "hold status mismatch ($hold_status, $4)"
-    return 1
-  fi
-  return 0
-}
-
 check_legal_hold_without_lock_enabled() {
   if ! check_param_count_v2 "bucket, key, expected error" 3 $#; then
     return 1
diff --git a/tests/util/util_get_object_retention.sh b/tests/drivers/get_object_retention/get_object_retention_s3api.sh
similarity index 97%
rename from tests/util/util_get_object_retention.sh
rename to tests/drivers/get_object_retention/get_object_retention_s3api.sh
index 53137914..254cb102 100644
--- a/tests/util/util_get_object_retention.sh
+++ b/tests/drivers/get_object_retention/get_object_retention_s3api.sh
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 
-# Copyright 2024 Versity Software
+# Copyright 2026 Versity Software
 # This file is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 # (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 # with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
diff --git a/tests/util/util_get_bucket_acl.sh b/tests/drivers/head_bucket/head_bucket_mc.sh
similarity index 64%
rename from tests/util/util_get_bucket_acl.sh
rename to tests/drivers/head_bucket/head_bucket_mc.sh
index a54506a2..71bc8421 100644
--- a/tests/util/util_get_bucket_acl.sh
+++ b/tests/drivers/head_bucket/head_bucket_mc.sh
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 
-# Copyright 2024 Versity Software
+# Copyright 2026 Versity Software
 # This file is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 # (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 # with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
@@ -14,18 +14,18 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-get_bucket_acl_and_check_owner() {
-  if [ $# -ne 2 ]; then
-    log 2 "'get_acl_and_check_owner' requires client, bucket name"
+bucket_info_contains_bucket() {
+  if ! check_param_count_v2 "client, bucket" 2 $#; then
     return 1
   fi
-  if ! get_bucket_acl "$1" "$2"; then
-    log 2 "error getting bucket acl"
+  if ! head_bucket "mc" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"; then
+    log 2 "error getting bucket info"
     return 1
   fi
 
   # shellcheck disable=SC2154
-  log 5 "ACL: $acl"
-  id=$(echo "$acl" | jq -r '.Owner.ID')
-  [[ $id == "$AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID" ]] || fail "Acl mismatch"
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+  if [[ "$bucket_info" != *"$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"* ]]; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+  return 0
+}
diff --git a/tests/drivers/head_bucket/head_bucket_s3api.sh b/tests/drivers/head_bucket/head_bucket_s3api.sh
index a91085cc..5f817320 100644
--- a/tests/drivers/head_bucket/head_bucket_s3api.sh
+++ b/tests/drivers/head_bucket/head_bucket_s3api.sh
@@ -51,3 +51,15 @@ check_for_empty_region() {
   fi
   return 0
 }
+
+bucket_info_without_bucket() {
+  if head_bucket "s3api" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"; then
+    log 2 "able to get bucket info for non-existent bucket"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if [[ $bucket_info != *"404"* ]]; then
+    log 2 "404 not returned for non-existent bucket info"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  return 0
+}
diff --git a/tests/test_mc.sh b/tests/test_mc.sh
index 0f13c852..38e2fe84 100755
--- a/tests/test_mc.sh
+++ b/tests/test_mc.sh
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ source ./tests/drivers/get_bucket_tagging/get_bucket_tagging.sh
 source ./tests/drivers/get_bucket_tagging/get_bucket_tagging_rest.sh
 source ./tests/drivers/get_object_tagging/get_object_tagging.sh
 source ./tests/drivers/put_bucket_ownership_controls/put_bucket_ownership_controls_rest.sh
-source ./tests/util/util_head_bucket.sh
 
 export RUN_MC=true
 
diff --git a/tests/test_s3api_bucket.sh b/tests/test_s3api_bucket.sh
index c4101c32..f1f2f3a0 100755
--- a/tests/test_s3api_bucket.sh
+++ b/tests/test_s3api_bucket.sh
@@ -53,7 +53,6 @@ source ./tests/drivers/get_bucket_tagging/get_bucket_tagging_rest.sh
 source ./tests/drivers/head_bucket/head_bucket_rest.sh
 source ./tests/drivers/head_bucket/head_bucket_s3api.sh
 source ./tests/drivers/put_bucket_ownership_controls/put_bucket_ownership_controls_rest.sh
-source ./tests/util/util_head_bucket.sh
 source ./tests/util/util_lock_config.sh
 source ./tests/util/util_object.sh
 
diff --git a/tests/test_s3api_multipart.sh b/tests/test_s3api_multipart.sh
index e915925c..2dcd61ee 100755
--- a/tests/test_s3api_multipart.sh
+++ b/tests/test_s3api_multipart.sh
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ source ./tests/commands/put_object.sh
 source ./tests/drivers/file.sh
 source ./tests/drivers/head_object/head_object_s3api.sh
 source ./tests/drivers/create_bucket/create_bucket_rest.sh
+source ./tests/drivers/get_object_legal_hold/get_object_legal_hold.sh
 source ./tests/drivers/get_object_tagging/get_object_tagging.sh
 source ./tests/drivers/put_bucket_ownership_controls/put_bucket_ownership_controls_rest.sh
 source ./tests/util/util_multipart.sh
diff --git a/tests/test_s3api_object.sh b/tests/test_s3api_object.sh
index 2f1e633a..d1ee336d 100755
--- a/tests/test_s3api_object.sh
+++ b/tests/test_s3api_object.sh
@@ -43,6 +43,9 @@ source ./tests/commands/put_object_retention.sh
 source ./tests/commands/put_public_access_block.sh
 source ./tests/commands/select_object_content.sh
 source ./tests/drivers/copy_object/copy_object_rest.sh
+source ./tests/drivers/get_object_attributes/get_object_attributes_s3api.sh
+source ./tests/drivers/get_object_legal_hold/get_object_legal_hold.sh
+source ./tests/drivers/get_object_retention/get_object_retention_s3api.sh
 source ./tests/drivers/get_object_tagging/get_object_tagging.sh
 source ./tests/drivers/list_buckets/list_buckets_rest.sh
 source ./tests/drivers/put_bucket_ownership_controls/put_bucket_ownership_controls_rest.sh
diff --git a/tests/test_s3api_root_inner.sh b/tests/test_s3api_root_inner.sh
index 464efeff..3075c726 100755
--- a/tests/test_s3api_root_inner.sh
+++ b/tests/test_s3api_root_inner.sh
@@ -18,10 +18,6 @@ source ./tests/commands/delete_objects.sh
 source ./tests/commands/list_objects_v2.sh
 source ./tests/commands/list_parts.sh
 source ./tests/drivers/put_object/put_object.sh
-source ./tests/util/util_get_bucket_acl.sh
-source ./tests/util/util_get_object_attributes.sh
-source ./tests/util/util_get_object_retention.sh
-source ./tests/util/util_legal_hold.sh
 source ./tests/util/util_list_objects.sh
 
 test_delete_objects_s3api_root() {
diff --git a/tests/util/util_head_bucket.sh b/tests/util/util_head_bucket.sh
deleted file mode 100644
index c6ee28d3..00000000
--- a/tests/util/util_head_bucket.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-
-bucket_info_contains_bucket() {
-  if [ $# -ne 2 ]; then
-    log 2 "'bucket_info_contains_bucket' requires client, bucket"
-    return 1
-  fi
-  if ! head_bucket "mc" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"; then
-    log 2 "error getting bucket info"
-    return 1
-  fi
-
-  # shellcheck disable=SC2154
-  if [[ "$bucket_info" != *"$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"* ]]; then
-    return 1
-  fi
-  return 0
-}
-
-bucket_info_without_bucket() {
-  if head_bucket "s3api" "$BUCKET_ONE_NAME"; then
-    log 2 "able to get bucket info for non-existent bucket"
-    return 1
-  fi
-  if [[ $bucket_info != *"404"* ]]; then
-    log 2 "404 not returned for non-existent bucket info"
-    return 1
-  fi
-  return 0
-}
\ No newline at end of file