Add VKey to String and String to VKey methods (#1396 )

* Add stringify and parse methods to SerializeUTils * Improve comments and test cases * Fix comments and test strings * Fix dependency warning
Pass the ICANN reporting BQ dataset to the DNS query coordinator (#1405 )
2026-05-19 14:21:48 +00:00 · 2021-11-02 13:25:35 -04:00 · 2021-11-02 13:24:04 -04:00 · 2021-11-02 11:12:57 -04:00 · 2021-11-01 13:01:37 -04:00 · 2021-11-01 12:08:20 -04:00
1019 changed files with 29196 additions and 17009 deletions
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -112,3 +112,7 @@ core/**/registrar_bin*.js
 core/**/registrar_dbg*.js
 core/**/registrar_bin*.css
 core/**/registrar_dbg*.css
+
+# Appengine generated files
+core/WEB-INF/appengine-generated/*.bin
+core/WEB-INF/appengine-generated/*.xml
--- a/SECURITY.md
+++ b/SECURITY.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+To report a security issue, please use http://g.co/vulnz. We use
+http://g.co/vulnz for our intake, and do coordination and disclosure here on
+GitHub (including using GitHub Security Advisory). The Google Security Team will
+respond within 5 working days of your report on g.co/vulnz.
--- a/build.gradle
+++ b/build.gradle
@@ -196,9 +196,41 @@ allprojects {
  }
 }

+rootProject.ext {
+  pyver = { exe ->
+    try {
+      ext.execInBash(
+          exe + " -c 'import sys; print(sys.hexversion)' 2>/dev/null",
+          "/") as Integer
+    } catch (org.gradle.process.internal.ExecException e) {
+      return -1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Return the path to a usable python3 executable.
+  getPythonExecutable = {
+    // Find a python version greater than 3.7.3 (this is somewhat arbitrary, we
+    // know we'd like at least 3.6, but 3.7.3 is the latest that ships with
+    // Debian so it seems like that should be available anywhere).
+    def MIN_PY_VER = 0x3070300
+    if (pyver('python') >= MIN_PY_VER) {
+      return 'python'
+    } else if (pyver('/usr/bin/python3') >= MIN_PY_VER) {
+      return '/usr/bin/python3'
+    } else {
+      throw new GradleException("No usable Python version found (build " +
+                                "requires at least python 3.7.3)");
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 task runPresubmits(type: Exec) {
-  executable '/usr/bin/python3'
+
  args('config/presubmits.py')
+
+  doFirst {
+    executable getPythonExecutable()
+  }
 }

 def javadocSource = []
@@ -412,9 +444,10 @@ rootProject.ext {
            ? "${rootDir}/.."
            : rootDir
    def formatDiffScript = "${scriptDir}/google-java-format-git-diff.sh"
+    def pythonExe = getPythonExecutable()

    return ext.execInBash(
-        "${formatDiffScript} ${action}", "${workingDir}")
+        "PYTHON=${pythonExe} ${formatDiffScript} ${action}", "${workingDir}")
  }
 }

@@ -422,18 +455,23 @@ rootProject.ext {
 // Note that this task checks modified Java files in the entire repository.
 task javaIncrementalFormatCheck {
  doLast {
-    def checkResult = invokeJavaDiffFormatScript("check")
-    if (checkResult == 'true') {
-      throw new IllegalStateException(
-          "Some Java files need to be reformatted. You may use the "
-              + "'javaIncrementalFormatDryRun' task to review\n "
-              + "the changes, or the 'javaIncrementalFormatApply' task "
-              + "to reformat.")
-    } else if (checkResult != 'false') {
-      throw new RuntimeException(
-          "Failed to invoke format check script:\n" + checkResult)
+    // We can only do this in a git tree.
+    if (new File("${rootDir}/.git").exists()) {
+      def checkResult = invokeJavaDiffFormatScript("check")
+      if (checkResult == 'true') {
+        throw new IllegalStateException(
+            "Some Java files need to be reformatted. You may use the "
+                + "'javaIncrementalFormatDryRun' task to review\n "
+                + "the changes, or the 'javaIncrementalFormatApply' task "
+                + "to reformat.")
+      } else if (checkResult != 'false') {
+        throw new RuntimeException(
+            "Failed to invoke format check script:\n" + checkResult)
+      }
+      println("Incremental Java format check ok.")
+    } else {
+      println("Omitting format check: not in a git directory.")
    }
-    println("Incremental Java format check ok.")
  }
 }

@@ -457,15 +495,14 @@ task javaIncrementalFormatApply {
 task javadoc(type: Javadoc) {
  source javadocSource
  classpath = files(javadocClasspath)
-  // Exclude the misbehaving generated-by-Soy Java files
-  exclude "**/*SoyInfo.java"
  destinationDir = file("${buildDir}/docs/javadoc")
  options.encoding = "UTF-8"
  // In a lot of places we don't write @return so suppress warnings about that.
  options.addBooleanOption('Xdoclint:all,-missing', true)
  options.addBooleanOption("-allow-script-in-comments",true)
  options.tags = ["type:a:Generic Type",
-                  "error:a:Expected Error"]
+                  "error:a:Expected Error",
+                  "invariant:a:Guaranteed Property"]
 }

 tasks.build.dependsOn(tasks.javadoc)
@@ -483,3 +520,15 @@ task coreDev {
 }

 javadocDependentTasks.each { tasks.javadoc.dependsOn(it) }
+
+// disable javadoc in subprojects, these will break because they don't have
+// the correct classpath (see above).
+gradle.taskGraph.whenReady { graph ->
+  graph.getAllTasks().each { task ->
+    def subprojectJavadoc = (task.path =~ /:.+:javadoc/)
+    if (subprojectJavadoc) {
+        println "Skipping ${task.path} for javadoc (only root javadoc works)"
+        task.enabled = false
+    }
+  }
+}
--- a/buildSrc/gradle/dependency-locks/compile.lockfile
+++ b/buildSrc/gradle/dependency-locks/compile.lockfile
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.escapevelocity:escapevelocity:0.9.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.0
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ org.apache.commons:commons-text:1.6
 org.apache.httpcomponents:httpclient:4.5.13
 org.apache.httpcomponents:httpcore:4.4.14
 org.checkerframework:checker-compat-qual:2.5.5
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.5.0
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.8.0
 org.json:json:20160212
 org.ow2.asm:asm-analysis:7.0
 org.ow2.asm:asm-commons:7.0
--- a/buildSrc/gradle/dependency-locks/compileClasspath.lockfile
+++ b/buildSrc/gradle/dependency-locks/compileClasspath.lockfile
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.escapevelocity:escapevelocity:0.9.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.0
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ org.apache.commons:commons-text:1.6
 org.apache.httpcomponents:httpclient:4.5.13
 org.apache.httpcomponents:httpcore:4.4.14
 org.checkerframework:checker-compat-qual:2.5.5
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.5.0
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.8.0
 org.json:json:20160212
 org.ow2.asm:asm-analysis:7.0
 org.ow2.asm:asm-commons:7.0
--- a/buildSrc/gradle/dependency-locks/deploy_jar.lockfile
+++ b/buildSrc/gradle/dependency-locks/deploy_jar.lockfile
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.escapevelocity:escapevelocity:0.9.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.0
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ org.apache.commons:commons-text:1.6
 org.apache.httpcomponents:httpclient:4.5.13
 org.apache.httpcomponents:httpcore:4.4.14
 org.checkerframework:checker-compat-qual:2.5.5
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.5.0
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.8.0
 org.json:json:20160212
 org.ow2.asm:asm-analysis:7.0
 org.ow2.asm:asm-commons:7.0
--- a/buildSrc/gradle/dependency-locks/runtime.lockfile
+++ b/buildSrc/gradle/dependency-locks/runtime.lockfile
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.escapevelocity:escapevelocity:0.9.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.0
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ org.apache.commons:commons-text:1.6
 org.apache.httpcomponents:httpclient:4.5.13
 org.apache.httpcomponents:httpcore:4.4.14
 org.checkerframework:checker-compat-qual:2.5.5
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.5.0
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.8.0
 org.json:json:20160212
 org.ow2.asm:asm-analysis:7.0
 org.ow2.asm:asm-commons:7.0
--- a/buildSrc/gradle/dependency-locks/runtimeClasspath.lockfile
+++ b/buildSrc/gradle/dependency-locks/runtimeClasspath.lockfile
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.escapevelocity:escapevelocity:0.9.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.0
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ org.apache.commons:commons-text:1.6
 org.apache.httpcomponents:httpclient:4.5.13
 org.apache.httpcomponents:httpcore:4.4.14
 org.checkerframework:checker-compat-qual:2.5.5
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.5.0
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.8.0
 org.json:json:20160212
 org.ow2.asm:asm-analysis:7.0
 org.ow2.asm:asm-commons:7.0
--- a/buildSrc/gradle/dependency-locks/testCompile.lockfile
+++ b/buildSrc/gradle/dependency-locks/testCompile.lockfile
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.escapevelocity:escapevelocity:0.9.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.0
--- a/buildSrc/gradle/dependency-locks/testCompileClasspath.lockfile
+++ b/buildSrc/gradle/dependency-locks/testCompileClasspath.lockfile
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.escapevelocity:escapevelocity:0.9.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.0
--- a/buildSrc/gradle/dependency-locks/testRuntime.lockfile
+++ b/buildSrc/gradle/dependency-locks/testRuntime.lockfile
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.escapevelocity:escapevelocity:0.9.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.0
--- a/buildSrc/gradle/dependency-locks/testRuntimeClasspath.lockfile
+++ b/buildSrc/gradle/dependency-locks/testRuntimeClasspath.lockfile
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.escapevelocity:escapevelocity:0.9.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.0
--- a/common/gradle/dependency-locks/compile.lockfile
+++ b/common/gradle/dependency-locks/compile.lockfile
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 # Manual edits can break the build and are not advised.
 # This file is expected to be part of source control.
 com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
-com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.3.4
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
 javax.inject:javax.inject:1
 joda-time:joda-time:2.9.2
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.5.0
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.8.0
--- a/common/gradle/dependency-locks/compileClasspath.lockfile
+++ b/common/gradle/dependency-locks/compileClasspath.lockfile
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 # Manual edits can break the build and are not advised.
 # This file is expected to be part of source control.
 com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
-com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.3.4
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
 javax.inject:javax.inject:1
 joda-time:joda-time:2.9.2
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.5.0
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.8.0
--- a/common/gradle/dependency-locks/default.lockfile
+++ b/common/gradle/dependency-locks/default.lockfile
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 # Manual edits can break the build and are not advised.
 # This file is expected to be part of source control.
 com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
-com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.3.4
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
 javax.inject:javax.inject:1
 joda-time:joda-time:2.9.2
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.5.0
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.8.0
--- a/common/gradle/dependency-locks/deploy_jar.lockfile
+++ b/common/gradle/dependency-locks/deploy_jar.lockfile
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 # Manual edits can break the build and are not advised.
 # This file is expected to be part of source control.
 com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
-com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.3.4
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
 javax.inject:javax.inject:1
 joda-time:joda-time:2.9.2
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.5.0
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.8.0
--- a/common/gradle/dependency-locks/runtime.lockfile
+++ b/common/gradle/dependency-locks/runtime.lockfile
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 # Manual edits can break the build and are not advised.
 # This file is expected to be part of source control.
 com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
-com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.3.4
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
 javax.inject:javax.inject:1
 joda-time:joda-time:2.9.2
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.5.0
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.8.0
--- a/common/gradle/dependency-locks/runtimeClasspath.lockfile
+++ b/common/gradle/dependency-locks/runtimeClasspath.lockfile
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 # Manual edits can break the build and are not advised.
 # This file is expected to be part of source control.
 com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
-com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.3.4
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
 javax.inject:javax.inject:1
 joda-time:joda-time:2.9.2
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.5.0
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.8.0
--- a/common/gradle/dependency-locks/testCompile.lockfile
+++ b/common/gradle/dependency-locks/testCompile.lockfile
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger:0.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
 com.google.truth:truth:1.1.2
--- a/common/gradle/dependency-locks/testCompileClasspath.lockfile
+++ b/common/gradle/dependency-locks/testCompileClasspath.lockfile
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger:0.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
 com.google.truth:truth:1.1.2
--- a/common/gradle/dependency-locks/testRuntime.lockfile
+++ b/common/gradle/dependency-locks/testRuntime.lockfile
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger-system-backend:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger:0.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
 com.google.truth:truth:1.1.2
--- a/common/gradle/dependency-locks/testRuntimeClasspath.lockfile
+++ b/common/gradle/dependency-locks/testRuntimeClasspath.lockfile
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger-system-backend:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger:0.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
 com.google.truth:truth:1.1.2
--- a/common/gradle/dependency-locks/testingCompile.lockfile
+++ b/common/gradle/dependency-locks/testingCompile.lockfile
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger:0.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
 com.google.truth:truth:1.1.2
--- a/common/gradle/dependency-locks/testingCompileClasspath.lockfile
+++ b/common/gradle/dependency-locks/testingCompileClasspath.lockfile
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger:0.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
 com.google.truth:truth:1.1.2
--- a/common/gradle/dependency-locks/testingRuntime.lockfile
+++ b/common/gradle/dependency-locks/testingRuntime.lockfile
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger-system-backend:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger:0.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
 com.google.truth:truth:1.1.2
--- a/common/gradle/dependency-locks/testingRuntimeClasspath.lockfile
+++ b/common/gradle/dependency-locks/testingRuntimeClasspath.lockfile
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger-system-backend:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger:0.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
 com.google.truth:truth:1.1.2
--- a/common/src/main/java/google/registry/util/DateTimeUtils.java
+++ b/common/src/main/java/google/registry/util/DateTimeUtils.java
@@ -100,6 +100,15 @@ public class DateTimeUtils {
    return ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(instant, ZoneId.of(dateTime.getZone().getID()).normalized());
  }

+  /**
+   * Converts a Joda {@link DateTime} object to an equivalent java.time {@link ZonedDateTime}
+   * object.
+   */
+  public static ZonedDateTime toZonedDateTime(DateTime dateTime, ZoneId zoneId) {
+    java.time.Instant instant = java.time.Instant.ofEpochMilli(dateTime.getMillis());
+    return ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(instant, zoneId);
+  }
+
  /**
   * Converts a java.time {@link ZonedDateTime} object to an equivalent Joda {@link DateTime}
   * object.
--- a/common/src/testing/java/google/registry/testing/SystemInfo.java
+++ b/common/src/testing/java/google/registry/testing/SystemInfo.java
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ public final class SystemInfo {
                    pid.getOutputStream().close();
                    pid.waitFor();
                  } catch (IOException e) {
-                    logger.atWarning().withCause(e).log("%s command not available", cmd);
+                    logger.atWarning().withCause(e).log("%s command not available.", cmd);
                    return false;
                  }
                  return true;
--- a/config/nom_build.py
+++ b/config/nom_build.py
@@ -140,6 +140,8 @@ PROPERTIES = [
             'a BEAM pipeline to image. Setting this property to empty string '
             'will disable image generation.',
             '/usr/bin/dot'),
+    Property('pipeline',
+             'The name of the Beam pipeline being staged.')
 ]

 GRADLE_FLAGS = [
--- a/config/presubmits.py
+++ b/config/presubmits.py
@@ -17,9 +17,11 @@ These aren't built in to the static code analysis tools we use (e.g. Checkstyle,
 Error Prone) so we must write them manually.
 """

+import json
 import os
 from typing import List, Tuple
 import sys
+import textwrap
 import re

 # We should never analyze any generated files
@@ -28,6 +30,13 @@ UNIVERSALLY_SKIPPED_PATTERNS = {"/build/", "cloudbuild-caches", "/out/", ".git/"
 FORBIDDEN = 1
 REQUIRED = 2

+# The list of expected json packages and their licenses.
+# These should be one of the allowed licenses in:
+# config/dependency-license/allowed_licenses.json
+EXPECTED_JS_PACKAGES = [
+    'google-closure-library',   # Owned by Google, Apache 2.0
+]
+

 class PresubmitCheck:

@@ -79,8 +88,8 @@ PRESUBMITS = {
        r".*Copyright 20\d{2} The Nomulus Authors\. All Rights Reserved\.",
        ("java", "js", "soy", "sql", "py", "sh", "gradle"), {
            ".git", "/build/", "/generated/", "/generated_tests/",
-            "node_modules/", "JUnitBackports.java", "registrar_bin.",
-            "registrar_dbg.", "google-java-format-diff.py",
+            "node_modules/", "LocalStorageHelper.java", "FakeStorageRpc.java",
+            "registrar_bin.", "registrar_dbg.", "google-java-format-diff.py",
            "nomulus.golden.sql", "soyutils_usegoog.js", "javascript/checks.js"
        }, REQUIRED):
        "File did not include the license header.",
@@ -110,9 +119,10 @@ PRESUBMITS = {
      "AppEngineExtension.register(...) instead.",

    # PostgreSQLContainer instantiation must specify docker tag
+    # TODO(b/204572437): Fix the pattern to pass DatabaseSnapshotTest.java
    PresubmitCheck(
        r"[\s\S]*new\s+PostgreSQLContainer(<[\s\S]*>)?\(\s*\)[\s\S]*",
-        "java", {}):
+        "java", {"DatabaseSnapshotTest.java"}):
      "PostgreSQLContainer instantiation must specify docker tag.",

    # Various Soy linting checks
@@ -204,17 +214,16 @@ PRESUBMITS = {
        {"src/test", "ActivityReportingQueryBuilder.java",
         # This class contains helper method to make queries in Beam.
         "RegistryJpaIO.java",
+         "CreateSyntheticHistoryEntriesAction.java",
         # TODO(b/179158393): Remove everything below, which should be done
         # using Criteria
-         "ForeignKeyIndex.java",
-         "HistoryEntryDao.java",
         "JpaTransactionManager.java",
         "JpaTransactionManagerImpl.java",
         # CriteriaQueryBuilder is a false positive
         "CriteriaQueryBuilder.java",
         "RdapDomainSearchAction.java",
         "RdapNameserverSearchAction.java",
-         "RdapSearchActionBase.java",
+         "ReadOnlyCheckingEntityManager.java",
         "RegistryQuery",
         },
    ):
@@ -310,6 +319,26 @@ def verify_flyway_index():
  return not success


+def verify_javascript_deps():
+  """Verifies that we haven't introduced any new javascript dependencies."""
+  with open('package.json') as f:
+    package = json.load(f)
+
+  deps = list(package['dependencies'].keys())
+  if deps != EXPECTED_JS_PACKAGES:
+    print('Unexpected javascript dependencies.  Was expecting '
+          '%s, got %s.' % (EXPECTED_JS_PACKAGES, deps))
+    print(textwrap.dedent("""
+        * If the new dependencies are intentional, please verify that the
+        * license is one of the allowed licenses (see
+        * config/dependency-license/allowed_licenses.json) and add an entry
+        * for the package (with the license in a comment) to the
+        * EXPECTED_JS_PACKAGES variable in config/presubmits.py.
+        """))
+    return True
+  return False
+
+
 def get_files():
  for root, dirnames, filenames in os.walk("."):
    for filename in filenames:
@@ -317,6 +346,7 @@ def get_files():


 if __name__ == "__main__":
+  print('python version is %s' % sys.version)
  failed = False
  for file in get_files():
    error_messages = []
@@ -333,5 +363,8 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
  # when we put it here it fails fast before all of the tests are run.
  failed |= verify_flyway_index()

+  # Make sure we haven't introduced any javascript dependencies.
+  failed |= verify_javascript_deps()
+
  if failed:
    sys.exit(1)
--- a/core/WEB-INF/appengine-generated/local_db.bin
+++ b/core/WEB-INF/appengine-generated/local_db.bin
--- a/core/build.gradle
+++ b/core/build.gradle
@@ -44,7 +44,6 @@ def outcastTestPatterns = [
    "google/registry/flows/domain/DomainCreateFlowTest.*",
    "google/registry/flows/domain/DomainUpdateFlowTest.*",
    "google/registry/tools/CreateDomainCommandTest.*",
-    "google/registry/tools/server/CreatePremiumListActionTest.*",
 ]

 // Tests that fail when running Gradle in a docker container, e. g. when
@@ -70,15 +69,14 @@ def dockerIncompatibleTestPatterns = [
 // Nomulus classes, e.g., threads and objects retained by frameworks.
 // TODO(weiminyu): identify cause and fix offending tests.
 def fragileTestPatterns = [
-    // Problem seems to lie with AppEngine TaskQueue for test.
-    "google/registry/cron/TldFanoutActionTest.*",
    // Test Datastore inexplicably aborts transaction.
    "google/registry/model/tmch/ClaimsListShardTest.*",
-    // Creates large object (64MBytes), occasionally throws OOM error.
-    "google/registry/model/server/KmsSecretRevisionTest.*",
    // Changes cache timeouts and for some reason appears to have contention
    // with other tests.
    "google/registry/whois/WhoisCommandFactoryTest.*",
+    // Currently changes a global configuration parameter that for some reason
+    // results in timestamp inversions for other tests.  TODO(mmuller): fix.
+    "google/registry/flows/host/HostInfoFlowTest.*",
 ] + dockerIncompatibleTestPatterns

 sourceSets {
@@ -184,6 +182,7 @@ dependencies {
  compile deps['com.google.monitoring-client:metrics']
  compile deps['com.google.monitoring-client:stackdriver']
  compile deps['com.google.api-client:google-api-client-java6']
+  compile deps['com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2']
  compile deps['com.google.apis:google-api-services-admin-directory']
  compile deps['com.google.apis:google-api-services-appengine']
  compile deps['com.google.apis:google-api-services-bigquery']
@@ -194,6 +193,7 @@ dependencies {
  compile deps['com.google.apis:google-api-services-groupssettings']
  compile deps['com.google.apis:google-api-services-monitoring']
  compile deps['com.google.apis:google-api-services-sheets']
+  compile deps['com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage']
  testCompile deps['com.google.appengine:appengine-api-stubs']
  compile deps['com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-gcs-client']
  compile deps['com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-mapreduce']
@@ -215,9 +215,13 @@ dependencies {
  compile deps['com.google.flogger:flogger']
  runtime deps['com.google.flogger:flogger-system-backend']
  compile deps['com.google.guava:guava']
+  compile deps['com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java']
  gradleLint.ignore('unused-dependency') {
    compile deps['com.google.gwt:gwt-user']
  }
+  compile deps['com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core']
+  compile deps['com.google.cloud:google-cloud-storage']
+  compile deps['com.google.cloud:google-cloud-tasks']
  compile deps['com.google.http-client:google-http-client']
  compile deps['com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine']
  compile deps['com.google.http-client:google-http-client-jackson2']
@@ -312,6 +316,7 @@ dependencies {
  annotationProcessor project(':processor')
  testAnnotationProcessor project(':processor')

+  testCompile deps['com.google.cloud:google-cloud-nio']
  testCompile deps['com.google.appengine:appengine-testing']
  testCompile deps['com.google.guava:guava-testlib']
  testCompile deps['com.google.monitoring-client:contrib']
@@ -452,6 +457,22 @@ task soyToJava {
              "--srcs", "${soyFiles.join(',')}",
              "--compileTimeGlobalsFile", "${resourcesSourceDir}/google/registry/ui/globals.txt"
    }
+
+    // Replace the "@link" tags after the "@deprecated" tags in the generated
+    // files.  The soy compiler doesn't generate imports for these, causing
+    // us to get warnings when we generate javadocs.
+    // TODO(b/200296387): To be fair, the deprecations are accurate: we're
+    // using the old "SoyInfo" classes instead of the new "Templates" files.
+    // When we convert to the new classes, this hack can go away.
+    def outputs = fileTree(outputDirectory) {
+      include '**/*.java'
+    }
+
+    outputs.each { file ->
+      exec {
+        commandLine 'sed', '-i', 's/@link/LINK/g', file.getCanonicalPath()
+      }
+    }
  }

  doLast {
@@ -684,7 +705,11 @@ createToolTask(


 createToolTask(
-        'jpaDemoPipeline', 'google.registry.beam.common.JpaDemoPipeline')
+    'jpaDemoPipeline', 'google.registry.beam.common.JpaDemoPipeline')
+
+createToolTask(
+    'createSyntheticHistoryEntries',
+    'google.registry.tools.javascrap.CreateSyntheticHistoryEntriesPipeline')

 project.tasks.create('initSqlPipeline', JavaExec) {
  main = 'google.registry.beam.initsql.InitSqlPipeline'
@@ -751,46 +776,57 @@ createUberJar('nomulus', 'nomulus', 'google.registry.tools.RegistryTool')
 // This packages more code and dependency than necessary. However, without
 // restructuring the source tree it is difficult to generate leaner jars.
 createUberJar(
-    'beam_pipeline_common',
+    'beamPipelineCommon',
    'beam_pipeline_common',
    '')

-// Create beam staging task if environment is alpha or crash.
-// All other environments use formally released pipelines through CloudBuild.
+// Create beam staging task if the environment is alpha. Production, sandbox and
+// qa use formally released pipelines through CloudBuild, whereas crash and
+// alpha use the pipelines staged on alpha deployment project.
 //
 // User should install gcloud and login to GCP before invoking this tasks.
-if (environment in ['alpha', 'crash']) {
+if (environment == 'alpha') {
  def pipelines = [
-      [
-          mainClass: 'google.registry.beam.initsql.InitSqlPipeline',
-          metaData: 'google/registry/beam/init_sql_pipeline_metadata.json'
-      ],
-      [
-          mainClass: 'google.registry.beam.datastore.BulkDeleteDatastorePipeline',
-          metaData: 'google/registry/beam/bulk_delete_datastore_pipeline_metadata.json'
-      ],
-      [
-          mainClass: 'google.registry.beam.spec11.Spec11Pipeline',
-          metaData: 'google/registry/beam/spec11_pipeline_metadata.json'
-      ],
-      [
-          mainClass: 'google.registry.beam.invoicing.InvoicingPipeline',
-          metaData: 'google/registry/beam/invoicing_pipeline_metadata.json'
-      ],
+      initSql            :
+          [
+              mainClass: 'google.registry.beam.initsql.InitSqlPipeline',
+              metaData : 'google/registry/beam/init_sql_pipeline_metadata.json'
+          ],
+      bulkDeleteDatastore:
+          [
+              mainClass: 'google.registry.beam.datastore.BulkDeleteDatastorePipeline',
+              metaData : 'google/registry/beam/bulk_delete_datastore_pipeline_metadata.json'
+          ],
+      spec11             :
+          [
+              mainClass: 'google.registry.beam.spec11.Spec11Pipeline',
+              metaData : 'google/registry/beam/spec11_pipeline_metadata.json'
+          ],
+      invoicing          :
+          [
+              mainClass: 'google.registry.beam.invoicing.InvoicingPipeline',
+              metaData : 'google/registry/beam/invoicing_pipeline_metadata.json'
+          ],
+      rde                :
+          [
+              mainClass: 'google.registry.beam.rde.RdePipeline',
+              metaData : 'google/registry/beam/rde_pipeline_metadata.json'
+          ],
  ]
-  project.tasks.create("stage_beam_pipelines") {
+  project.tasks.create("stageBeamPipelines") {
    doLast {
      pipelines.each {
-        def mainClass = it['mainClass']
-        def metaData = it['metaData']
-        def pipelineName = CaseFormat.UPPER_CAMEL.to(
-                CaseFormat.LOWER_UNDERSCORE,
-                mainClass.substring(mainClass.lastIndexOf('.') + 1))
-        def imageName = "gcr.io/${gcpProject}/beam/${pipelineName}"
-        def metaDataBaseName = metaData.substring(metaData.lastIndexOf('/') + 1)
-        def uberJarName = tasks.beam_pipeline_common.outputs.files.asPath
+        if (rootProject.pipeline == ''|| rootProject.pipeline == it.key) {
+          def mainClass = it.value['mainClass']
+          def metaData = it.value['metaData']
+          def pipelineName = CaseFormat.UPPER_CAMEL.to(
+              CaseFormat.LOWER_UNDERSCORE,
+              mainClass.substring(mainClass.lastIndexOf('.') + 1))
+          def imageName = "gcr.io/${gcpProject}/beam/${pipelineName}"
+          def metaDataBaseName = metaData.substring(metaData.lastIndexOf('/') + 1)
+          def uberJarName = tasks.beamPipelineCommon.outputs.files.asPath

-        def command = "\
+          def command = "\
            gcloud dataflow flex-template build \
            gs://${gcpProject}-deploy/live/beam/${metaDataBaseName} \
            --image-gcr-path ${imageName}:live \
@@ -800,10 +836,11 @@ if (environment in ['alpha', 'crash']) {
            --jar ${uberJarName} \
            --env FLEX_TEMPLATE_JAVA_MAIN_CLASS=${mainClass} \
            --project ${gcpProject}".toString()
-        rootProject.ext.execInBash(command, '/tmp')
+          rootProject.ext.execInBash(command, '/tmp')
+        }
      }
    }
-  }.dependsOn(tasks.beam_pipeline_common)
+  }.dependsOn(tasks.beamPipelineCommon)
 }

 // A jar with classes and resources from main sourceSet, excluding internal
@@ -1078,6 +1115,10 @@ test {
  // TODO(weiminyu): Remove dependency on sqlIntegrationTest
 }.dependsOn(fragileTest, outcastTest, standardTest, registryToolIntegrationTest, sqlIntegrationTest)

+// When we override tests, we also break the cleanTest command.
+cleanTest.dependsOn(cleanFragileTest, cleanOutcastTest, cleanStandardTest,
+                    cleanRegistryToolIntegrationTest, cleanSqlIntegrationTest)
+
 project.build.dependsOn devtool
 project.build.dependsOn buildToolImage
 project.build.dependsOn ':stage'
--- a/core/gradle/dependency-locks/annotationProcessor.lockfile
+++ b/core/gradle/dependency-locks/annotationProcessor.lockfile
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ com.google.dagger:dagger-producers:2.33
 com.google.dagger:dagger-spi:2.33
 com.google.dagger:dagger:2.33
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotation:2.3.4
-com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.3.4
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_check_api:2.3.4
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_core:2.3.4
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_type_annotations:2.3.4
 com.google.errorprone:javac-shaded:9-dev-r4023-3
 com.google.googlejavaformat:google-java-format:1.5
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
 com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.4.0
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ javax.inject:javax.inject:1
 javax.persistence:javax.persistence-api:2.2
 net.ltgt.gradle.incap:incap:0.2
 org.checkerframework:checker-compat-qual:2.5.3
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.5.0
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.8.0
 org.checkerframework:dataflow:3.0.0
 org.checkerframework:javacutil:3.0.0
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib-common:1.4.20
--- a/core/gradle/dependency-locks/compile.lockfile
+++ b/core/gradle/dependency-locks/compile.lockfile
@@ -54,12 +54,15 @@ com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-secretmanager-v1beta1:1.4.0
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-database-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-instance-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-v1:2.0.2
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.1.0
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.9
-com.google.api:api-common:1.10.1
-com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.62.0
-com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.76.1
-com.google.api:gax:1.62.0
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2:1.33.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta2:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta3:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.3.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.14
+com.google.api:api-common:1.10.4
+com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.66.0
+com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.79.0
+com.google.api:gax:1.66.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-admin-directory:directory_v1-rev118-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-appengine:v1-rev130-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-bigquery:v2-rev20200916-1.30.10
@@ -76,17 +79,17 @@ com.google.apis:google-api-services-monitoring:v3-rev540-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-pubsub:v1-rev20200713-1.30.10
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sheets:v4-rev612-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sqladmin:v1beta4-rev20210119-1.31.0
-com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20200927-1.30.10
+com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20210127-1.31.0
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-gcs-client:0.8.1
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-mapreduce:0.9
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-pipeline:0.2.13
 com.google.appengine:appengine-api-1.0-sdk:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-remote-api:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-testing:1.9.86
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.24.1
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.24.1
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.26.0
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.26.0
 com.google.auto.service:auto-service-annotations:1.0-rc7
-com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.7.4
+com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.8.1
 com.google.auto.value:auto-value:1.7.4
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:gcsio:2.1.6
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:util:2.1.6
@@ -97,31 +100,33 @@ com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquery:1.122.2
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquerystorage:1.5.5
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigtable:1.14.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-grpc:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.93.9
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.94.1
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.94.3
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsub:1.110.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsublite:0.7.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-secretmanager:1.4.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-spanner:2.0.2
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-storage:1.113.12
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-tasks:1.33.2
 com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
-com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.6
+com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.7
 com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6
 com.google.dagger:dagger:2.33
-com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.7.1
 com.google.escapevelocity:escapevelocity:0.9.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger-system-backend:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:google-extensions:0.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.gwt:gwt-user:2.9.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.2
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-jackson2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-protobuf:1.33.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.2
 com.google.inject.extensions:guice-multibindings:4.1.0
 com.google.inject:guice:4.1.0
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
@@ -133,8 +138,8 @@ com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-java6:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-jetty:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-servlet:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client:1.31.4
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.15.2
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.15.2
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.17.3
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.17.3
 com.google.re2j:re2j:1.6
 com.google.template:soy:2021-02-01
 com.googlecode.charts4j:charts4j:1.3
@@ -150,17 +155,17 @@ commons-logging:commons-logging:1.2
 dnsjava:dnsjava:3.3.1
 io.dropwizard.metrics:metrics-core:3.2.6
 io.github.classgraph:classgraph:4.8.65
-io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-api:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-context:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-core:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-api:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-context:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-core:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.39.0
 io.grpc:grpc-netty:1.32.2
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.39.0
 io.netty:netty-buffer:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http2:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http:4.1.51.Final
@@ -221,7 +226,7 @@ org.bouncycastle:bcpg-jdk15on:1.61
 org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-jdk15on:1.61
 org.bouncycastle:bcprov-jdk15on:1.61
 org.checkerframework:checker-compat-qual:2.5.5
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.7.0
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.8.0
 org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-core-asl:1.9.13
 org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-mapper-asl:1.9.13
 org.codehaus.mojo:animal-sniffer-annotations:1.20
@@ -258,7 +263,7 @@ org.testcontainers:database-commons:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:jdbc:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:postgresql:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:testcontainers:1.15.2
-org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.0
+org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.1
 org.tukaani:xz:1.5
 org.w3c.css:sac:1.3
 org.xerial.snappy:snappy-java:1.1.4
--- a/core/gradle/dependency-locks/compileClasspath.lockfile
+++ b/core/gradle/dependency-locks/compileClasspath.lockfile
@@ -53,12 +53,15 @@ com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-secretmanager-v1beta1:1.4.0
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-database-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-instance-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-v1:2.0.2
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.1.0
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.9
-com.google.api:api-common:1.10.1
-com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.62.0
-com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.76.1
-com.google.api:gax:1.62.0
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2:1.33.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta2:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta3:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.3.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.14
+com.google.api:api-common:1.10.4
+com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.66.0
+com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.79.0
+com.google.api:gax:1.66.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-admin-directory:directory_v1-rev118-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-appengine:v1-rev130-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-bigquery:v2-rev20200916-1.30.10
@@ -75,17 +78,17 @@ com.google.apis:google-api-services-monitoring:v3-rev540-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-pubsub:v1-rev20200713-1.30.10
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sheets:v4-rev612-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sqladmin:v1beta4-rev20210119-1.31.0
-com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20200927-1.30.10
+com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20210127-1.31.0
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-gcs-client:0.8.1
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-mapreduce:0.9
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-pipeline:0.2.13
 com.google.appengine:appengine-api-1.0-sdk:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-remote-api:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-testing:1.9.86
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.24.1
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.24.1
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.26.0
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.26.0
 com.google.auto.service:auto-service-annotations:1.0-rc7
-com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.7.4
+com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.8.1
 com.google.auto.value:auto-value:1.7.4
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:gcsio:2.1.6
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:util:2.1.6
@@ -96,30 +99,32 @@ com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquery:1.122.2
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquerystorage:1.5.5
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigtable:1.14.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-grpc:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.93.9
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.94.1
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.94.3
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsub:1.110.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsublite:0.7.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-secretmanager:1.4.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-spanner:2.0.2
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-storage:1.113.12
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-tasks:1.33.2
 com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
-com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.6
+com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.7
 com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6
 com.google.dagger:dagger:2.33
-com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.7.1
 com.google.escapevelocity:escapevelocity:0.9.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:google-extensions:0.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.gwt:gwt-user:2.9.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.2
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-jackson2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-protobuf:1.33.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.2
 com.google.inject.extensions:guice-multibindings:4.1.0
 com.google.inject:guice:4.1.0
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
@@ -131,8 +136,8 @@ com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-java6:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-jetty:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-servlet:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client:1.31.4
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.14.0
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.15.2
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.15.3
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.17.3
 com.google.re2j:re2j:1.6
 com.google.template:soy:2021-02-01
 com.googlecode.charts4j:charts4j:1.3
@@ -148,17 +153,17 @@ commons-logging:commons-logging:1.2
 dnsjava:dnsjava:3.3.1
 io.dropwizard.metrics:metrics-core:3.2.6
 io.github.classgraph:classgraph:4.8.65
-io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-api:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-context:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-core:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-api:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-context:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-core:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.39.0
 io.grpc:grpc-netty:1.32.2
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.39.0
 io.netty:netty-buffer:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http2:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http:4.1.51.Final
@@ -215,7 +220,7 @@ org.bouncycastle:bcpg-jdk15on:1.61
 org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-jdk15on:1.61
 org.bouncycastle:bcprov-jdk15on:1.61
 org.checkerframework:checker-compat-qual:2.5.5
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.7.0
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.8.0
 org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-core-asl:1.9.13
 org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-mapper-asl:1.9.13
 org.conscrypt:conscrypt-openjdk-uber:2.5.1
@@ -251,7 +256,7 @@ org.testcontainers:database-commons:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:jdbc:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:postgresql:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:testcontainers:1.15.2
-org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.0
+org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.1
 org.tukaani:xz:1.5
 org.w3c.css:sac:1.3
 org.xerial.snappy:snappy-java:1.1.4
--- a/core/gradle/dependency-locks/default.lockfile
+++ b/core/gradle/dependency-locks/default.lockfile
@@ -58,12 +58,15 @@ com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-secretmanager-v1beta1:1.4.0
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-database-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-instance-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-v1:2.0.2
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.1.0
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.9
-com.google.api:api-common:1.10.1
-com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.62.0
-com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.76.1
-com.google.api:gax:1.62.0
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2:1.33.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta2:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta3:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.3.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.14
+com.google.api:api-common:1.10.4
+com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.66.0
+com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.79.0
+com.google.api:gax:1.66.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-admin-directory:directory_v1-rev118-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-appengine:v1-rev130-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-bigquery:v2-rev20200916-1.30.10
@@ -80,17 +83,17 @@ com.google.apis:google-api-services-monitoring:v3-rev540-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-pubsub:v1-rev20200713-1.30.10
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sheets:v4-rev612-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sqladmin:v1beta4-rev20210119-1.31.0
-com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20200927-1.30.10
+com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20210127-1.31.0
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-gcs-client:0.8.1
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-mapreduce:0.9
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-pipeline:0.2.13
 com.google.appengine:appengine-api-1.0-sdk:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-remote-api:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-testing:1.9.86
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.24.1
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.24.1
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.26.0
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.26.0
 com.google.auto.service:auto-service-annotations:1.0-rc7
-com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.7.4
+com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.8.1
 com.google.auto.value:auto-value:1.7.4
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:gcsio:2.1.6
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:util:2.1.6
@@ -102,31 +105,33 @@ com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquery:1.122.2
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquerystorage:1.5.5
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigtable:1.14.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-grpc:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.93.9
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.94.1
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.94.3
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsub:1.110.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsublite:0.7.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-secretmanager:1.4.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-spanner:2.0.2
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-storage:1.113.12
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-tasks:1.33.2
 com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
-com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.6
+com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.7
 com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6
 com.google.dagger:dagger:2.33
-com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.7.1
 com.google.escapevelocity:escapevelocity:0.9.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger-system-backend:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:google-extensions:0.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.gwt:gwt-user:2.9.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.2
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-jackson2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-protobuf:1.33.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.2
 com.google.inject.extensions:guice-multibindings:4.1.0
 com.google.inject:guice:4.1.0
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
@@ -138,8 +143,8 @@ com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-java6:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-jetty:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-servlet:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client:1.31.4
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.15.2
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.15.2
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.17.3
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.17.3
 com.google.re2j:re2j:1.6
 com.google.template:soy:2021-02-01
 com.googlecode.charts4j:charts4j:1.3
@@ -158,17 +163,17 @@ guru.nidi:graphviz-java-all-j2v8:0.17.0
 guru.nidi:graphviz-java:0.17.0
 io.dropwizard.metrics:metrics-core:3.2.6
 io.github.classgraph:classgraph:4.8.65
-io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-api:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-context:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-core:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-api:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-context:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-core:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.39.0
 io.grpc:grpc-netty:1.32.2
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.39.0
 io.netty:netty-buffer:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http2:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http:4.1.51.Final
@@ -232,7 +237,7 @@ org.bouncycastle:bcpg-jdk15on:1.61
 org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-jdk15on:1.61
 org.bouncycastle:bcprov-jdk15on:1.61
 org.checkerframework:checker-compat-qual:2.5.5
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.7.0
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.8.0
 org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-core-asl:1.9.13
 org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-mapper-asl:1.9.13
 org.codehaus.mojo:animal-sniffer-annotations:1.20
@@ -272,7 +277,7 @@ org.testcontainers:database-commons:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:jdbc:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:postgresql:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:testcontainers:1.15.2
-org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.0
+org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.1
 org.tukaani:xz:1.5
 org.w3c.css:sac:1.3
 org.webjars.npm:viz.js-for-graphviz-java:2.1.3
--- a/core/gradle/dependency-locks/deploy_jar.lockfile
+++ b/core/gradle/dependency-locks/deploy_jar.lockfile
@@ -58,12 +58,15 @@ com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-secretmanager-v1beta1:1.4.0
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-database-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-instance-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-v1:2.0.2
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.1.0
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.9
-com.google.api:api-common:1.10.1
-com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.62.0
-com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.76.1
-com.google.api:gax:1.62.0
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2:1.33.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta2:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta3:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.3.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.14
+com.google.api:api-common:1.10.4
+com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.66.0
+com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.79.0
+com.google.api:gax:1.66.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-admin-directory:directory_v1-rev118-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-appengine:v1-rev130-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-bigquery:v2-rev20200916-1.30.10
@@ -80,17 +83,17 @@ com.google.apis:google-api-services-monitoring:v3-rev540-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-pubsub:v1-rev20200713-1.30.10
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sheets:v4-rev612-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sqladmin:v1beta4-rev20210119-1.31.0
-com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20200927-1.30.10
+com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20210127-1.31.0
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-gcs-client:0.8.1
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-mapreduce:0.9
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-pipeline:0.2.13
 com.google.appengine:appengine-api-1.0-sdk:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-remote-api:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-testing:1.9.86
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.24.1
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.24.1
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.26.0
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.26.0
 com.google.auto.service:auto-service-annotations:1.0-rc7
-com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.7.4
+com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.8.1
 com.google.auto.value:auto-value:1.7.4
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:gcsio:2.1.6
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:util:2.1.6
@@ -102,31 +105,33 @@ com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquery:1.122.2
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquerystorage:1.5.5
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigtable:1.14.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-grpc:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.93.9
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.94.1
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.94.3
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsub:1.110.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsublite:0.7.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-secretmanager:1.4.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-spanner:2.0.2
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-storage:1.113.12
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-tasks:1.33.2
 com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
-com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.6
+com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.7
 com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6
 com.google.dagger:dagger:2.33
-com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.7.1
 com.google.escapevelocity:escapevelocity:0.9.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger-system-backend:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:google-extensions:0.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.gwt:gwt-user:2.9.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.2
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-jackson2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-protobuf:1.33.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.2
 com.google.inject.extensions:guice-multibindings:4.1.0
 com.google.inject:guice:4.1.0
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
@@ -138,8 +143,8 @@ com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-java6:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-jetty:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-servlet:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client:1.31.4
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.15.2
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.15.2
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.17.3
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.17.3
 com.google.re2j:re2j:1.6
 com.google.template:soy:2021-02-01
 com.googlecode.charts4j:charts4j:1.3
@@ -158,17 +163,17 @@ guru.nidi:graphviz-java-all-j2v8:0.17.0
 guru.nidi:graphviz-java:0.17.0
 io.dropwizard.metrics:metrics-core:3.2.6
 io.github.classgraph:classgraph:4.8.65
-io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-api:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-context:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-core:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-api:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-context:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-core:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.39.0
 io.grpc:grpc-netty:1.32.2
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.39.0
 io.netty:netty-buffer:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http2:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http:4.1.51.Final
@@ -231,7 +236,7 @@ org.bouncycastle:bcpg-jdk15on:1.61
 org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-jdk15on:1.61
 org.bouncycastle:bcprov-jdk15on:1.61
 org.checkerframework:checker-compat-qual:2.5.5
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.7.0
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.8.0
 org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-core-asl:1.9.13
 org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-mapper-asl:1.9.13
 org.codehaus.mojo:animal-sniffer-annotations:1.20
@@ -271,7 +276,7 @@ org.testcontainers:database-commons:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:jdbc:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:postgresql:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:testcontainers:1.15.2
-org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.0
+org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.1
 org.tukaani:xz:1.5
 org.w3c.css:sac:1.3
 org.webjars.npm:viz.js-for-graphviz-java:2.1.3
--- a/core/gradle/dependency-locks/nonprodCompile.lockfile
+++ b/core/gradle/dependency-locks/nonprodCompile.lockfile
@@ -54,12 +54,15 @@ com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-secretmanager-v1beta1:1.4.0
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-database-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-instance-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-v1:2.0.2
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.1.0
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.9
-com.google.api:api-common:1.10.1
-com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.62.0
-com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.76.1
-com.google.api:gax:1.62.0
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2:1.33.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta2:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta3:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.3.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.14
+com.google.api:api-common:1.10.4
+com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.66.0
+com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.79.0
+com.google.api:gax:1.66.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-admin-directory:directory_v1-rev118-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-appengine:v1-rev130-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-bigquery:v2-rev20200916-1.30.10
@@ -76,17 +79,17 @@ com.google.apis:google-api-services-monitoring:v3-rev540-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-pubsub:v1-rev20200713-1.30.10
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sheets:v4-rev612-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sqladmin:v1beta4-rev20210119-1.31.0
-com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20200927-1.30.10
+com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20210127-1.31.0
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-gcs-client:0.8.1
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-mapreduce:0.9
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-pipeline:0.2.13
 com.google.appengine:appengine-api-1.0-sdk:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-remote-api:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-testing:1.9.86
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.24.1
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.24.1
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.26.0
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.26.0
 com.google.auto.service:auto-service-annotations:1.0-rc7
-com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.7.4
+com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.8.1
 com.google.auto.value:auto-value:1.7.4
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:gcsio:2.1.6
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:util:2.1.6
@@ -97,31 +100,33 @@ com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquery:1.122.2
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquerystorage:1.5.5
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigtable:1.14.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-grpc:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.93.9
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.94.1
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.94.3
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsub:1.110.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsublite:0.7.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-secretmanager:1.4.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-spanner:2.0.2
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-storage:1.113.12
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-tasks:1.33.2
 com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
-com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.6
+com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.7
 com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6
 com.google.dagger:dagger:2.33
-com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.7.1
 com.google.escapevelocity:escapevelocity:0.9.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger-system-backend:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:google-extensions:0.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.gwt:gwt-user:2.9.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.2
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-jackson2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-protobuf:1.33.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.2
 com.google.inject.extensions:guice-multibindings:4.1.0
 com.google.inject:guice:4.1.0
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
@@ -133,8 +138,8 @@ com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-java6:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-jetty:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-servlet:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client:1.31.4
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.15.2
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.15.2
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.17.3
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.17.3
 com.google.re2j:re2j:1.6
 com.google.template:soy:2021-02-01
 com.googlecode.charts4j:charts4j:1.3
@@ -150,17 +155,17 @@ commons-logging:commons-logging:1.2
 dnsjava:dnsjava:3.3.1
 io.dropwizard.metrics:metrics-core:3.2.6
 io.github.classgraph:classgraph:4.8.65
-io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-api:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-context:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-core:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-api:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-context:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-core:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.39.0
 io.grpc:grpc-netty:1.32.2
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.39.0
 io.netty:netty-buffer:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http2:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http:4.1.51.Final
@@ -221,7 +226,7 @@ org.bouncycastle:bcpg-jdk15on:1.61
 org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-jdk15on:1.61
 org.bouncycastle:bcprov-jdk15on:1.61
 org.checkerframework:checker-compat-qual:2.5.5
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.7.0
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.8.0
 org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-core-asl:1.9.13
 org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-mapper-asl:1.9.13
 org.codehaus.mojo:animal-sniffer-annotations:1.20
@@ -258,7 +263,7 @@ org.testcontainers:database-commons:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:jdbc:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:postgresql:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:testcontainers:1.15.2
-org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.0
+org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.1
 org.tukaani:xz:1.5
 org.w3c.css:sac:1.3
 org.xerial.snappy:snappy-java:1.1.4
--- a/core/gradle/dependency-locks/nonprodCompileClasspath.lockfile
+++ b/core/gradle/dependency-locks/nonprodCompileClasspath.lockfile
@@ -53,12 +53,15 @@ com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-secretmanager-v1beta1:1.4.0
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-database-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-instance-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-v1:2.0.2
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.1.0
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.9
-com.google.api:api-common:1.10.1
-com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.62.0
-com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.76.1
-com.google.api:gax:1.62.0
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2:1.33.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta2:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta3:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.3.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.14
+com.google.api:api-common:1.10.4
+com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.66.0
+com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.79.0
+com.google.api:gax:1.66.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-admin-directory:directory_v1-rev118-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-appengine:v1-rev130-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-bigquery:v2-rev20200916-1.30.10
@@ -75,17 +78,17 @@ com.google.apis:google-api-services-monitoring:v3-rev540-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-pubsub:v1-rev20200713-1.30.10
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sheets:v4-rev612-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sqladmin:v1beta4-rev20210119-1.31.0
-com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20200927-1.30.10
+com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20210127-1.31.0
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-gcs-client:0.8.1
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-mapreduce:0.9
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-pipeline:0.2.13
 com.google.appengine:appengine-api-1.0-sdk:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-remote-api:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-testing:1.9.86
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.24.1
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.24.1
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.26.0
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.26.0
 com.google.auto.service:auto-service-annotations:1.0-rc7
-com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.7.4
+com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.8.1
 com.google.auto.value:auto-value:1.7.4
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:gcsio:2.1.6
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:util:2.1.6
@@ -96,30 +99,32 @@ com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquery:1.122.2
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquerystorage:1.5.5
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigtable:1.14.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-grpc:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.93.9
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.94.1
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.94.3
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsub:1.110.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsublite:0.7.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-secretmanager:1.4.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-spanner:2.0.2
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-storage:1.113.12
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-tasks:1.33.2
 com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
-com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.6
+com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.7
 com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6
 com.google.dagger:dagger:2.33
-com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.7.1
 com.google.escapevelocity:escapevelocity:0.9.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:google-extensions:0.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.gwt:gwt-user:2.9.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.2
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-jackson2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-protobuf:1.33.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.2
 com.google.inject.extensions:guice-multibindings:4.1.0
 com.google.inject:guice:4.1.0
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
@@ -131,8 +136,8 @@ com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-java6:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-jetty:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-servlet:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client:1.31.4
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.14.0
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.15.2
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.15.3
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.17.3
 com.google.re2j:re2j:1.6
 com.google.template:soy:2021-02-01
 com.googlecode.charts4j:charts4j:1.3
@@ -148,17 +153,17 @@ commons-logging:commons-logging:1.2
 dnsjava:dnsjava:3.3.1
 io.dropwizard.metrics:metrics-core:3.2.6
 io.github.classgraph:classgraph:4.8.65
-io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-api:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-context:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-core:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-api:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-context:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-core:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.39.0
 io.grpc:grpc-netty:1.32.2
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.39.0
 io.netty:netty-buffer:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http2:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http:4.1.51.Final
@@ -216,7 +221,7 @@ org.bouncycastle:bcpg-jdk15on:1.61
 org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-jdk15on:1.61
 org.bouncycastle:bcprov-jdk15on:1.61
 org.checkerframework:checker-compat-qual:2.5.5
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.7.0
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.8.0
 org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-core-asl:1.9.13
 org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-mapper-asl:1.9.13
 org.conscrypt:conscrypt-openjdk-uber:2.5.1
@@ -252,7 +257,7 @@ org.testcontainers:database-commons:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:jdbc:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:postgresql:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:testcontainers:1.15.2
-org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.0
+org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.1
 org.tukaani:xz:1.5
 org.w3c.css:sac:1.3
 org.xerial.snappy:snappy-java:1.1.4
--- a/core/gradle/dependency-locks/nonprodRuntime.lockfile
+++ b/core/gradle/dependency-locks/nonprodRuntime.lockfile
@@ -58,12 +58,15 @@ com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-secretmanager-v1beta1:1.4.0
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-database-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-instance-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-v1:2.0.2
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.1.0
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.9
-com.google.api:api-common:1.10.1
-com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.62.0
-com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.76.1
-com.google.api:gax:1.62.0
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2:1.33.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta2:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta3:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.3.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.14
+com.google.api:api-common:1.10.4
+com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.66.0
+com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.79.0
+com.google.api:gax:1.66.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-admin-directory:directory_v1-rev118-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-appengine:v1-rev130-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-bigquery:v2-rev20200916-1.30.10
@@ -80,17 +83,17 @@ com.google.apis:google-api-services-monitoring:v3-rev540-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-pubsub:v1-rev20200713-1.30.10
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sheets:v4-rev612-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sqladmin:v1beta4-rev20210119-1.31.0
-com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20200927-1.30.10
+com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20210127-1.31.0
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-gcs-client:0.8.1
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-mapreduce:0.9
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-pipeline:0.2.13
 com.google.appengine:appengine-api-1.0-sdk:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-remote-api:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-testing:1.9.86
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.24.1
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.24.1
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.26.0
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.26.0
 com.google.auto.service:auto-service-annotations:1.0-rc7
-com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.7.4
+com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.8.1
 com.google.auto.value:auto-value:1.7.4
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:gcsio:2.1.6
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:util:2.1.6
@@ -101,31 +104,33 @@ com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquery:1.122.2
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquerystorage:1.5.5
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigtable:1.14.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-grpc:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.93.9
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.94.1
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.94.3
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsub:1.110.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsublite:0.7.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-secretmanager:1.4.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-spanner:2.0.2
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-storage:1.113.12
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-tasks:1.33.2
 com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
-com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.6
+com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.7
 com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6
 com.google.dagger:dagger:2.33
-com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.7.1
 com.google.escapevelocity:escapevelocity:0.9.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger-system-backend:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:google-extensions:0.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.gwt:gwt-user:2.9.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.2
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-jackson2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-protobuf:1.33.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.2
 com.google.inject.extensions:guice-multibindings:4.1.0
 com.google.inject:guice:4.1.0
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
@@ -137,8 +142,8 @@ com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-java6:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-jetty:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-servlet:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client:1.31.4
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.15.2
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.15.2
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.17.3
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.17.3
 com.google.re2j:re2j:1.6
 com.google.template:soy:2021-02-01
 com.googlecode.charts4j:charts4j:1.3
@@ -157,17 +162,17 @@ guru.nidi:graphviz-java-all-j2v8:0.17.0
 guru.nidi:graphviz-java:0.17.0
 io.dropwizard.metrics:metrics-core:3.2.6
 io.github.classgraph:classgraph:4.8.65
-io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-api:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-context:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-core:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-api:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-context:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-core:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.39.0
 io.grpc:grpc-netty:1.32.2
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.39.0
 io.netty:netty-buffer:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http2:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http:4.1.51.Final
@@ -231,7 +236,7 @@ org.bouncycastle:bcpg-jdk15on:1.61
 org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-jdk15on:1.61
 org.bouncycastle:bcprov-jdk15on:1.61
 org.checkerframework:checker-compat-qual:2.5.5
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.7.0
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.8.0
 org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-core-asl:1.9.13
 org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-mapper-asl:1.9.13
 org.codehaus.mojo:animal-sniffer-annotations:1.20
@@ -270,7 +275,7 @@ org.testcontainers:database-commons:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:jdbc:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:postgresql:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:testcontainers:1.15.2
-org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.0
+org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.1
 org.tukaani:xz:1.5
 org.w3c.css:sac:1.3
 org.webjars.npm:viz.js-for-graphviz-java:2.1.3
--- a/core/gradle/dependency-locks/nonprodRuntimeClasspath.lockfile
+++ b/core/gradle/dependency-locks/nonprodRuntimeClasspath.lockfile
@@ -58,12 +58,15 @@ com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-secretmanager-v1beta1:1.4.0
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-database-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-instance-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-v1:2.0.2
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.1.0
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.9
-com.google.api:api-common:1.10.1
-com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.62.0
-com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.76.1
-com.google.api:gax:1.62.0
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2:1.33.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta2:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta3:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.3.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.14
+com.google.api:api-common:1.10.4
+com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.66.0
+com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.79.0
+com.google.api:gax:1.66.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-admin-directory:directory_v1-rev118-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-appengine:v1-rev130-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-bigquery:v2-rev20200916-1.30.10
@@ -80,17 +83,17 @@ com.google.apis:google-api-services-monitoring:v3-rev540-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-pubsub:v1-rev20200713-1.30.10
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sheets:v4-rev612-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sqladmin:v1beta4-rev20210119-1.31.0
-com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20200927-1.30.10
+com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20210127-1.31.0
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-gcs-client:0.8.1
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-mapreduce:0.9
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-pipeline:0.2.13
 com.google.appengine:appengine-api-1.0-sdk:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-remote-api:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-testing:1.9.86
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.24.1
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.24.1
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.26.0
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.26.0
 com.google.auto.service:auto-service-annotations:1.0-rc7
-com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.7.4
+com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.8.1
 com.google.auto.value:auto-value:1.7.4
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:gcsio:2.1.6
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:util:2.1.6
@@ -101,31 +104,33 @@ com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquery:1.122.2
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquerystorage:1.5.5
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigtable:1.14.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-grpc:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.93.9
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.94.1
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.94.3
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsub:1.110.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsublite:0.7.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-secretmanager:1.4.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-spanner:2.0.2
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-storage:1.113.12
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-tasks:1.33.2
 com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
-com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.6
+com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.7
 com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6
 com.google.dagger:dagger:2.33
-com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.7.1
 com.google.escapevelocity:escapevelocity:0.9.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger-system-backend:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:google-extensions:0.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.gwt:gwt-user:2.9.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.2
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-jackson2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-protobuf:1.33.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.2
 com.google.inject.extensions:guice-multibindings:4.1.0
 com.google.inject:guice:4.1.0
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
@@ -137,8 +142,8 @@ com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-java6:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-jetty:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-servlet:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client:1.31.4
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.15.2
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.15.2
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.17.3
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.17.3
 com.google.re2j:re2j:1.6
 com.google.template:soy:2021-02-01
 com.googlecode.charts4j:charts4j:1.3
@@ -157,17 +162,17 @@ guru.nidi:graphviz-java-all-j2v8:0.17.0
 guru.nidi:graphviz-java:0.17.0
 io.dropwizard.metrics:metrics-core:3.2.6
 io.github.classgraph:classgraph:4.8.65
-io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-api:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-context:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-core:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-api:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-context:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-core:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.39.0
 io.grpc:grpc-netty:1.32.2
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.39.0
 io.netty:netty-buffer:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http2:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http:4.1.51.Final
@@ -231,7 +236,7 @@ org.bouncycastle:bcpg-jdk15on:1.61
 org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-jdk15on:1.61
 org.bouncycastle:bcprov-jdk15on:1.61
 org.checkerframework:checker-compat-qual:2.5.5
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.7.0
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.8.0
 org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-core-asl:1.9.13
 org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-mapper-asl:1.9.13
 org.codehaus.mojo:animal-sniffer-annotations:1.20
@@ -270,7 +275,7 @@ org.testcontainers:database-commons:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:jdbc:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:postgresql:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:testcontainers:1.15.2
-org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.0
+org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.1
 org.tukaani:xz:1.5
 org.w3c.css:sac:1.3
 org.webjars.npm:viz.js-for-graphviz-java:2.1.3
--- a/core/gradle/dependency-locks/runtime.lockfile
+++ b/core/gradle/dependency-locks/runtime.lockfile
@@ -58,12 +58,15 @@ com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-secretmanager-v1beta1:1.4.0
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-database-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-instance-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-v1:2.0.2
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.1.0
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.9
-com.google.api:api-common:1.10.1
-com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.62.0
-com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.76.1
-com.google.api:gax:1.62.0
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2:1.33.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta2:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta3:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.3.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.14
+com.google.api:api-common:1.10.4
+com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.66.0
+com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.79.0
+com.google.api:gax:1.66.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-admin-directory:directory_v1-rev118-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-appengine:v1-rev130-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-bigquery:v2-rev20200916-1.30.10
@@ -80,17 +83,17 @@ com.google.apis:google-api-services-monitoring:v3-rev540-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-pubsub:v1-rev20200713-1.30.10
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sheets:v4-rev612-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sqladmin:v1beta4-rev20210119-1.31.0
-com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20200927-1.30.10
+com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20210127-1.31.0
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-gcs-client:0.8.1
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-mapreduce:0.9
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-pipeline:0.2.13
 com.google.appengine:appengine-api-1.0-sdk:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-remote-api:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-testing:1.9.86
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.24.1
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.24.1
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.26.0
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.26.0
 com.google.auto.service:auto-service-annotations:1.0-rc7
-com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.7.4
+com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.8.1
 com.google.auto.value:auto-value:1.7.4
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:gcsio:2.1.6
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:util:2.1.6
@@ -101,31 +104,33 @@ com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquery:1.122.2
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquerystorage:1.5.5
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigtable:1.14.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-grpc:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.93.9
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.94.1
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.94.3
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsub:1.110.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsublite:0.7.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-secretmanager:1.4.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-spanner:2.0.2
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-storage:1.113.12
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-tasks:1.33.2
 com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
-com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.6
+com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.7
 com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6
 com.google.dagger:dagger:2.33
-com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.7.1
 com.google.escapevelocity:escapevelocity:0.9.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger-system-backend:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:google-extensions:0.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.gwt:gwt-user:2.9.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.2
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-jackson2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-protobuf:1.33.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.2
 com.google.inject.extensions:guice-multibindings:4.1.0
 com.google.inject:guice:4.1.0
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
@@ -137,8 +142,8 @@ com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-java6:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-jetty:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-servlet:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client:1.31.4
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.15.2
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.15.2
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.17.3
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.17.3
 com.google.re2j:re2j:1.6
 com.google.template:soy:2021-02-01
 com.googlecode.charts4j:charts4j:1.3
@@ -157,17 +162,17 @@ guru.nidi:graphviz-java-all-j2v8:0.17.0
 guru.nidi:graphviz-java:0.17.0
 io.dropwizard.metrics:metrics-core:3.2.6
 io.github.classgraph:classgraph:4.8.65
-io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-api:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-context:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-core:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-api:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-context:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-core:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.39.0
 io.grpc:grpc-netty:1.32.2
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.39.0
 io.netty:netty-buffer:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http2:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http:4.1.51.Final
@@ -231,7 +236,7 @@ org.bouncycastle:bcpg-jdk15on:1.61
 org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-jdk15on:1.61
 org.bouncycastle:bcprov-jdk15on:1.61
 org.checkerframework:checker-compat-qual:2.5.5
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.7.0
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.8.0
 org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-core-asl:1.9.13
 org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-mapper-asl:1.9.13
 org.codehaus.mojo:animal-sniffer-annotations:1.20
@@ -270,7 +275,7 @@ org.testcontainers:database-commons:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:jdbc:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:postgresql:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:testcontainers:1.15.2
-org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.0
+org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.1
 org.tukaani:xz:1.5
 org.w3c.css:sac:1.3
 org.webjars.npm:viz.js-for-graphviz-java:2.1.3
--- a/core/gradle/dependency-locks/runtimeClasspath.lockfile
+++ b/core/gradle/dependency-locks/runtimeClasspath.lockfile
@@ -58,12 +58,15 @@ com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-secretmanager-v1beta1:1.4.0
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-database-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-instance-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-v1:2.0.2
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.1.0
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.9
-com.google.api:api-common:1.10.1
-com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.62.0
-com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.76.1
-com.google.api:gax:1.62.0
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2:1.33.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta2:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta3:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.3.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.14
+com.google.api:api-common:1.10.4
+com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.66.0
+com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.79.0
+com.google.api:gax:1.66.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-admin-directory:directory_v1-rev118-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-appengine:v1-rev130-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-bigquery:v2-rev20200916-1.30.10
@@ -80,17 +83,17 @@ com.google.apis:google-api-services-monitoring:v3-rev540-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-pubsub:v1-rev20200713-1.30.10
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sheets:v4-rev612-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sqladmin:v1beta4-rev20210119-1.31.0
-com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20200927-1.30.10
+com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20210127-1.31.0
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-gcs-client:0.8.1
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-mapreduce:0.9
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-pipeline:0.2.13
 com.google.appengine:appengine-api-1.0-sdk:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-remote-api:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-testing:1.9.86
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.24.1
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.24.1
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.26.0
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.26.0
 com.google.auto.service:auto-service-annotations:1.0-rc7
-com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.7.4
+com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.8.1
 com.google.auto.value:auto-value:1.7.4
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:gcsio:2.1.6
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:util:2.1.6
@@ -102,31 +105,33 @@ com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquery:1.122.2
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquerystorage:1.5.5
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigtable:1.14.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-grpc:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.93.9
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.94.1
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.94.3
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsub:1.110.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsublite:0.7.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-secretmanager:1.4.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-spanner:2.0.2
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-storage:1.113.12
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-tasks:1.33.2
 com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
-com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.6
+com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.7
 com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6
 com.google.dagger:dagger:2.33
-com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.7.1
 com.google.escapevelocity:escapevelocity:0.9.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger-system-backend:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:google-extensions:0.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.gwt:gwt-user:2.9.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.2
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-jackson2:1.39.0
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-protobuf:1.33.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.2
 com.google.inject.extensions:guice-multibindings:4.1.0
 com.google.inject:guice:4.1.0
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
@@ -138,8 +143,8 @@ com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-java6:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-jetty:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-servlet:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client:1.31.4
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.15.2
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.15.2
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.17.3
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.17.3
 com.google.re2j:re2j:1.6
 com.google.template:soy:2021-02-01
 com.googlecode.charts4j:charts4j:1.3
@@ -158,17 +163,17 @@ guru.nidi:graphviz-java-all-j2v8:0.17.0
 guru.nidi:graphviz-java:0.17.0
 io.dropwizard.metrics:metrics-core:3.2.6
 io.github.classgraph:classgraph:4.8.65
-io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-api:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-context:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-core:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-api:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-context:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-core:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.39.0
 io.grpc:grpc-netty:1.32.2
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.39.0
 io.netty:netty-buffer:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http2:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http:4.1.51.Final
@@ -231,7 +236,7 @@ org.bouncycastle:bcpg-jdk15on:1.61
 org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-jdk15on:1.61
 org.bouncycastle:bcprov-jdk15on:1.61
 org.checkerframework:checker-compat-qual:2.5.5
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.7.0
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.8.0
 org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-core-asl:1.9.13
 org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-mapper-asl:1.9.13
 org.codehaus.mojo:animal-sniffer-annotations:1.20
@@ -271,7 +276,7 @@ org.testcontainers:database-commons:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:jdbc:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:postgresql:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:testcontainers:1.15.2
-org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.0
+org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.1
 org.tukaani:xz:1.5
 org.w3c.css:sac:1.3
 org.webjars.npm:viz.js-for-graphviz-java:2.1.3
--- a/core/gradle/dependency-locks/testAnnotationProcessor.lockfile
+++ b/core/gradle/dependency-locks/testAnnotationProcessor.lockfile
@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ com.google.dagger:dagger-producers:2.33
 com.google.dagger:dagger-spi:2.33
 com.google.dagger:dagger:2.33
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotation:2.3.4
-com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.3.4
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_check_api:2.3.4
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_core:2.3.4
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_type_annotations:2.3.4
 com.google.errorprone:javac-shaded:9-dev-r4023-3
 com.google.googlejavaformat:google-java-format:1.5
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
 com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.4.0
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ javax.inject:javax.inject:1
 javax.persistence:javax.persistence-api:2.2
 net.ltgt.gradle.incap:incap:0.2
 org.checkerframework:checker-compat-qual:2.5.3
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.5.0
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.8.0
 org.checkerframework:dataflow:3.0.0
 org.checkerframework:javacutil:3.0.0
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib-common:1.4.20
--- a/core/gradle/dependency-locks/testCompile.lockfile
+++ b/core/gradle/dependency-locks/testCompile.lockfile
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ aopalliance:aopalliance:1.0
 args4j:args4j:2.0.23
 cglib:cglib-nodep:2.2
 com.beust:jcommander:1.60
-com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-annotations:2.12.1
-com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-core:2.12.1
-com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-databind:2.12.1
-com.fasterxml.jackson:jackson-bom:2.12.1
+com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-annotations:2.12.3
+com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-core:2.12.3
+com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-databind:2.12.3
+com.fasterxml.jackson:jackson-bom:2.12.3
 com.fasterxml:classmate:1.5.1
 com.github.docker-java:docker-java-api:3.2.7
 com.github.docker-java:docker-java-transport-zerodep:3.2.7
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ com.google.api-client:google-api-client-appengine:1.31.3
 com.google.api-client:google-api-client-jackson2:1.30.10
 com.google.api-client:google-api-client-java6:1.31.3
 com.google.api-client:google-api-client-servlet:1.31.3
-com.google.api-client:google-api-client:1.31.3
+com.google.api-client:google-api-client:1.32.1
 com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-bigquerystorage-v1:1.5.5
 com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-bigquerystorage-v1beta1:0.105.5
 com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-bigquerystorage-v1beta2:0.105.5
@@ -54,12 +54,15 @@ com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-secretmanager-v1beta1:1.4.0
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-database-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-instance-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-v1:2.0.2
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.1.0
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.9
-com.google.api:api-common:1.10.1
-com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.62.0
-com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.76.1
-com.google.api:gax:1.62.0
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2:1.33.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta2:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta3:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.3.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.14
+com.google.api:api-common:1.10.4
+com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.66.0
+com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.83.0
+com.google.api:gax:1.66.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-admin-directory:directory_v1-rev118-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-appengine:v1-rev130-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-bigquery:v2-rev20200916-1.30.10
@@ -76,7 +79,7 @@ com.google.apis:google-api-services-monitoring:v3-rev540-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-pubsub:v1-rev20200713-1.30.10
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sheets:v4-rev612-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sqladmin:v1beta4-rev20210119-1.31.0
-com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20200927-1.30.10
+com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20210127-1.32.1
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-gcs-client:0.8.1
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-mapreduce:0.9
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-pipeline:0.2.13
@@ -84,10 +87,10 @@ com.google.appengine:appengine-api-1.0-sdk:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-api-stubs:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-remote-api:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-testing:1.9.86
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.24.1
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.24.1
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.26.0
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.26.0
 com.google.auto.service:auto-service-annotations:1.0-rc7
-com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.7.4
+com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.8.1
 com.google.auto.value:auto-value:1.7.4
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:gcsio:2.1.6
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:util:2.1.6
@@ -98,32 +101,35 @@ com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquery:1.122.2
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquerystorage:1.5.5
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigtable:1.14.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-grpc:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.93.9
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.95.4
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.95.4
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-nio:0.123.4
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsub:1.110.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsublite:0.7.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-secretmanager:1.4.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-spanner:2.0.2
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-storage:1.118.0
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-tasks:1.33.2
 com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
-com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.6
+com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.7
 com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6
 com.google.dagger:dagger:2.33
-com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.7.1
 com.google.escapevelocity:escapevelocity:0.9.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger-system-backend:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:google-extensions:0.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava-testlib:30.1-jre
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava-testlib:30.1.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.gwt:gwt-user:2.9.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-jackson2:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.2
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.2
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.2
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-jackson2:1.39.2
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-protobuf:1.33.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.2
 com.google.inject.extensions:guice-multibindings:4.1.0
 com.google.inject:guice:4.1.0
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
@@ -135,9 +141,9 @@ com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-appengine:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-java6:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-jetty:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-servlet:1.31.4
-com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client:1.31.4
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.15.2
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.15.2
+com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client:1.31.5
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.17.3
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.17.3
 com.google.re2j:re2j:1.6
 com.google.template:soy:2021-02-01
 com.google.truth.extensions:truth-java8-extension:1.1.2
@@ -158,17 +164,17 @@ commons-logging:commons-logging:1.2
 dnsjava:dnsjava:3.3.1
 io.dropwizard.metrics:metrics-core:3.2.6
 io.github.classgraph:classgraph:4.8.102
-io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-api:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-context:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-core:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-api:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-context:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-core:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.39.0
 io.grpc:grpc-netty:1.32.2
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.39.0
 io.netty:netty-buffer:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http2:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http:4.1.51.Final
@@ -199,7 +205,7 @@ javax.validation:validation-api:1.0.0.GA
 javax.xml.bind:jaxb-api:2.3.1
 jline:jline:1.0
 joda-time:joda-time:2.10.5
-junit:junit:4.13.1
+junit:junit:4.13.2
 net.bytebuddy:byte-buddy-agent:1.10.19
 net.bytebuddy:byte-buddy:1.10.19
 net.java.dev.jna:jna:5.5.0
@@ -307,7 +313,7 @@ org.testcontainers:junit-jupiter:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:postgresql:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:selenium:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:testcontainers:1.15.2
-org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.0
+org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.1
 org.tukaani:xz:1.5
 org.w3c.css:sac:1.3
 org.xerial.snappy:snappy-java:1.1.4
--- a/core/gradle/dependency-locks/testCompileClasspath.lockfile
+++ b/core/gradle/dependency-locks/testCompileClasspath.lockfile
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ aopalliance:aopalliance:1.0
 args4j:args4j:2.0.23
 cglib:cglib-nodep:2.2
 com.beust:jcommander:1.60
-com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-annotations:2.12.1
-com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-core:2.12.1
-com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-databind:2.12.1
-com.fasterxml.jackson:jackson-bom:2.12.1
+com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-annotations:2.12.3
+com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-core:2.12.3
+com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-databind:2.12.3
+com.fasterxml.jackson:jackson-bom:2.12.3
 com.fasterxml:classmate:1.5.1
 com.github.docker-java:docker-java-api:3.2.7
 com.github.docker-java:docker-java-transport-zerodep:3.2.7
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ com.google.api-client:google-api-client-appengine:1.31.3
 com.google.api-client:google-api-client-jackson2:1.30.10
 com.google.api-client:google-api-client-java6:1.31.3
 com.google.api-client:google-api-client-servlet:1.31.3
-com.google.api-client:google-api-client:1.31.3
+com.google.api-client:google-api-client:1.32.1
 com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-bigquerystorage-v1:1.5.5
 com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-bigquerystorage-v1beta1:0.105.5
 com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-bigquerystorage-v1beta2:0.105.5
@@ -53,12 +53,15 @@ com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-secretmanager-v1beta1:1.4.0
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-database-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-instance-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-v1:2.0.2
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.1.0
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.9
-com.google.api:api-common:1.10.1
-com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.62.0
-com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.76.1
-com.google.api:gax:1.62.0
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2:1.33.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta2:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta3:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.3.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.14
+com.google.api:api-common:1.10.4
+com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.66.0
+com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.83.0
+com.google.api:gax:1.66.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-admin-directory:directory_v1-rev118-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-appengine:v1-rev130-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-bigquery:v2-rev20200916-1.30.10
@@ -75,7 +78,7 @@ com.google.apis:google-api-services-monitoring:v3-rev540-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-pubsub:v1-rev20200713-1.30.10
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sheets:v4-rev612-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sqladmin:v1beta4-rev20210119-1.31.0
-com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20200927-1.30.10
+com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20210127-1.32.1
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-gcs-client:0.8.1
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-mapreduce:0.9
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-pipeline:0.2.13
@@ -83,10 +86,10 @@ com.google.appengine:appengine-api-1.0-sdk:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-api-stubs:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-remote-api:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-testing:1.9.86
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.24.1
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.24.1
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.26.0
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.26.0
 com.google.auto.service:auto-service-annotations:1.0-rc7
-com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.7.4
+com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.8.1
 com.google.auto.value:auto-value:1.7.4
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:gcsio:2.1.6
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:util:2.1.6
@@ -97,31 +100,34 @@ com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquery:1.122.2
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquerystorage:1.5.5
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigtable:1.14.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-grpc:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.93.9
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.95.4
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.95.4
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-nio:0.123.4
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsub:1.110.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsublite:0.7.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-secretmanager:1.4.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-spanner:2.0.2
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-storage:1.118.0
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-tasks:1.33.2
 com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
-com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.6
+com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.7
 com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6
 com.google.dagger:dagger:2.33
-com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.7.1
 com.google.escapevelocity:escapevelocity:0.9.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:google-extensions:0.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava-testlib:30.1-jre
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava-testlib:30.1.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.gwt:gwt-user:2.9.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-jackson2:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.2
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.2
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.2
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-jackson2:1.39.2
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-protobuf:1.33.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.2
 com.google.inject.extensions:guice-multibindings:4.1.0
 com.google.inject:guice:4.1.0
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
@@ -133,9 +139,9 @@ com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-appengine:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-java6:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-jetty:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-servlet:1.31.4
-com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client:1.31.4
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.14.0
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.15.2
+com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client:1.31.5
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.17.3
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.17.3
 com.google.re2j:re2j:1.6
 com.google.template:soy:2021-02-01
 com.google.truth.extensions:truth-java8-extension:1.1.2
@@ -156,17 +162,17 @@ commons-logging:commons-logging:1.2
 dnsjava:dnsjava:3.3.1
 io.dropwizard.metrics:metrics-core:3.2.6
 io.github.classgraph:classgraph:4.8.102
-io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-api:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-context:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-core:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-api:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-context:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-core:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.39.0
 io.grpc:grpc-netty:1.32.2
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.39.0
 io.netty:netty-buffer:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http2:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http:4.1.51.Final
@@ -194,7 +200,7 @@ javax.validation:validation-api:1.0.0.GA
 javax.xml.bind:jaxb-api:2.3.1
 jline:jline:1.0
 joda-time:joda-time:2.10.5
-junit:junit:4.13.1
+junit:junit:4.13.2
 net.bytebuddy:byte-buddy-agent:1.10.19
 net.bytebuddy:byte-buddy:1.10.19
 net.java.dev.jna:jna:5.5.0
@@ -301,7 +307,7 @@ org.testcontainers:junit-jupiter:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:postgresql:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:selenium:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:testcontainers:1.15.2
-org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.0
+org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.1
 org.tukaani:xz:1.5
 org.w3c.css:sac:1.3
 org.xerial.snappy:snappy-java:1.1.4
--- a/core/gradle/dependency-locks/testRuntime.lockfile
+++ b/core/gradle/dependency-locks/testRuntime.lockfile
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ com.eclipsesource.j2v8:j2v8_linux_x86_64:4.6.0
 com.eclipsesource.j2v8:j2v8_macosx_x86_64:4.6.0
 com.eclipsesource.j2v8:j2v8_win32_x86:4.6.0
 com.eclipsesource.j2v8:j2v8_win32_x86_64:4.6.0
-com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-annotations:2.12.1
-com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-core:2.12.1
-com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-databind:2.12.1
-com.fasterxml.jackson:jackson-bom:2.12.1
+com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-annotations:2.12.3
+com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-core:2.12.3
+com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-databind:2.12.3
+com.fasterxml.jackson:jackson-bom:2.12.3
 com.fasterxml:classmate:1.5.1
 com.github.docker-java:docker-java-api:3.2.7
 com.github.docker-java:docker-java-transport-zerodep:3.2.7
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ com.google.api-client:google-api-client-appengine:1.31.3
 com.google.api-client:google-api-client-jackson2:1.30.10
 com.google.api-client:google-api-client-java6:1.31.3
 com.google.api-client:google-api-client-servlet:1.31.3
-com.google.api-client:google-api-client:1.31.3
+com.google.api-client:google-api-client:1.32.1
 com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-bigquerystorage-v1:1.5.5
 com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-bigquerystorage-v1beta1:0.105.5
 com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-bigquerystorage-v1beta2:0.105.5
@@ -58,12 +58,15 @@ com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-secretmanager-v1beta1:1.4.0
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-database-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-instance-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-v1:2.0.2
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.1.0
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.9
-com.google.api:api-common:1.10.1
-com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.62.0
-com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.76.1
-com.google.api:gax:1.62.0
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2:1.33.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta2:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta3:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.3.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.14
+com.google.api:api-common:1.10.4
+com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.66.0
+com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.83.0
+com.google.api:gax:1.66.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-admin-directory:directory_v1-rev118-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-appengine:v1-rev130-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-bigquery:v2-rev20200916-1.30.10
@@ -80,7 +83,7 @@ com.google.apis:google-api-services-monitoring:v3-rev540-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-pubsub:v1-rev20200713-1.30.10
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sheets:v4-rev612-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sqladmin:v1beta4-rev20210119-1.31.0
-com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20200927-1.30.10
+com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20210127-1.32.1
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-gcs-client:0.8.1
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-mapreduce:0.9
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-pipeline:0.2.13
@@ -88,10 +91,10 @@ com.google.appengine:appengine-api-1.0-sdk:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-api-stubs:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-remote-api:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-testing:1.9.86
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.24.1
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.24.1
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.26.0
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.26.0
 com.google.auto.service:auto-service-annotations:1.0-rc7
-com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.7.4
+com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.8.1
 com.google.auto.value:auto-value:1.7.4
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:gcsio:2.1.6
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:util:2.1.6
@@ -103,32 +106,35 @@ com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquery:1.122.2
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquerystorage:1.5.5
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigtable:1.14.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-grpc:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.93.9
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.95.4
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.95.4
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-nio:0.123.4
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsub:1.110.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsublite:0.7.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-secretmanager:1.4.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-spanner:2.0.2
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-storage:1.118.0
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-tasks:1.33.2
 com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
-com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.6
+com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.7
 com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6
 com.google.dagger:dagger:2.33
-com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.7.1
 com.google.escapevelocity:escapevelocity:0.9.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger-system-backend:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:google-extensions:0.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava-testlib:30.1-jre
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava-testlib:30.1.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.gwt:gwt-user:2.9.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-jackson2:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.2
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.2
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.2
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-jackson2:1.39.2
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-protobuf:1.33.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.2
 com.google.inject.extensions:guice-multibindings:4.1.0
 com.google.inject:guice:4.1.0
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
@@ -140,9 +146,9 @@ com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-appengine:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-java6:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-jetty:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-servlet:1.31.4
-com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client:1.31.4
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.15.2
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.15.2
+com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client:1.31.5
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.17.3
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.17.3
 com.google.re2j:re2j:1.6
 com.google.template:soy:2021-02-01
 com.google.truth.extensions:truth-java8-extension:1.1.2
@@ -167,17 +173,17 @@ guru.nidi:graphviz-java:0.17.0
 io.dropwizard.metrics:metrics-core:3.2.6
 io.github.classgraph:classgraph:4.8.102
 io.github.java-diff-utils:java-diff-utils:4.9
-io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-api:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-context:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-core:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-api:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-context:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-core:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.39.0
 io.grpc:grpc-netty:1.32.2
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.39.0
 io.netty:netty-buffer:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http2:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http:4.1.51.Final
@@ -208,7 +214,7 @@ javax.validation:validation-api:1.0.0.GA
 javax.xml.bind:jaxb-api:2.3.1
 jline:jline:1.0
 joda-time:joda-time:2.10.5
-junit:junit:4.13.1
+junit:junit:4.13.2
 net.arnx:nashorn-promise:0.1.1
 net.bytebuddy:byte-buddy-agent:1.10.19
 net.bytebuddy:byte-buddy:1.10.19
@@ -320,7 +326,7 @@ org.testcontainers:junit-jupiter:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:postgresql:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:selenium:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:testcontainers:1.15.2
-org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.0
+org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.1
 org.tukaani:xz:1.5
 org.w3c.css:sac:1.3
 org.webjars.npm:viz.js-for-graphviz-java:2.1.3
--- a/core/gradle/dependency-locks/testRuntimeClasspath.lockfile
+++ b/core/gradle/dependency-locks/testRuntimeClasspath.lockfile
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ com.eclipsesource.j2v8:j2v8_linux_x86_64:4.6.0
 com.eclipsesource.j2v8:j2v8_macosx_x86_64:4.6.0
 com.eclipsesource.j2v8:j2v8_win32_x86:4.6.0
 com.eclipsesource.j2v8:j2v8_win32_x86_64:4.6.0
-com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-annotations:2.12.1
-com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-core:2.12.1
-com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-databind:2.12.1
-com.fasterxml.jackson:jackson-bom:2.12.1
+com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-annotations:2.12.3
+com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-core:2.12.3
+com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-databind:2.12.3
+com.fasterxml.jackson:jackson-bom:2.12.3
 com.fasterxml:classmate:1.5.1
 com.github.docker-java:docker-java-api:3.2.7
 com.github.docker-java:docker-java-transport-zerodep:3.2.7
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ com.google.api-client:google-api-client-appengine:1.31.3
 com.google.api-client:google-api-client-jackson2:1.30.10
 com.google.api-client:google-api-client-java6:1.31.3
 com.google.api-client:google-api-client-servlet:1.31.3
-com.google.api-client:google-api-client:1.31.3
+com.google.api-client:google-api-client:1.32.1
 com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-bigquerystorage-v1:1.5.5
 com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-bigquerystorage-v1beta1:0.105.5
 com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-bigquerystorage-v1beta2:0.105.5
@@ -58,12 +58,15 @@ com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-secretmanager-v1beta1:1.4.0
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-database-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-instance-v1:2.0.2
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-v1:2.0.2
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.1.0
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.9
-com.google.api:api-common:1.10.1
-com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.62.0
-com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.76.1
-com.google.api:gax:1.62.0
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2:1.33.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta2:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta3:0.89.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.3.2
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.0.14
+com.google.api:api-common:1.10.4
+com.google.api:gax-grpc:1.66.0
+com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.83.0
+com.google.api:gax:1.66.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-admin-directory:directory_v1-rev118-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-appengine:v1-rev130-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-bigquery:v2-rev20200916-1.30.10
@@ -80,7 +83,7 @@ com.google.apis:google-api-services-monitoring:v3-rev540-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-pubsub:v1-rev20200713-1.30.10
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sheets:v4-rev612-1.25.0
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-sqladmin:v1beta4-rev20210119-1.31.0
-com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20200927-1.30.10
+com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20210127-1.32.1
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-gcs-client:0.8.1
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-mapreduce:0.9
 com.google.appengine.tools:appengine-pipeline:0.2.13
@@ -88,10 +91,10 @@ com.google.appengine:appengine-api-1.0-sdk:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-api-stubs:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-remote-api:1.9.86
 com.google.appengine:appengine-testing:1.9.86
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.24.1
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.24.1
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:0.26.0
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:0.26.0
 com.google.auto.service:auto-service-annotations:1.0-rc7
-com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.7.4
+com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.8.1
 com.google.auto.value:auto-value:1.7.4
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:gcsio:2.1.6
 com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:util:2.1.6
@@ -103,32 +106,35 @@ com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquery:1.122.2
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquerystorage:1.5.5
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigtable:1.14.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-grpc:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.93.9
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.93.9
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:1.95.4
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:1.95.4
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-nio:0.123.4
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsub:1.110.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsublite:0.7.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-secretmanager:1.4.0
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-spanner:2.0.2
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-storage:1.118.0
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-tasks:1.33.2
 com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
-com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.6
+com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.7
 com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6
 com.google.dagger:dagger:2.33
-com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.5.1
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.7.1
 com.google.escapevelocity:escapevelocity:0.9.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger-system-backend:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:flogger:0.5.1
 com.google.flogger:google-extensions:0.5.1
 com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1
-com.google.guava:guava-testlib:30.1-jre
-com.google.guava:guava:30.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava-testlib:30.1.1-jre
+com.google.guava:guava:30.1.1-jre
 com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava
 com.google.gwt:gwt-user:2.9.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client-jackson2:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-apache-v2:1.39.2
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-appengine:1.39.2
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-gson:1.39.2
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client-jackson2:1.39.2
 com.google.http-client:google-http-client-protobuf:1.33.0
-com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.0
+com.google.http-client:google-http-client:1.39.2
 com.google.inject.extensions:guice-multibindings:4.1.0
 com.google.inject:guice:4.1.0
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3
@@ -140,9 +146,9 @@ com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-appengine:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-java6:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-jetty:1.31.4
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-servlet:1.31.4
-com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client:1.31.4
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.15.2
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.15.2
+com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client:1.31.5
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.17.3
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.17.3
 com.google.re2j:re2j:1.6
 com.google.template:soy:2021-02-01
 com.google.truth.extensions:truth-java8-extension:1.1.2
@@ -167,17 +173,17 @@ guru.nidi:graphviz-java:0.17.0
 io.dropwizard.metrics:metrics-core:3.2.6
 io.github.classgraph:classgraph:4.8.102
 io.github.java-diff-utils:java-diff-utils:4.9
-io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-api:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-context:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-core:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-api:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-context:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-core:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.39.0
 io.grpc:grpc-netty:1.32.2
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.36.0
-io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.36.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.39.0
+io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.39.0
 io.netty:netty-buffer:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http2:4.1.51.Final
 io.netty:netty-codec-http:4.1.51.Final
@@ -208,7 +214,7 @@ javax.validation:validation-api:1.0.0.GA
 javax.xml.bind:jaxb-api:2.3.1
 jline:jline:1.0
 joda-time:joda-time:2.10.5
-junit:junit:4.13.1
+junit:junit:4.13.2
 net.arnx:nashorn-promise:0.1.1
 net.bytebuddy:byte-buddy-agent:1.10.19
 net.bytebuddy:byte-buddy:1.10.19
@@ -321,7 +327,7 @@ org.testcontainers:junit-jupiter:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:postgresql:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:selenium:1.15.2
 org.testcontainers:testcontainers:1.15.2
-org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.0
+org.threeten:threetenbp:1.5.1
 org.tukaani:xz:1.5
 org.w3c.css:sac:1.3
 org.webjars.npm:viz.js-for-graphviz-java:2.1.3
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/backup/BackupModule.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/backup/BackupModule.java
@@ -18,8 +18,10 @@ import static com.google.appengine.api.ThreadManager.currentRequestThreadFactory
 import static com.google.common.util.concurrent.MoreExecutors.listeningDecorator;
 import static google.registry.backup.ExportCommitLogDiffAction.LOWER_CHECKPOINT_TIME_PARAM;
 import static google.registry.backup.ExportCommitLogDiffAction.UPPER_CHECKPOINT_TIME_PARAM;
+import static google.registry.backup.RestoreCommitLogsAction.BUCKET_OVERRIDE_PARAM;
 import static google.registry.backup.RestoreCommitLogsAction.FROM_TIME_PARAM;
 import static google.registry.backup.RestoreCommitLogsAction.TO_TIME_PARAM;
+import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.extractOptionalParameter;
 import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.extractRequiredDatetimeParameter;
 import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.extractRequiredParameter;
 import static java.util.concurrent.Executors.newFixedThreadPool;
@@ -32,6 +34,9 @@ import google.registry.cron.CommitLogFanoutAction;
 import google.registry.request.HttpException.BadRequestException;
 import google.registry.request.Parameter;
 import java.lang.annotation.Documented;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
 import javax.inject.Qualifier;
 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import org.joda.time.DateTime;
@@ -75,6 +80,12 @@ public final class BackupModule {
    return extractRequiredDatetimeParameter(req, UPPER_CHECKPOINT_TIME_PARAM);
  }

+  @Provides
+  @Parameter(BUCKET_OVERRIDE_PARAM)
+  static Optional<String> provideBucketOverride(HttpServletRequest req) {
+    return extractOptionalParameter(req, BUCKET_OVERRIDE_PARAM);
+  }
+
  @Provides
  @Parameter(FROM_TIME_PARAM)
  static DateTime provideFromTime(HttpServletRequest req) {
@@ -92,4 +103,9 @@ public final class BackupModule {
  static ListeningExecutorService provideListeningExecutorService() {
    return listeningDecorator(newFixedThreadPool(NUM_THREADS, currentRequestThreadFactory()));
  }
+
+  @Provides
+  static ScheduledExecutorService provideScheduledExecutorService() {
+    return Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor();
+  }
 }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/backup/CommitLogImports.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/backup/CommitLogImports.java
@@ -55,10 +55,9 @@ public final class CommitLogImports {
   * represents the changes in one transaction. The {@code CommitLogManifest} contains deleted
   * entity keys, whereas each {@code CommitLogMutation} contains one whole entity.
   */
-  public static ImmutableList<ImmutableList<VersionedEntity>> loadEntitiesByTransaction(
+  static ImmutableList<ImmutableList<VersionedEntity>> loadEntitiesByTransaction(
      InputStream inputStream) {
-    try (AppEngineEnvironment appEngineEnvironment = new AppEngineEnvironment();
-        InputStream input = new BufferedInputStream(inputStream)) {
+    try (InputStream input = new BufferedInputStream(inputStream)) {
      Iterator<ImmutableObject> commitLogs = createDeserializingIterator(input, false);
      checkState(commitLogs.hasNext());
      checkState(commitLogs.next() instanceof CommitLogCheckpoint);
@@ -105,7 +104,7 @@ public final class CommitLogImports {
   * represents the changes in one transaction. The {@code CommitLogManifest} contains deleted
   * entity keys, whereas each {@code CommitLogMutation} contains one whole entity.
   */
-  public static ImmutableList<VersionedEntity> loadEntities(InputStream inputStream) {
+  static ImmutableList<VersionedEntity> loadEntities(InputStream inputStream) {
    return loadEntitiesByTransaction(inputStream).stream()
        .flatMap(ImmutableList::stream)
        .collect(toImmutableList());
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/backup/DeleteOldCommitLogsAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/backup/DeleteOldCommitLogsAction.java
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ public final class DeleteOldCommitLogsAction implements Runnable {
  public void run() {
    DateTime deletionThreshold = clock.nowUtc().minus(maxAge);
    logger.atInfo().log(
-        "Processing asynchronous deletion of unreferenced CommitLogManifests older than %s",
+        "Processing asynchronous deletion of unreferenced CommitLogManifests older than %s.",
        deletionThreshold);

    mrRunner
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ public final class DeleteOldCommitLogsAction implements Runnable {
      getContext().incrementCounter("EPP resources missing pre-threshold revision (SEE LOGS)");
      logger.atSevere().log(
          "EPP resource missing old enough revision: "
-              + "%s (created on %s) has %d revisions between %s and %s, while threshold is %s",
+              + "%s (created on %s) has %d revisions between %s and %s, while threshold is %s.",
          Key.create(eppResource),
          eppResource.getCreationTime(),
          eppResource.getRevisions().size(),
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/backup/ExportCommitLogDiffAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/backup/ExportCommitLogDiffAction.java
@@ -28,18 +28,17 @@ import static google.registry.model.ofy.CommitLogBucket.getBucketKey;
 import static google.registry.model.ofy.ObjectifyService.auditedOfy;
 import static google.registry.util.DateTimeUtils.START_OF_TIME;
 import static google.registry.util.DateTimeUtils.isAtOrAfter;
-import static java.nio.channels.Channels.newOutputStream;
 import static java.util.Comparator.comparingLong;

-import com.google.appengine.tools.cloudstorage.GcsFileOptions;
-import com.google.appengine.tools.cloudstorage.GcsFilename;
-import com.google.appengine.tools.cloudstorage.GcsService;
+import com.google.cloud.storage.BlobId;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import com.google.common.collect.Streams;
 import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
 import com.googlecode.objectify.Key;
 import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
+import google.registry.gcs.GcsUtils;
 import google.registry.model.ImmutableObject;
 import google.registry.model.ofy.CommitLogBucket;
 import google.registry.model.ofy.CommitLogCheckpoint;
@@ -74,7 +73,8 @@ public final class ExportCommitLogDiffAction implements Runnable {

  public static final String DIFF_FILE_PREFIX = "commit_diff_until_";

-  @Inject GcsService gcsService;
+  @Inject GcsUtils gcsUtils;
+
  @Inject @Config("commitLogGcsBucket") String gcsBucket;
  @Inject @Config("commitLogDiffExportBatchSize") int batchSize;
  @Inject @Parameter(LOWER_CHECKPOINT_TIME_PARAM) DateTime lowerCheckpointTime;
@@ -100,15 +100,15 @@ public final class ExportCommitLogDiffAction implements Runnable {

    // Load the keys of all the manifests to include in this diff.
    List<Key<CommitLogManifest>> sortedKeys = loadAllDiffKeys(lowerCheckpoint, upperCheckpoint);
-    logger.atInfo().log("Found %d manifests to export", sortedKeys.size());
+    logger.atInfo().log("Found %d manifests to export.", sortedKeys.size());
    // Open an output channel to GCS, wrapped in a stream for convenience.
-    try (OutputStream gcsStream = newOutputStream(gcsService.createOrReplace(
-        new GcsFilename(gcsBucket, DIFF_FILE_PREFIX + upperCheckpointTime),
-        new GcsFileOptions.Builder()
-            .addUserMetadata(LOWER_BOUND_CHECKPOINT, lowerCheckpointTime.toString())
-            .addUserMetadata(UPPER_BOUND_CHECKPOINT, upperCheckpointTime.toString())
-            .addUserMetadata(NUM_TRANSACTIONS, Integer.toString(sortedKeys.size()))
-            .build()))) {
+    try (OutputStream gcsStream =
+        gcsUtils.openOutputStream(
+            BlobId.of(gcsBucket, DIFF_FILE_PREFIX + upperCheckpointTime),
+            ImmutableMap.of(
+                LOWER_BOUND_CHECKPOINT, lowerCheckpointTime.toString(),
+                UPPER_BOUND_CHECKPOINT, upperCheckpointTime.toString(),
+                NUM_TRANSACTIONS, Integer.toString(sortedKeys.size())))) {
      // Export the upper checkpoint itself.
      serializeEntity(upperCheckpoint, gcsStream);
      // If there are no manifests to export, stop early, now that we've written out the file with
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ public final class ExportCommitLogDiffAction implements Runnable {
      for (int i = 0; i < keyChunks.size(); i++) {
        // Force the async load to finish.
        Collection<CommitLogManifest> chunkValues = nextChunkToExport.values();
-        logger.atInfo().log("Loaded %d manifests", chunkValues.size());
+        logger.atInfo().log("Loaded %d manifests.", chunkValues.size());
        // Since there is no hard bound on how much data this might be, take care not to let the
        // Objectify session cache fill up and potentially run out of memory. This is the only safe
        // point to do this since at this point there is no async load in progress.
@@ -134,12 +134,12 @@ public final class ExportCommitLogDiffAction implements Runnable {
          nextChunkToExport = auditedOfy().load().keys(keyChunks.get(i + 1));
        }
        exportChunk(gcsStream, chunkValues);
-        logger.atInfo().log("Exported %d manifests", chunkValues.size());
+        logger.atInfo().log("Exported %d manifests.", chunkValues.size());
      }
    } catch (IOException e) {
      throw new RuntimeException(e);
    }
-    logger.atInfo().log("Exported %d manifests in total", sortedKeys.size());
+    logger.atInfo().log("Exported %d total manifests.", sortedKeys.size());
  }

  /**
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/backup/GcsDiffFileLister.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/backup/GcsDiffFileLister.java
@@ -15,30 +15,32 @@
 package google.registry.backup;

 import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkState;
+import static com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList.toImmutableList;
 import static google.registry.backup.BackupUtils.GcsMetadataKeys.LOWER_BOUND_CHECKPOINT;
 import static google.registry.backup.ExportCommitLogDiffAction.DIFF_FILE_PREFIX;
 import static google.registry.util.DateTimeUtils.START_OF_TIME;
 import static google.registry.util.DateTimeUtils.isBeforeOrAt;
 import static google.registry.util.DateTimeUtils.latestOf;

-import com.google.appengine.tools.cloudstorage.GcsFileMetadata;
-import com.google.appengine.tools.cloudstorage.GcsFilename;
-import com.google.appengine.tools.cloudstorage.GcsService;
-import com.google.appengine.tools.cloudstorage.ListItem;
-import com.google.appengine.tools.cloudstorage.ListOptions;
+import com.google.cloud.storage.BlobId;
+import com.google.cloud.storage.BlobInfo;
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
 import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
 import com.google.common.util.concurrent.Futures;
 import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListenableFuture;
 import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListeningExecutorService;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.UncheckedExecutionException;
 import google.registry.backup.BackupModule.Backups;
-import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
+import google.registry.gcs.GcsUtils;
 import java.io.IOException;
-import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.time.Duration;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.TreeMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
 import javax.annotation.Nullable;
 import javax.inject.Inject;
+import javax.inject.Provider;
 import org.joda.time.DateTime;

 /** Utility class to list commit logs diff files stored on GCS. */
@@ -46,48 +48,65 @@ class GcsDiffFileLister {

  private static final FluentLogger logger = FluentLogger.forEnclosingClass();

-  @Inject GcsService gcsService;
-  @Inject @Config("commitLogGcsBucket") String gcsBucket;
-  @Inject @Backups ListeningExecutorService executor;
-  @Inject GcsDiffFileLister() {}
+  /** Timeout for retrieving per-file information from GCS. */
+  private static final Duration FILE_INFO_TIMEOUT_DURATION = Duration.ofMinutes(1);
+
+  @Inject GcsUtils gcsUtils;
+
+  @Inject @Backups Provider<ListeningExecutorService> executorProvider;
+  @Inject ScheduledExecutorService scheduledExecutorService;
+
+  @Inject
+  GcsDiffFileLister() {}

  /**
   * Traverses the sequence of diff files backwards from checkpointTime and inserts the file
-   * metadata into "sequence".  Returns true if a complete sequence was discovered, false if one or
+   * metadata into "sequence". Returns true if a complete sequence was discovered, false if one or
   * more files are missing.
+   *
+   * @throws UncheckedExecutionException wrapping a {@link java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException} if
+   *     the GCS call fails to finish within one minute, or wrapping any other exception if
+   *     something else goes wrong.
   */
  private boolean constructDiffSequence(
-      Map<DateTime, ListenableFuture<GcsFileMetadata>> upperBoundTimesToMetadata,
+      String gcsBucket,
+      Map<DateTime, ListenableFuture<BlobInfo>> upperBoundTimesToBlobInfo,
      DateTime fromTime,
      DateTime lastTime,
-      TreeMap<DateTime, GcsFileMetadata> sequence) {
+      TreeMap<DateTime, BlobInfo> sequence) {
    DateTime checkpointTime = lastTime;
    while (isBeforeOrAt(fromTime, checkpointTime)) {
-      GcsFileMetadata metadata;
-      if (upperBoundTimesToMetadata.containsKey(checkpointTime)) {
-        metadata = Futures.getUnchecked(upperBoundTimesToMetadata.get(checkpointTime));
+      BlobInfo blobInfo;
+      if (upperBoundTimesToBlobInfo.containsKey(checkpointTime)) {
+        blobInfo =
+            Futures.getUnchecked(
+                Futures.withTimeout(
+                    upperBoundTimesToBlobInfo.get(checkpointTime),
+                    FILE_INFO_TIMEOUT_DURATION,
+                    scheduledExecutorService));
      } else {
        String filename = DIFF_FILE_PREFIX + checkpointTime;
        logger.atInfo().log("Patching GCS list; discovered file: %s", filename);
-        metadata = getMetadata(filename);
+        blobInfo = getBlobInfo(gcsBucket, filename);

        // If we hit a gap, quit.
-        if (metadata == null) {
+        if (blobInfo == null) {
          logger.atInfo().log(
              "Gap discovered in sequence terminating at %s, missing file: %s",
              sequence.lastKey(), filename);
-          logger.atInfo().log("Found sequence from %s to %s", checkpointTime, lastTime);
+          logger.atInfo().log("Found sequence from %s to %s.", checkpointTime, lastTime);
          return false;
        }
      }
-      sequence.put(checkpointTime, metadata);
-      checkpointTime = getLowerBoundTime(metadata);
+      sequence.put(checkpointTime, blobInfo);
+      checkpointTime = getLowerBoundTime(blobInfo);
    }
-    logger.atInfo().log("Found sequence from %s to %s", checkpointTime, lastTime);
+    logger.atInfo().log("Found sequence from %s to %s.", checkpointTime, lastTime);
    return true;
  }

-  ImmutableList<GcsFileMetadata> listDiffFiles(DateTime fromTime, @Nullable DateTime toTime) {
+  ImmutableList<BlobInfo> listDiffFiles(
+      String gcsBucket, DateTime fromTime, @Nullable DateTime toTime) {
    logger.atInfo().log("Requested restore from time: %s", fromTime);
    if (toTime != null) {
      logger.atInfo().log("  Until time: %s", toTime);
@@ -95,70 +114,78 @@ class GcsDiffFileLister {
    // List all of the diff files on GCS and build a map from each file's upper checkpoint time
    // (extracted from the filename) to its asynchronously-loaded metadata, keeping only files with
    // an upper checkpoint time > fromTime.
-    TreeMap<DateTime, ListenableFuture<GcsFileMetadata>> upperBoundTimesToMetadata
-        = new TreeMap<>();
-    Iterator<ListItem> listItems;
+    TreeMap<DateTime, ListenableFuture<BlobInfo>> upperBoundTimesToBlobInfo = new TreeMap<>();
+    String commitLogDiffPrefix = getCommitLogDiffPrefix(fromTime, toTime);
+    ImmutableList<String> filenames;
    try {
-      // TODO(b/23554360): Use a smarter prefixing strategy to speed this up.
-      listItems = gcsService.list(
-          gcsBucket,
-          new ListOptions.Builder().setPrefix(DIFF_FILE_PREFIX).build());
+      filenames =
+          gcsUtils.listFolderObjects(gcsBucket, commitLogDiffPrefix).stream()
+              .map(s -> commitLogDiffPrefix + s)
+              .collect(toImmutableList());
    } catch (IOException e) {
      throw new RuntimeException(e);
    }
    DateTime lastUpperBoundTime = START_OF_TIME;
-    while (listItems.hasNext()) {
-      final String filename = listItems.next().getName();
-      DateTime upperBoundTime = DateTime.parse(filename.substring(DIFF_FILE_PREFIX.length()));
-      if (isInRange(upperBoundTime, fromTime, toTime)) {
-        upperBoundTimesToMetadata.put(upperBoundTime, executor.submit(() -> getMetadata(filename)));
-        lastUpperBoundTime = latestOf(upperBoundTime, lastUpperBoundTime);
-      }
-    }
-    if (upperBoundTimesToMetadata.isEmpty()) {
-      logger.atInfo().log("No files found");
-      return ImmutableList.of();
-    }

-    // Reconstruct the sequence of files by traversing backwards from "lastUpperBoundTime" (i.e. the
-    // last file that we found) and finding its previous file until we either run out of files or
-    // get to one that precedes "fromTime".
-    //
-    // GCS file listing is eventually consistent, so it's possible that we are missing a file. The
-    // metadata of a file is sufficient to identify the preceding file, so if we start from the
-    // last file and work backwards we can verify that we have no holes in our chain (although we
-    // may be missing files at the end).
-    TreeMap<DateTime, GcsFileMetadata> sequence = new TreeMap<>();
-    logger.atInfo().log("Restoring until: %s", lastUpperBoundTime);
-    boolean inconsistentFileSet = !constructDiffSequence(
-        upperBoundTimesToMetadata, fromTime, lastUpperBoundTime, sequence);
-
-    // Verify that all of the elements in the original set are represented in the sequence.  If we
-    // find anything that's not represented, construct a sequence for it.
-    boolean checkForMoreExtraDiffs = true;  // Always loop at least once.
-    while (checkForMoreExtraDiffs) {
-      checkForMoreExtraDiffs = false;
-      for (DateTime key : upperBoundTimesToMetadata.descendingKeySet()) {
-        if (!isInRange(key, fromTime, toTime)) {
-          break;
-        }
-        if (!sequence.containsKey(key)) {
-          constructDiffSequence(upperBoundTimesToMetadata, fromTime, key, sequence);
-          checkForMoreExtraDiffs = true;
-          inconsistentFileSet = true;
-          break;
+    TreeMap<DateTime, BlobInfo> sequence = new TreeMap<>();
+    ListeningExecutorService executor = executorProvider.get();
+    try {
+      for (String filename : filenames) {
+        String strippedFilename = filename.replaceFirst(DIFF_FILE_PREFIX, "");
+        DateTime upperBoundTime = DateTime.parse(strippedFilename);
+        if (isInRange(upperBoundTime, fromTime, toTime)) {
+          upperBoundTimesToBlobInfo.put(
+              upperBoundTime, executor.submit(() -> getBlobInfo(gcsBucket, filename)));
+          lastUpperBoundTime = latestOf(upperBoundTime, lastUpperBoundTime);
        }
      }
-    }
+      if (upperBoundTimesToBlobInfo.isEmpty()) {
+        logger.atInfo().log("No files found.");
+        return ImmutableList.of();
+      }

-    checkState(
-        !inconsistentFileSet,
-        "Unable to compute commit diff history, there are either gaps or forks in the history "
-        + "file set.  Check log for details.");
+      // Reconstruct the sequence of files by traversing backwards from "lastUpperBoundTime" (i.e.
+      // the last file that we found) and finding its previous file until we either run out of files
+      // or get to one that precedes "fromTime".
+      //
+      // GCS file listing is eventually consistent, so it's possible that we are missing a file. The
+      // metadata of a file is sufficient to identify the preceding file, so if we start from the
+      // last file and work backwards we can verify that we have no holes in our chain (although we
+      // may be missing files at the end).
+      logger.atInfo().log("Restoring until: %s", lastUpperBoundTime);
+      boolean inconsistentFileSet =
+          !constructDiffSequence(
+              gcsBucket, upperBoundTimesToBlobInfo, fromTime, lastUpperBoundTime, sequence);
+
+      // Verify that all of the elements in the original set are represented in the sequence.  If we
+      // find anything that's not represented, construct a sequence for it.
+      boolean checkForMoreExtraDiffs = true; // Always loop at least once.
+      while (checkForMoreExtraDiffs) {
+        checkForMoreExtraDiffs = false;
+        for (DateTime key : upperBoundTimesToBlobInfo.descendingKeySet()) {
+          if (!isInRange(key, fromTime, toTime)) {
+            break;
+          }
+          if (!sequence.containsKey(key)) {
+            constructDiffSequence(gcsBucket, upperBoundTimesToBlobInfo, fromTime, key, sequence);
+            checkForMoreExtraDiffs = true;
+            inconsistentFileSet = true;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      checkState(
+          !inconsistentFileSet,
+          "Unable to compute commit diff history, there are either gaps or forks in the history "
+              + "file set.  Check log for details.");
+    } finally {
+      executor.shutdown();
+    }

    logger.atInfo().log(
        "Actual restore from time: %s", getLowerBoundTime(sequence.firstEntry().getValue()));
-    logger.atInfo().log("Found %d files to restore", sequence.size());
+    logger.atInfo().log("Found %d files to restore.", sequence.size());
    return ImmutableList.copyOf(sequence.values());
  }

@@ -171,15 +198,43 @@ class GcsDiffFileLister {
    return isBeforeOrAt(start, time) && (end == null || isBeforeOrAt(time, end));
  }

-  private DateTime getLowerBoundTime(GcsFileMetadata metadata) {
-    return DateTime.parse(metadata.getOptions().getUserMetadata().get(LOWER_BOUND_CHECKPOINT));
+  private DateTime getLowerBoundTime(BlobInfo blobInfo) {
+    return DateTime.parse(blobInfo.getMetadata().get(LOWER_BOUND_CHECKPOINT));
  }

-  private GcsFileMetadata getMetadata(String filename) {
-    try {
-      return gcsService.getMetadata(new GcsFilename(gcsBucket, filename));
-    } catch (IOException e) {
-      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+  private BlobInfo getBlobInfo(String gcsBucket, String filename) {
+    return gcsUtils.getBlobInfo(BlobId.of(gcsBucket, filename));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns a prefix guaranteed to cover all commit log diff files in the given range.
+   *
+   * <p>The listObjects call can be fairly slow if we search over many thousands or tens of
+   * thousands of files, so we restrict the search space. The commit logs have a file format of
+   * "commit_diff_until_2021-05-11T06:48:00.070Z" so we can often filter down as far as the hour.
+   *
+   * <p>Here, we get the longest prefix possible based on which fields (year, month, day, hour) the
+   * times in question have in common.
+   */
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  static String getCommitLogDiffPrefix(DateTime from, @Nullable DateTime to) {
+    StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(DIFF_FILE_PREFIX);
+    if (to == null || from.getYear() != to.getYear()) {
+      return result.toString();
    }
+    result.append(from.getYear()).append('-');
+    if (from.getMonthOfYear() != to.getMonthOfYear()) {
+      return result.toString();
+    }
+    result.append(String.format("%02d-", from.getMonthOfYear()));
+    if (from.getDayOfMonth() != to.getDayOfMonth()) {
+      return result.toString();
+    }
+    result.append(String.format("%02dT", from.getDayOfMonth()));
+    if (from.getHourOfDay() != to.getHourOfDay()) {
+      return result.toString();
+    }
+    result.append(String.format("%02d:", from.getHourOfDay()));
+    return result.toString();
  }
 }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/backup/ReplayCommitLogsToSqlAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/backup/ReplayCommitLogsToSqlAction.java
@@ -14,44 +14,52 @@

 package google.registry.backup;

+import static com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList.toImmutableList;
 import static google.registry.backup.ExportCommitLogDiffAction.DIFF_FILE_PREFIX;
+import static google.registry.backup.RestoreCommitLogsAction.DRY_RUN_PARAM;
 import static google.registry.model.ofy.EntityWritePriorities.getEntityPriority;
 import static google.registry.model.ofy.ObjectifyService.auditedOfy;
 import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.jpaTm;
+import static google.registry.util.DateTimeUtils.isAtOrAfter;
+import static google.registry.util.DateTimeUtils.isBeforeOrAt;
 import static javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse.SC_NO_CONTENT;
+import static javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse.SC_OK;
 import static org.joda.time.Duration.standardHours;

 import com.google.appengine.api.datastore.Entity;
 import com.google.appengine.api.datastore.Key;
-import com.google.appengine.tools.cloudstorage.GcsFileMetadata;
-import com.google.appengine.tools.cloudstorage.GcsService;
+import com.google.cloud.storage.BlobInfo;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
 import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
+import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
+import google.registry.gcs.GcsUtils;
+import google.registry.model.UpdateAutoTimestamp;
 import google.registry.model.common.DatabaseMigrationStateSchedule;
 import google.registry.model.common.DatabaseMigrationStateSchedule.MigrationState;
 import google.registry.model.common.DatabaseMigrationStateSchedule.ReplayDirection;
+import google.registry.model.replay.DatastoreEntity;
+import google.registry.model.replay.DatastoreOnlyEntity;
+import google.registry.model.replay.NonReplicatedEntity;
+import google.registry.model.replay.ReplaySpecializer;
+import google.registry.model.replay.SqlReplayCheckpoint;
 import google.registry.model.server.Lock;
 import google.registry.model.translators.VKeyTranslatorFactory;
 import google.registry.persistence.VKey;
 import google.registry.request.Action;
 import google.registry.request.Action.Method;
+import google.registry.request.Parameter;
 import google.registry.request.Response;
 import google.registry.request.auth.Auth;
-import google.registry.schema.replay.DatastoreEntity;
-import google.registry.schema.replay.DatastoreOnlyEntity;
-import google.registry.schema.replay.NonReplicatedEntity;
-import google.registry.schema.replay.ReplaySpecializer;
-import google.registry.schema.replay.SqlReplayCheckpoint;
 import google.registry.util.Clock;
 import google.registry.util.RequestStatusChecker;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
-import java.nio.channels.Channels;
 import java.util.Optional;
 import javax.inject.Inject;
 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
 import org.joda.time.DateTime;
 import org.joda.time.Duration;
+import org.joda.time.Seconds;

 /** Action that replays commit logs to Cloud SQL to keep it up to date. */
@Action(
@@ -64,23 +72,35 @@ public class ReplayCommitLogsToSqlAction implements Runnable {

  static final String PATH = "/_dr/task/replayCommitLogsToSql";

-  private static final int BLOCK_SIZE =
-      1024 * 1024; // Buffer 1mb at a time, for no particular reason.
  private static final FluentLogger logger = FluentLogger.forEnclosingClass();
-  private static final Duration LEASE_LENGTH = standardHours(1);

-  @Inject GcsService gcsService;
+  private static final Duration LEASE_LENGTH = standardHours(1);
+  // Stop / pause where we are if we've been replaying for more than five minutes to avoid GAE
+  // request timeouts
+  private static final Duration REPLAY_TIMEOUT_DURATION = Duration.standardMinutes(5);
+
+  @Inject GcsUtils gcsUtils;
  @Inject Response response;
  @Inject RequestStatusChecker requestStatusChecker;
  @Inject GcsDiffFileLister diffLister;
  @Inject Clock clock;

+  @Inject
+  @Config("commitLogGcsBucket")
+  String gcsBucket;
+
+  /** If true, will exit after logging the commit log files that would otherwise be replayed. */
+  @Inject
+  @Parameter(DRY_RUN_PARAM)
+  boolean dryRun;
+
  @Inject
  ReplayCommitLogsToSqlAction() {}

  @Override
  public void run() {
-    MigrationState state = DatabaseMigrationStateSchedule.getValueAtTime(clock.nowUtc());
+    DateTime startTime = clock.nowUtc();
+    MigrationState state = DatabaseMigrationStateSchedule.getValueAtTime(startTime);
    if (!state.getReplayDirection().equals(ReplayDirection.DATASTORE_TO_SQL)) {
      String message =
          String.format(
@@ -92,7 +112,7 @@ public class ReplayCommitLogsToSqlAction implements Runnable {
      return;
    }
    Optional<Lock> lock =
-        Lock.acquire(
+        Lock.acquireSql(
            this.getClass().getSimpleName(), null, LEASE_LENGTH, requestStatusChecker, false);
    if (!lock.isPresent()) {
      String message = "Can't acquire SQL commit log replay lock, aborting.";
@@ -104,44 +124,120 @@ public class ReplayCommitLogsToSqlAction implements Runnable {
      return;
    }
    try {
-      replayFiles();
-      response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_OK);
-      logger.atInfo().log("ReplayCommitLogsToSqlAction completed successfully.");
+      logger.atInfo().log("Beginning replay of commit logs.");
+      String resultMessage;
+      if (dryRun) {
+        resultMessage = executeDryRun();
+      } else {
+        resultMessage = replayFiles(startTime);
+      }
+      response.setStatus(SC_OK);
+      response.setPayload(resultMessage);
+      logger.atInfo().log(resultMessage);
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      String message = "Errored out replaying files.";
+      logger.atSevere().withCause(t).log(message);
+      response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
+      response.setPayload(message);
    } finally {
      lock.ifPresent(Lock::release);
    }
  }

-  private void replayFiles() {
+  private String executeDryRun() {
    // Start at the first millisecond we haven't seen yet
-    DateTime fromTime = jpaTm().transact(() -> SqlReplayCheckpoint.get().plusMillis(1));
-    // If there's an inconsistent file set, this will throw IllegalStateException and the job
-    // will try later -- this is likely because an export hasn't finished yet.
-    ImmutableList<GcsFileMetadata> commitLogFiles =
-        diffLister.listDiffFiles(fromTime, /* current time */ null);
-    for (GcsFileMetadata metadata : commitLogFiles) {
-      // One transaction per GCS file
-      jpaTm().transact(() -> processFile(metadata));
-    }
-    logger.atInfo().log("Replayed %d commit log files to SQL successfully.", commitLogFiles.size());
+    DateTime searchStartTime = jpaTm().transact(() -> SqlReplayCheckpoint.get().plusMillis(1));
+    // Search through the end of the hour
+    DateTime searchEndTime =
+        searchStartTime.withMinuteOfHour(59).withSecondOfMinute(59).withMillisOfSecond(999);
+    ImmutableList<String> fileBatch =
+        diffLister.listDiffFiles(gcsBucket, searchStartTime, searchEndTime).stream()
+            .map(BlobInfo::getName)
+            .collect(toImmutableList());
+    return String.format(
+        "Running in dry-run mode, the first set of commit log files processed would be from "
+            + "searching from %s to %s and would contain %d file(s). They are (limit 10): \n%s",
+        searchStartTime,
+        searchEndTime,
+        fileBatch.size(),
+        fileBatch.stream().limit(10).collect(toImmutableList()));
  }

-  private void processFile(GcsFileMetadata metadata) {
-    try (InputStream input =
-        Channels.newInputStream(
-            gcsService.openPrefetchingReadChannel(metadata.getFilename(), 0, BLOCK_SIZE))) {
+  private String replayFiles(DateTime startTime) {
+    DateTime replayTimeoutTime = startTime.plus(REPLAY_TIMEOUT_DURATION);
+    DateTime searchStartTime = jpaTm().transact(() -> SqlReplayCheckpoint.get().plusMillis(1));
+    int filesProcessed = 0;
+    int transactionsProcessed = 0;
+    // Starting from one millisecond after the last file we processed, search for and import files
+    // one hour at a time until we catch up to the current time or we hit the replay timeout (in
+    // which case the next run will pick up from where we leave off).
+    //
+    // We use hour-long batches because GCS supports filename prefix-based searches.
+    while (true) {
+      if (isAtOrAfter(clock.nowUtc(), replayTimeoutTime)) {
+        return createResponseString(
+            "Reached max execution time", startTime, filesProcessed, transactionsProcessed);
+      }
+      if (isBeforeOrAt(clock.nowUtc(), searchStartTime)) {
+        return createResponseString(
+            "Caught up to current time", startTime, filesProcessed, transactionsProcessed);
+      }
+      // Search through the end of the hour
+      DateTime searchEndTime =
+          searchStartTime.withMinuteOfHour(59).withSecondOfMinute(59).withMillisOfSecond(999);
+      ImmutableList<BlobInfo> fileBatch =
+          diffLister.listDiffFiles(gcsBucket, searchStartTime, searchEndTime);
+      if (fileBatch.isEmpty()) {
+        logger.atInfo().log(
+            "No remaining files found in hour %s, continuing search in the next hour.",
+            searchStartTime.toString("yyyy-MM-dd HH"));
+      }
+      for (BlobInfo file : fileBatch) {
+        transactionsProcessed += processFile(file);
+        filesProcessed++;
+        if (clock.nowUtc().isAfter(replayTimeoutTime)) {
+          return createResponseString(
+              "Reached max execution time", startTime, filesProcessed, transactionsProcessed);
+        }
+      }
+      searchStartTime = searchEndTime.plusMillis(1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private String createResponseString(
+      String msg, DateTime startTime, int filesProcessed, int transactionsProcessed) {
+    double tps =
+        (double) transactionsProcessed
+            / (double) Seconds.secondsBetween(startTime, clock.nowUtc()).getSeconds();
+    return String.format(
+        "%s after replaying %d file(s) containing %d total transaction(s) (%.2f tx/s).",
+        msg, filesProcessed, transactionsProcessed, tps);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Replays the commit logs in the given commit log file and returns the number of transactions
+   * committed.
+   */
+  private int processFile(BlobInfo metadata) {
+    try (InputStream input = gcsUtils.openInputStream(metadata.getBlobId())) {
      // Load and process the Datastore transactions one at a time
      ImmutableList<ImmutableList<VersionedEntity>> allTransactions =
          CommitLogImports.loadEntitiesByTransaction(input);
-      allTransactions.forEach(this::replayTransaction);
+      try (UpdateAutoTimestamp.DisableAutoUpdateResource disabler =
+          UpdateAutoTimestamp.disableAutoUpdate()) {
+        allTransactions.forEach(
+            transaction -> jpaTm().transact(() -> replayTransaction(transaction)));
+      }
      // if we succeeded, set the last-seen time
-      DateTime checkpoint =
-          DateTime.parse(
-              metadata.getFilename().getObjectName().substring(DIFF_FILE_PREFIX.length()));
-      SqlReplayCheckpoint.set(checkpoint);
-      logger.atInfo().log("Replayed %d transactions from commit log file.", allTransactions.size());
+      DateTime checkpoint = DateTime.parse(metadata.getName().substring(DIFF_FILE_PREFIX.length()));
+      jpaTm().transact(() -> SqlReplayCheckpoint.set(checkpoint));
+      logger.atInfo().log(
+          "Replayed %d transactions from commit log file %s with size %d B.",
+          allTransactions.size(), metadata.getName(), metadata.getSize());
+      return allTransactions.size();
    } catch (IOException e) {
-      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+      throw new RuntimeException(
+          "Errored out while replaying commit log file " + metadata.getName(), e);
    }
  }

@@ -160,20 +256,25 @@ public class ReplayCommitLogsToSqlAction implements Runnable {

  private void handleEntityPut(Entity entity) {
    Object ofyPojo = auditedOfy().toPojo(entity);
-    if (ofyPojo instanceof DatastoreEntity) {
-      DatastoreEntity datastoreEntity = (DatastoreEntity) ofyPojo;
-      datastoreEntity
-          .toSqlEntity()
-          .ifPresent(
-              sqlEntity -> {
-                ReplaySpecializer.beforeSqlSave(sqlEntity);
-                jpaTm().put(sqlEntity);
-              });
-    } else {
-      // this should never happen, but we shouldn't fail on it
-      logger.atSevere().log(
-          "%s does not implement DatastoreEntity, which is necessary for SQL replay.",
-          ofyPojo.getClass());
+    try {
+      if (ofyPojo instanceof DatastoreEntity) {
+        DatastoreEntity datastoreEntity = (DatastoreEntity) ofyPojo;
+        datastoreEntity
+            .toSqlEntity()
+            .ifPresent(
+                sqlEntity -> {
+                  sqlEntity.beforeSqlSaveOnReplay();
+                  jpaTm().putIgnoringReadOnly(sqlEntity);
+                });
+      } else {
+        // this should never happen, but we shouldn't fail on it
+        logger.atSevere().log(
+            "%s does not implement DatastoreEntity, which is necessary for SQL replay.",
+            ofyPojo.getClass());
+      }
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      logger.atSevere().log("Error when replaying object %s.", ofyPojo);
+      throw t;
    }
  }

@@ -189,13 +290,18 @@ public class ReplayCommitLogsToSqlAction implements Runnable {
          "Skipping SQL delete for kind %s since it is not convertible.", key.getKind());
      return;
    }
-    Class<?> entityClass = entityVKey.getKind();
-    // Delete the key iff the class represents a JPA entity that is replicated
-    if (!NonReplicatedEntity.class.isAssignableFrom(entityClass)
-        && !DatastoreOnlyEntity.class.isAssignableFrom(entityClass)
-        && entityClass.getAnnotation(javax.persistence.Entity.class) != null) {
-      ReplaySpecializer.beforeSqlDelete(entityVKey);
-      jpaTm().delete(entityVKey);
+    try {
+      Class<?> entityClass = entityVKey.getKind();
+      // Delete the key iff the class represents a JPA entity that is replicated
+      if (!NonReplicatedEntity.class.isAssignableFrom(entityClass)
+          && !DatastoreOnlyEntity.class.isAssignableFrom(entityClass)
+          && entityClass.getAnnotation(javax.persistence.Entity.class) != null) {
+        ReplaySpecializer.beforeSqlDelete(entityVKey);
+        jpaTm().deleteIgnoringReadOnly(entityVKey);
+      }
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      logger.atSevere().log("Error when deleting key %s.", entityVKey);
+      throw t;
    }
  }

--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/backup/RestoreCommitLogsAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/backup/RestoreCommitLogsAction.java
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ import static google.registry.model.ofy.ObjectifyService.auditedOfy;
 import com.google.appengine.api.datastore.DatastoreService;
 import com.google.appengine.api.datastore.Entity;
 import com.google.appengine.api.datastore.EntityTranslator;
-import com.google.appengine.tools.cloudstorage.GcsFileMetadata;
-import com.google.appengine.tools.cloudstorage.GcsService;
+import com.google.cloud.storage.BlobInfo;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
 import com.google.common.collect.PeekingIterator;
 import com.google.common.collect.Streams;
@@ -33,7 +33,9 @@ import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
 import com.googlecode.objectify.Key;
 import com.googlecode.objectify.Result;
 import com.googlecode.objectify.util.ResultNow;
+import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
 import google.registry.config.RegistryEnvironment;
+import google.registry.gcs.GcsUtils;
 import google.registry.model.ImmutableObject;
 import google.registry.model.ofy.CommitLogBucket;
 import google.registry.model.ofy.CommitLogCheckpoint;
@@ -46,10 +48,10 @@ import google.registry.request.auth.Auth;
 import google.registry.util.Retrier;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
-import java.nio.channels.Channels;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Optional;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.stream.Stream;
 import javax.inject.Inject;
@@ -66,43 +68,55 @@ public class RestoreCommitLogsAction implements Runnable {

  private static final FluentLogger logger = FluentLogger.forEnclosingClass();

-  static final int BLOCK_SIZE = 1024 * 1024;  // Buffer 1mb at a time, for no particular reason.
-
  public static final String PATH = "/_dr/task/restoreCommitLogs";
  static final String DRY_RUN_PARAM = "dryRun";
  static final String FROM_TIME_PARAM = "fromTime";
  static final String TO_TIME_PARAM = "toTime";
+  static final String BUCKET_OVERRIDE_PARAM = "gcsBucket";
+
+  private static final ImmutableSet<RegistryEnvironment> FORBIDDEN_ENVIRONMENTS =
+      ImmutableSet.of(RegistryEnvironment.PRODUCTION, RegistryEnvironment.SANDBOX);
+
+  @Inject GcsUtils gcsUtils;

-  @Inject GcsService gcsService;
  @Inject @Parameter(DRY_RUN_PARAM) boolean dryRun;
  @Inject @Parameter(FROM_TIME_PARAM) DateTime fromTime;
  @Inject @Parameter(TO_TIME_PARAM) DateTime toTime;
+
+  @Inject
+  @Parameter(BUCKET_OVERRIDE_PARAM)
+  Optional<String> gcsBucketOverride;
+
  @Inject DatastoreService datastoreService;
  @Inject GcsDiffFileLister diffLister;
+
+  @Inject
+  @Config("commitLogGcsBucket")
+  String defaultGcsBucket;
+
  @Inject Retrier retrier;
  @Inject RestoreCommitLogsAction() {}

  @Override
  public void run() {
    checkArgument(
-        RegistryEnvironment.get() == RegistryEnvironment.ALPHA
-            || RegistryEnvironment.get() == RegistryEnvironment.CRASH
-            || RegistryEnvironment.get() == RegistryEnvironment.UNITTEST,
-        "DO NOT RUN ANYWHERE ELSE EXCEPT ALPHA, CRASH OR TESTS.");
+        !FORBIDDEN_ENVIRONMENTS.contains(RegistryEnvironment.get()),
+        "DO NOT RUN IN PRODUCTION OR SANDBOX.");
    if (dryRun) {
-      logger.atInfo().log("Running in dryRun mode");
+      logger.atInfo().log("Running in dry-run mode.");
    }
-    List<GcsFileMetadata> diffFiles = diffLister.listDiffFiles(fromTime, toTime);
+    String gcsBucket = gcsBucketOverride.orElse(defaultGcsBucket);
+    logger.atInfo().log("Restoring from %s.", gcsBucket);
+    List<BlobInfo> diffFiles = diffLister.listDiffFiles(gcsBucket, fromTime, toTime);
    if (diffFiles.isEmpty()) {
-      logger.atInfo().log("Nothing to restore");
+      logger.atInfo().log("Nothing to restore.");
      return;
    }
    Map<Integer, DateTime> bucketTimestamps = new HashMap<>();
    CommitLogCheckpoint lastCheckpoint = null;
-    for (GcsFileMetadata metadata : diffFiles) {
-      logger.atInfo().log("Restoring: %s", metadata.getFilename().getObjectName());
-      try (InputStream input = Channels.newInputStream(
-          gcsService.openPrefetchingReadChannel(metadata.getFilename(), 0, BLOCK_SIZE))) {
+    for (BlobInfo metadata : diffFiles) {
+      logger.atInfo().log("Restoring: %s", metadata.getName());
+      try (InputStream input = gcsUtils.openInputStream(metadata.getBlobId())) {
        PeekingIterator<ImmutableObject> commitLogs =
            peekingIterator(createDeserializingIterator(input, true));
        lastCheckpoint = (CommitLogCheckpoint) commitLogs.next();
@@ -129,7 +143,7 @@ public class RestoreCommitLogsAction implements Runnable {
                                .build()),
                Stream.of(CommitLogCheckpointRoot.create(lastCheckpoint.getCheckpointTime())))
            .collect(toImmutableList()));
-    logger.atInfo().log("Restore complete");
+    logger.atInfo().log("Restore complete.");
  }

  /**
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/backup/VersionedEntity.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/backup/VersionedEntity.java
@@ -105,29 +105,29 @@ public abstract class VersionedEntity implements Serializable {
   * VersionedEntity VersionedEntities}. See {@link CommitLogImports#loadEntities} for more
   * information.
   */
-  public static Stream<VersionedEntity> fromManifest(CommitLogManifest manifest) {
+  static Stream<VersionedEntity> fromManifest(CommitLogManifest manifest) {
    long commitTimeMillis = manifest.getCommitTime().getMillis();
    return manifest.getDeletions().stream()
        .map(com.googlecode.objectify.Key::getRaw)
-        .map(key -> builder().commitTimeMills(commitTimeMillis).key(key).build());
+        .map(key -> newBuilder().commitTimeMills(commitTimeMillis).key(key).build());
  }

  /* Converts a {@link CommitLogMutation} to a {@link VersionedEntity}. */
-  public static VersionedEntity fromMutation(CommitLogMutation mutation) {
+  static VersionedEntity fromMutation(CommitLogMutation mutation) {
    return from(
        com.googlecode.objectify.Key.create(mutation).getParent().getId(),
        mutation.getEntityProtoBytes());
  }

  public static VersionedEntity from(long commitTimeMillis, byte[] entityProtoBytes) {
-    return builder()
+    return newBuilder()
        .entityProtoBytes(entityProtoBytes)
        .key(EntityTranslator.createFromPbBytes(entityProtoBytes).getKey())
        .commitTimeMills(commitTimeMillis)
        .build();
  }

-  static Builder builder() {
+  private static Builder newBuilder() {
    return new AutoValue_VersionedEntity.Builder();
  }

@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ public abstract class VersionedEntity implements Serializable {

    public abstract VersionedEntity build();

-    public Builder entityProtoBytes(byte[] bytes) {
+    Builder entityProtoBytes(byte[] bytes) {
      return entityProtoBytes(new ImmutableBytes(bytes));
    }
  }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/AsyncTaskEnqueuer.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/AsyncTaskEnqueuer.java
@@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ import com.googlecode.objectify.Key;
 import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
 import google.registry.model.EppResource;
 import google.registry.model.ImmutableObject;
+import google.registry.model.domain.RegistryLock;
 import google.registry.model.eppcommon.Trid;
 import google.registry.model.host.HostResource;
 import google.registry.persistence.VKey;
-import google.registry.schema.domain.RegistryLock;
 import google.registry.util.AppEngineServiceUtils;
 import google.registry.util.Retrier;
 import javax.inject.Inject;
@@ -126,18 +126,18 @@ public final class AsyncTaskEnqueuer {
  public void enqueueAsyncDelete(
      EppResource resourceToDelete,
      DateTime now,
-      String requestingClientId,
+      String requestingRegistrarId,
      Trid trid,
      boolean isSuperuser) {
    Key<EppResource> resourceKey = Key.create(resourceToDelete);
    logger.atInfo().log(
        "Enqueuing async deletion of %s on behalf of registrar %s.",
-        resourceKey, requestingClientId);
+        resourceKey, requestingRegistrarId);
    TaskOptions task =
        TaskOptions.Builder.withMethod(Method.PULL)
            .countdownMillis(asyncDeleteDelay.getMillis())
            .param(PARAM_RESOURCE_KEY, resourceKey.getString())
-            .param(PARAM_REQUESTING_CLIENT_ID, requestingClientId)
+            .param(PARAM_REQUESTING_CLIENT_ID, requestingRegistrarId)
            .param(PARAM_SERVER_TRANSACTION_ID, trid.getServerTransactionId())
            .param(PARAM_IS_SUPERUSER, Boolean.toString(isSuperuser))
            .param(PARAM_REQUESTED_TIME, now.toString());
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/BatchModule.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/BatchModule.java
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import static google.registry.batch.AsyncTaskEnqueuer.QUEUE_ASYNC_HOST_RENAME;
 import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.extractIntParameter;
 import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.extractLongParameter;
 import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.extractOptionalBooleanParameter;
+import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.extractOptionalDatetimeParameter;
 import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.extractOptionalIntParameter;
 import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.extractOptionalParameter;
 import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.extractRequiredDatetimeParameter;
@@ -106,6 +107,13 @@ public class BatchModule {
    return extractIntParameter(req, RelockDomainAction.PREVIOUS_ATTEMPTS_PARAM);
  }

+  @Provides
+  @Parameter(ExpandRecurringBillingEventsAction.PARAM_CURSOR_TIME)
+  static Optional<DateTime> provideCursorTime(HttpServletRequest req) {
+    return extractOptionalDatetimeParameter(
+        req, ExpandRecurringBillingEventsAction.PARAM_CURSOR_TIME);
+  }
+
  @Provides
  @Named(QUEUE_ASYNC_ACTIONS)
  static Queue provideAsyncActionsPushQueue() {
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/DeleteContactsAndHostsAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/DeleteContactsAndHostsAction.java
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ public class DeleteContactsAndHostsAction implements Runnable {
    @Override
    public void reduce(final DeletionRequest deletionRequest, ReducerInput<Boolean> values) {
      final boolean hasNoActiveReferences = !Iterators.contains(values, true);
-      logger.atInfo().log("Processing async deletion request for %s", deletionRequest.key());
+      logger.atInfo().log("Processing async deletion request for %s.", deletionRequest.key());
      DeletionResult result =
          tm()
              .transactNew(
@@ -343,15 +343,15 @@ public class DeleteContactsAndHostsAction implements Runnable {
      }
      // Contacts and external hosts have a direct client id. For subordinate hosts it needs to be
      // read off of the superordinate domain.
-      String resourceClientId = resource.getPersistedCurrentSponsorClientId();
+      String resourceRegistrarId = resource.getPersistedCurrentSponsorRegistrarId();
      if (resource instanceof HostResource && ((HostResource) resource).isSubordinate()) {
-        resourceClientId =
+        resourceRegistrarId =
            tm().loadByKey(((HostResource) resource).getSuperordinateDomain())
                .cloneProjectedAtTime(now)
-                .getCurrentSponsorClientId();
+                .getCurrentSponsorRegistrarId();
      }
      boolean requestedByCurrentOwner =
-          resourceClientId.equals(deletionRequest.requestingClientId());
+          resourceRegistrarId.equals(deletionRequest.requestingClientId());

      boolean deleteAllowed =
          hasNoActiveReferences && (requestedByCurrentOwner || deletionRequest.isSuperuser());
@@ -371,14 +371,14 @@ public class DeleteContactsAndHostsAction implements Runnable {

      HistoryEntry historyEntry =
          HistoryEntry.createBuilderForResource(resource)
-              .setClientId(deletionRequest.requestingClientId())
+              .setRegistrarId(deletionRequest.requestingClientId())
              .setModificationTime(now)
              .setType(getHistoryEntryType(resource, deleteAllowed))
              .build();

      PollMessage.OneTime pollMessage =
          new PollMessage.OneTime.Builder()
-              .setClientId(deletionRequest.requestingClientId())
+              .setRegistrarId(deletionRequest.requestingClientId())
              .setMsg(pollMessageText)
              .setParent(historyEntry)
              .setEventTime(now)
@@ -605,12 +605,12 @@ public class DeleteContactsAndHostsAction implements Runnable {
  static boolean doesResourceStateAllowDeletion(EppResource resource, DateTime now) {
    Key<EppResource> key = Key.create(resource);
    if (isDeleted(resource, now)) {
-      logger.atWarning().log("Cannot asynchronously delete %s because it is already deleted", key);
+      logger.atWarning().log("Cannot asynchronously delete %s because it is already deleted.", key);
      return false;
    }
    if (!resource.getStatusValues().contains(PENDING_DELETE)) {
      logger.atWarning().log(
-          "Cannot asynchronously delete %s because it is not in PENDING_DELETE", key);
+          "Cannot asynchronously delete %s because it is not in PENDING_DELETE.", key);
      return false;
    }
    return true;
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/DeleteExpiredDomainsAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/DeleteExpiredDomainsAction.java
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ public class DeleteExpiredDomainsAction implements Runnable {

  /** Runs the actual domain delete flow and returns whether the deletion was successful. */
  private boolean runDomainDeleteFlow(DomainBase domain) {
-    logger.atInfo().log("Attempting to delete domain %s", domain.getDomainName());
+    logger.atInfo().log("Attempting to delete domain '%s'.", domain.getDomainName());
    // Create a new transaction that the flow's execution will be enlisted in that loads the domain
    // transactionally. This way we can ensure that nothing else has modified the domain in question
    // in the intervening period since the query above found it.
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ public class DeleteExpiredDomainsAction implements Runnable {

    if (eppOutput.isPresent()) {
      if (eppOutput.get().isSuccess()) {
-        logger.atInfo().log("Successfully deleted domain %s", domain.getDomainName());
+        logger.atInfo().log("Successfully deleted domain '%s'.", domain.getDomainName());
      } else {
        logger.atSevere().log(
            "Failed to delete domain %s; EPP response:\n\n%s",
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/DeleteLoadTestDataAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/DeleteLoadTestDataAction.java
@@ -15,12 +15,14 @@
 package google.registry.batch;

 import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkState;
+import static com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet.toImmutableSet;
 import static google.registry.config.RegistryEnvironment.PRODUCTION;
 import static google.registry.mapreduce.MapreduceRunner.PARAM_DRY_RUN;
 import static google.registry.mapreduce.inputs.EppResourceInputs.createEntityInput;
 import static google.registry.model.ofy.ObjectifyService.auditedOfy;
 import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.tm;
 import static google.registry.request.Action.Method.POST;
+import static google.registry.util.DateTimeUtils.END_OF_TIME;

 import com.google.appengine.tools.mapreduce.Mapper;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
@@ -28,16 +30,24 @@ import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
 import com.googlecode.objectify.Key;
 import google.registry.config.RegistryEnvironment;
+import google.registry.flows.poll.PollFlowUtils;
 import google.registry.mapreduce.MapreduceRunner;
 import google.registry.model.EppResource;
+import google.registry.model.EppResourceUtils;
 import google.registry.model.contact.ContactResource;
+import google.registry.model.domain.DomainBase;
 import google.registry.model.host.HostResource;
 import google.registry.model.index.EppResourceIndex;
 import google.registry.model.index.ForeignKeyIndex;
+import google.registry.model.poll.PollMessage;
+import google.registry.model.reporting.HistoryEntry;
+import google.registry.model.reporting.HistoryEntryDao;
+import google.registry.persistence.VKey;
 import google.registry.request.Action;
 import google.registry.request.Parameter;
 import google.registry.request.Response;
 import google.registry.request.auth.Auth;
+import google.registry.util.Clock;
 import java.util.List;
 import javax.inject.Inject;

@@ -46,8 +56,8 @@ import javax.inject.Inject;
 * the associated ForeignKey and EppResourceIndex entities.
 *
 * <p>This only deletes contacts and hosts, NOT domains. To delete domains, use {@link
- * DeleteLoadTestDataAction} and pass it the TLD(s) that the load test domains were created on. Note
- * that DeleteLoadTestDataAction is safe enough to run in production whereas this mapreduce is not,
+ * DeleteProberDataAction} and pass it the TLD(s) that the load test domains were created on. Note
+ * that DeleteProberDataAction is safe enough to run in production whereas this mapreduce is not,
 * but this one does not need to be runnable in production because load testing isn't run against
 * production.
 */
@@ -68,15 +78,22 @@ public class DeleteLoadTestDataAction implements Runnable {
   */
  private static final ImmutableSet<String> LOAD_TEST_REGISTRARS = ImmutableSet.of("proxy");

-  @Inject
-  @Parameter(PARAM_DRY_RUN)
-  boolean isDryRun;
-
-  @Inject MapreduceRunner mrRunner;
-  @Inject Response response;
+  private final boolean isDryRun;
+  private final MapreduceRunner mrRunner;
+  private final Response response;
+  private final Clock clock;

  @Inject
-  DeleteLoadTestDataAction() {}
+  DeleteLoadTestDataAction(
+      @Parameter(PARAM_DRY_RUN) boolean isDryRun,
+      MapreduceRunner mrRunner,
+      Response response,
+      Clock clock) {
+    this.isDryRun = isDryRun;
+    this.mrRunner = mrRunner;
+    this.response = response;
+    this.clock = clock;
+  }

  @Override
  public void run() {
@@ -87,14 +104,85 @@ public class DeleteLoadTestDataAction implements Runnable {
        !RegistryEnvironment.get().equals(PRODUCTION),
        "This mapreduce is not safe to run on PRODUCTION.");

-    mrRunner
-        .setJobName("Delete load test data")
-        .setModuleName("backend")
-        .runMapOnly(
-            new DeleteLoadTestDataMapper(isDryRun),
-            ImmutableList.of(
-                createEntityInput(ContactResource.class), createEntityInput(HostResource.class)))
-        .sendLinkToMapreduceConsole(response);
+    if (tm().isOfy()) {
+      mrRunner
+          .setJobName("Delete load test data")
+          .setModuleName("backend")
+          .runMapOnly(
+              new DeleteLoadTestDataMapper(isDryRun),
+              ImmutableList.of(
+                  createEntityInput(ContactResource.class), createEntityInput(HostResource.class)))
+          .sendLinkToMapreduceConsole(response);
+    } else {
+      tm().transact(
+              () -> {
+                LOAD_TEST_REGISTRARS.forEach(this::deletePollMessages);
+                tm().loadAllOfStream(ContactResource.class).forEach(this::deleteContact);
+                tm().loadAllOfStream(HostResource.class).forEach(this::deleteHost);
+              });
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void deletePollMessages(String registrarId) {
+    ImmutableList<PollMessage> pollMessages =
+        PollFlowUtils.createPollMessageQuery(registrarId, END_OF_TIME).list();
+    if (isDryRun) {
+      logger.atInfo().log(
+          "Would delete %d poll messages for registrar %s.", pollMessages.size(), registrarId);
+    } else {
+      pollMessages.forEach(tm()::delete);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void deleteContact(ContactResource contact) {
+    if (!LOAD_TEST_REGISTRARS.contains(contact.getPersistedCurrentSponsorRegistrarId())) {
+      return;
+    }
+    // We cannot remove contacts from domains in the general case, so we cannot delete contacts
+    // that are linked to domains (since it would break the foreign keys)
+    if (EppResourceUtils.isLinked(contact.createVKey(), clock.nowUtc())) {
+      logger.atWarning().log(
+          "Cannot delete contact with repo ID %s since it is referenced from a domain.",
+          contact.getRepoId());
+      return;
+    }
+    deleteResource(contact);
+  }
+
+  private void deleteHost(HostResource host) {
+    if (!LOAD_TEST_REGISTRARS.contains(host.getPersistedCurrentSponsorRegistrarId())) {
+      return;
+    }
+    VKey<HostResource> hostVKey = host.createVKey();
+    // We can remove hosts from linked domains, so we should do so then delete the hosts
+    ImmutableSet<VKey<DomainBase>> linkedDomains =
+        EppResourceUtils.getLinkedDomainKeys(hostVKey, clock.nowUtc(), null);
+    tm().loadByKeys(linkedDomains)
+        .values()
+        .forEach(
+            domain -> {
+              ImmutableSet<VKey<HostResource>> remainingHosts =
+                  domain.getNsHosts().stream()
+                      .filter(vkey -> !vkey.equals(hostVKey))
+                      .collect(toImmutableSet());
+              tm().put(domain.asBuilder().setNameservers(remainingHosts).build());
+            });
+    deleteResource(host);
+  }
+
+  private void deleteResource(EppResource eppResource) {
+    // In SQL, the only objects parented on the resource are poll messages (deleted above) and
+    // history objects.
+    ImmutableList<HistoryEntry> historyObjects =
+        HistoryEntryDao.loadHistoryObjectsForResource(eppResource.createVKey());
+    if (isDryRun) {
+      logger.atInfo().log(
+          "Would delete repo ID %s along with %d history objects.",
+          eppResource.getRepoId(), historyObjects.size());
+    } else {
+      historyObjects.forEach(tm()::delete);
+      tm().delete(eppResource);
+    }
  }

  /** Provides the map method that runs for each existing contact and host entity. */
@@ -110,7 +198,7 @@ public class DeleteLoadTestDataAction implements Runnable {

    @Override
    public final void map(EppResource resource) {
-      if (LOAD_TEST_REGISTRARS.contains(resource.getPersistedCurrentSponsorClientId())) {
+      if (LOAD_TEST_REGISTRARS.contains(resource.getPersistedCurrentSponsorRegistrarId())) {
        deleteResource(resource);
        getContext()
            .incrementCounter(
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/DeleteProberDataAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/DeleteProberDataAction.java
@@ -21,8 +21,9 @@ import static google.registry.config.RegistryEnvironment.PRODUCTION;
 import static google.registry.mapreduce.MapreduceRunner.PARAM_DRY_RUN;
 import static google.registry.model.ResourceTransferUtils.updateForeignKeyIndexDeletionTime;
 import static google.registry.model.ofy.ObjectifyService.auditedOfy;
-import static google.registry.model.registry.Registries.getTldsOfType;
 import static google.registry.model.reporting.HistoryEntry.Type.DOMAIN_DELETE;
+import static google.registry.model.tld.Registries.getTldsOfType;
+import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.jpaTm;
 import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.tm;
 import static google.registry.request.Action.Method.POST;
 import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.PARAM_TLDS;
@@ -42,27 +43,31 @@ import google.registry.config.RegistryEnvironment;
 import google.registry.dns.DnsQueue;
 import google.registry.mapreduce.MapreduceRunner;
 import google.registry.mapreduce.inputs.EppResourceInputs;
+import google.registry.model.CreateAutoTimestamp;
 import google.registry.model.EppResourceUtils;
 import google.registry.model.domain.DomainBase;
 import google.registry.model.domain.DomainHistory;
 import google.registry.model.index.EppResourceIndex;
 import google.registry.model.index.ForeignKeyIndex;
-import google.registry.model.registry.Registry;
-import google.registry.model.registry.Registry.TldType;
+import google.registry.model.tld.Registry;
+import google.registry.model.tld.Registry.TldType;
 import google.registry.request.Action;
 import google.registry.request.Parameter;
 import google.registry.request.Response;
 import google.registry.request.auth.Auth;
 import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
 import javax.inject.Inject;
+import org.hibernate.CacheMode;
+import org.hibernate.ScrollMode;
+import org.hibernate.ScrollableResults;
+import org.hibernate.query.Query;
 import org.joda.time.DateTime;
 import org.joda.time.Duration;

 /**
- * Deletes all prober DomainBases and their subordinate history entries, poll messages, and
- * billing events, along with their ForeignKeyDomainIndex and EppResourceIndex entities.
- *
- * <p>See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xuuv0syoHnM
+ * Deletes all prober DomainBases and their subordinate history entries, poll messages, and billing
+ * events, along with their ForeignKeyDomainIndex and EppResourceIndex entities.
 */
@Action(
    service = Action.Service.BACKEND,
@@ -73,10 +78,51 @@ public class DeleteProberDataAction implements Runnable {

  private static final FluentLogger logger = FluentLogger.forEnclosingClass();

+  /**
+   * The maximum amount of time we allow a prober domain to be in use.
+   *
+   * <p>In practice, the prober's connection will time out well before this duration. This includes
+   * a decent buffer.
+   */
+  private static final Duration DOMAIN_USED_DURATION = Duration.standardHours(1);
+
+  /**
+   * The minimum amount of time we want a domain to be "soft deleted".
+   *
+   * <p>The domain has to remain soft deleted for at least enough time for the DNS task to run and
+   * remove it from DNS itself. This is probably on the order of minutes.
+   */
+  private static final Duration SOFT_DELETE_DELAY = Duration.standardHours(1);
+
+  private static final DnsQueue dnsQueue = DnsQueue.create();
+
+  // Domains to delete must:
+  // 1. Be in one of the prober TLDs
+  // 2. Not be a nic domain
+  // 3. Have no subordinate hosts
+  // 4. Not still be used (within an hour of creation time)
+  // 5. Either be active (creationTime <= now < deletionTime) or have been deleted a while ago (this
+  //    prevents accidental double-map with the same key from immediately deleting active domains)
+  //
+  // Note: creationTime must be compared to a Java object (CreateAutoTimestamp) but deletionTime can
+  // be compared directly to the SQL timestamp (it's a DateTime)
+  private static final String DOMAIN_QUERY_STRING =
+      "FROM Domain d WHERE d.tld IN :tlds AND d.fullyQualifiedDomainName NOT LIKE 'nic.%' AND"
+          + " (d.subordinateHosts IS EMPTY OR d.subordinateHosts IS NULL) AND d.creationTime <"
+          + " :creationTimeCutoff AND ((d.creationTime <= :nowAutoTimestamp AND d.deletionTime >"
+          + " current_timestamp()) OR d.deletionTime < :nowMinusSoftDeleteDelay) ORDER BY d.repoId";
+
+  /** Number of domains to retrieve and delete per SQL transaction. */
+  private static final int BATCH_SIZE = 1000;
+
  @Inject @Parameter(PARAM_DRY_RUN) boolean isDryRun;
  /** List of TLDs to work on. If empty - will work on all TLDs that end with .test. */
  @Inject @Parameter(PARAM_TLDS) ImmutableSet<String> tlds;
-  @Inject @Config("registryAdminClientId") String registryAdminClientId;
+
+  @Inject
+  @Config("registryAdminClientId")
+  String registryAdminRegistrarId;
+
  @Inject MapreduceRunner mrRunner;
  @Inject Response response;
  @Inject DeleteProberDataAction() {}
@@ -84,25 +130,14 @@ public class DeleteProberDataAction implements Runnable {
  @Override
  public void run() {
    checkState(
-        !Strings.isNullOrEmpty(registryAdminClientId),
+        !Strings.isNullOrEmpty(registryAdminRegistrarId),
        "Registry admin client ID must be configured for prober data deletion to work");
-    mrRunner
-        .setJobName("Delete prober data")
-        .setModuleName("backend")
-        .runMapOnly(
-            new DeleteProberDataMapper(getProberRoidSuffixes(), isDryRun, registryAdminClientId),
-            ImmutableList.of(EppResourceInputs.createKeyInput(DomainBase.class)))
-        .sendLinkToMapreduceConsole(response);
-  }
-
-  private ImmutableSet<String> getProberRoidSuffixes() {
    checkArgument(
        !PRODUCTION.equals(RegistryEnvironment.get())
            || tlds.stream().allMatch(tld -> tld.endsWith(".test")),
        "On production, can only work on TLDs that end with .test");
    ImmutableSet<String> deletableTlds =
-        getTldsOfType(TldType.TEST)
-            .stream()
+        getTldsOfType(TldType.TEST).stream()
            .filter(tld -> tlds.isEmpty() ? tld.endsWith(".test") : tlds.contains(tld))
            .collect(toImmutableSet());
    checkArgument(
@@ -110,10 +145,161 @@ public class DeleteProberDataAction implements Runnable {
        "If tlds are given, they must all exist and be TEST tlds. Given: %s, not found: %s",
        tlds,
        Sets.difference(tlds, deletableTlds));
-    return deletableTlds
-        .stream()
-        .map(tld -> Registry.get(tld).getRoidSuffix())
-        .collect(toImmutableSet());
+    ImmutableSet<String> proberRoidSuffixes =
+        deletableTlds.stream()
+            .map(tld -> Registry.get(tld).getRoidSuffix())
+            .collect(toImmutableSet());
+    if (tm().isOfy()) {
+      mrRunner
+          .setJobName("Delete prober data")
+          .setModuleName("backend")
+          .runMapOnly(
+              new DeleteProberDataMapper(proberRoidSuffixes, isDryRun, registryAdminRegistrarId),
+              ImmutableList.of(EppResourceInputs.createKeyInput(DomainBase.class)))
+          .sendLinkToMapreduceConsole(response);
+    } else {
+      runSqlJob(deletableTlds);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void runSqlJob(ImmutableSet<String> deletableTlds) {
+    AtomicInteger softDeletedDomains = new AtomicInteger();
+    AtomicInteger hardDeletedDomains = new AtomicInteger();
+    jpaTm().transact(() -> processDomains(deletableTlds, softDeletedDomains, hardDeletedDomains));
+    logger.atInfo().log(
+        "%s %d domains.",
+        isDryRun ? "Would have soft-deleted" : "Soft-deleted", softDeletedDomains.get());
+    logger.atInfo().log(
+        "%s %d domains.",
+        isDryRun ? "Would have hard-deleted" : "Hard-deleted", hardDeletedDomains.get());
+  }
+
+  private void processDomains(
+      ImmutableSet<String> deletableTlds,
+      AtomicInteger softDeletedDomains,
+      AtomicInteger hardDeletedDomains) {
+    DateTime now = tm().getTransactionTime();
+    // Scroll through domains, soft-deleting as necessary (very few will be soft-deleted) and
+    // keeping track of which domains to hard-delete (there can be many, so we batch them up)
+    ScrollableResults scrollableResult =
+        jpaTm()
+            .query(DOMAIN_QUERY_STRING, DomainBase.class)
+            .setParameter("tlds", deletableTlds)
+            .setParameter(
+                "creationTimeCutoff", CreateAutoTimestamp.create(now.minus(DOMAIN_USED_DURATION)))
+            .setParameter("nowMinusSoftDeleteDelay", now.minus(SOFT_DELETE_DELAY))
+            .setParameter("nowAutoTimestamp", CreateAutoTimestamp.create(now))
+            .unwrap(Query.class)
+            .setCacheMode(CacheMode.IGNORE)
+            .scroll(ScrollMode.FORWARD_ONLY);
+    ImmutableList.Builder<String> domainRepoIdsToHardDelete = new ImmutableList.Builder<>();
+    ImmutableList.Builder<String> hostNamesToHardDelete = new ImmutableList.Builder<>();
+    for (int i = 1; scrollableResult.next(); i = (i + 1) % BATCH_SIZE) {
+      DomainBase domain = (DomainBase) scrollableResult.get(0);
+      processDomain(
+          domain,
+          domainRepoIdsToHardDelete,
+          hostNamesToHardDelete,
+          softDeletedDomains,
+          hardDeletedDomains);
+      // Batch the deletion and DB flush + session clearing so we don't OOM
+      if (i == 0) {
+        hardDeleteDomainsAndHosts(domainRepoIdsToHardDelete.build(), hostNamesToHardDelete.build());
+        domainRepoIdsToHardDelete = new ImmutableList.Builder<>();
+        hostNamesToHardDelete = new ImmutableList.Builder<>();
+        jpaTm().getEntityManager().flush();
+        jpaTm().getEntityManager().clear();
+      }
+    }
+    // process the remainder
+    hardDeleteDomainsAndHosts(domainRepoIdsToHardDelete.build(), hostNamesToHardDelete.build());
+  }
+
+  private void processDomain(
+      DomainBase domain,
+      ImmutableList.Builder<String> domainRepoIdsToHardDelete,
+      ImmutableList.Builder<String> hostNamesToHardDelete,
+      AtomicInteger softDeletedDomains,
+      AtomicInteger hardDeletedDomains) {
+    // If the domain is still active, that means that the prober encountered a failure and did not
+    // successfully soft-delete the domain (thus leaving its DNS entry published). We soft-delete
+    // it now so that the DNS entry can be handled. The domain will then be hard-deleted the next
+    // time the job is run.
+    if (EppResourceUtils.isActive(domain, tm().getTransactionTime())) {
+      if (isDryRun) {
+        logger.atInfo().log(
+            "Would soft-delete the active domain: %s (%s).",
+            domain.getDomainName(), domain.getRepoId());
+      } else {
+        softDeleteDomain(domain, registryAdminRegistrarId, dnsQueue);
+      }
+      softDeletedDomains.incrementAndGet();
+    } else {
+      if (isDryRun) {
+        logger.atInfo().log(
+            "Would hard-delete the non-active domain: %s (%s) and its dependents.",
+            domain.getDomainName(), domain.getRepoId());
+      } else {
+        domainRepoIdsToHardDelete.add(domain.getRepoId());
+        hostNamesToHardDelete.addAll(domain.getSubordinateHosts());
+      }
+      hardDeletedDomains.incrementAndGet();
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void hardDeleteDomainsAndHosts(
+      ImmutableList<String> domainRepoIds, ImmutableList<String> hostNames) {
+    jpaTm()
+        .query("DELETE FROM Host WHERE fullyQualifiedHostName IN :hostNames")
+        .setParameter("hostNames", hostNames)
+        .executeUpdate();
+    jpaTm()
+        .query("DELETE FROM BillingEvent WHERE domainRepoId IN :repoIds")
+        .setParameter("repoIds", domainRepoIds)
+        .executeUpdate();
+    jpaTm()
+        .query("DELETE FROM BillingRecurrence WHERE domainRepoId IN :repoIds")
+        .setParameter("repoIds", domainRepoIds)
+        .executeUpdate();
+    jpaTm()
+        .query("DELETE FROM BillingCancellation WHERE domainRepoId IN :repoIds")
+        .setParameter("repoIds", domainRepoIds)
+        .executeUpdate();
+    jpaTm()
+        .query("DELETE FROM DomainHistory WHERE domainRepoId IN :repoIds")
+        .setParameter("repoIds", domainRepoIds)
+        .executeUpdate();
+    jpaTm()
+        .query("DELETE FROM PollMessage WHERE domainRepoId IN :repoIds")
+        .setParameter("repoIds", domainRepoIds)
+        .executeUpdate();
+    jpaTm()
+        .query("DELETE FROM Domain WHERE repoId IN :repoIds")
+        .setParameter("repoIds", domainRepoIds)
+        .executeUpdate();
+  }
+
+  // Take a DNS queue + admin registrar id as input so that it can be called from the mapper as well
+  private static void softDeleteDomain(
+      DomainBase domain, String registryAdminRegistrarId, DnsQueue localDnsQueue) {
+    DomainBase deletedDomain =
+        domain.asBuilder().setDeletionTime(tm().getTransactionTime()).setStatusValues(null).build();
+    DomainHistory historyEntry =
+        new DomainHistory.Builder()
+            .setDomain(domain)
+            .setType(DOMAIN_DELETE)
+            .setModificationTime(tm().getTransactionTime())
+            .setBySuperuser(true)
+            .setReason("Deletion of prober data")
+            .setRegistrarId(registryAdminRegistrarId)
+            .build();
+    // Note that we don't bother handling grace periods, billing events, pending transfers, poll
+    // messages, or auto-renews because those will all be hard-deleted the next time the job runs
+    // anyway.
+    tm().putAllWithoutBackup(ImmutableList.of(deletedDomain, historyEntry));
+    // updating foreign keys is a no-op in SQL
+    updateForeignKeyIndexDeletionTime(deletedDomain);
+    localDnsQueue.addDomainRefreshTask(deletedDomain.getDomainName());
  }

  /** Provides the map method that runs for each existing DomainBase entity. */
@@ -122,32 +308,17 @@ public class DeleteProberDataAction implements Runnable {
    private static final DnsQueue dnsQueue = DnsQueue.create();
    private static final long serialVersionUID = -7724537393697576369L;

-    /**
-     * The maximum amount of time we allow a prober domain to be in use.
-     *
-     * In practice, the prober's connection will time out well before this duration. This includes a
-     * decent buffer.
-     *
-     */
-    private static final Duration DOMAIN_USED_DURATION = Duration.standardHours(1);
-
-    /**
-     * The minimum amount of time we want a domain to be "soft deleted".
-     *
-     * The domain has to remain soft deleted for at least enough time for the DNS task to run and
-     * remove it from DNS itself. This is probably on the order of minutes.
-     */
-    private static final Duration SOFT_DELETE_DELAY = Duration.standardHours(1);
-
    private final ImmutableSet<String> proberRoidSuffixes;
    private final Boolean isDryRun;
-    private final String registryAdminClientId;
+    private final String registryAdminRegistrarId;

    public DeleteProberDataMapper(
-        ImmutableSet<String> proberRoidSuffixes, Boolean isDryRun, String registryAdminClientId) {
+        ImmutableSet<String> proberRoidSuffixes,
+        Boolean isDryRun,
+        String registryAdminRegistrarId) {
      this.proberRoidSuffixes = proberRoidSuffixes;
      this.isDryRun = isDryRun;
-      this.registryAdminClientId = registryAdminClientId;
+      this.registryAdminRegistrarId = registryAdminRegistrarId;
    }

    @Override
@@ -160,7 +331,7 @@ public class DeleteProberDataAction implements Runnable {
          getContext().incrementCounter("skipped, non-prober data");
        }
      } catch (Throwable t) {
-        logger.atSevere().withCause(t).log("Error while deleting prober data for key %s", key);
+        logger.atSevere().withCause(t).log("Error while deleting prober data for key %s.", key);
        getContext().incrementCounter(String.format("error, kind %s", key.getKind()));
      }
    }
@@ -201,9 +372,9 @@ public class DeleteProberDataAction implements Runnable {
      if (EppResourceUtils.isActive(domain, now)) {
        if (isDryRun) {
          logger.atInfo().log(
-              "Would soft-delete the active domain: %s (%s)", domainName, domainKey);
+              "Would soft-delete the active domain: %s (%s).", domainName, domainKey);
        } else {
-          softDeleteDomain(domain);
+          tm().transact(() -> softDeleteDomain(domain, registryAdminRegistrarId, dnsQueue));
        }
        getContext().incrementCounter("domains soft-deleted");
        return;
@@ -223,8 +394,7 @@ public class DeleteProberDataAction implements Runnable {
          tm().transact(
                  () -> {
                    // This ancestor query selects all descendant HistoryEntries, BillingEvents,
-                    // PollMessages,
-                    // and TLD-specific entities, as well as the domain itself.
+                    // PollMessages, and TLD-specific entities, as well as the domain itself.
                    List<Key<Object>> domainAndDependentKeys =
                        auditedOfy().load().ancestor(domainKey).keys().list();
                    ImmutableSet<Key<?>> allKeys =
@@ -243,32 +413,5 @@ public class DeleteProberDataAction implements Runnable {
      getContext().incrementCounter("domains hard-deleted");
      getContext().incrementCounter("total entities hard-deleted", entitiesDeleted);
    }
-
-    private void softDeleteDomain(final DomainBase domain) {
-      tm().transactNew(
-              () -> {
-                DomainBase deletedDomain =
-                    domain
-                        .asBuilder()
-                        .setDeletionTime(tm().getTransactionTime())
-                        .setStatusValues(null)
-                        .build();
-                DomainHistory historyEntry =
-                    new DomainHistory.Builder()
-                        .setDomain(domain)
-                        .setType(DOMAIN_DELETE)
-                        .setModificationTime(tm().getTransactionTime())
-                        .setBySuperuser(true)
-                        .setReason("Deletion of prober data")
-                        .setClientId(registryAdminClientId)
-                        .build();
-                // Note that we don't bother handling grace periods, billing events, pending
-                // transfers, poll messages, or auto-renews because these will all be hard-deleted
-                // the next time the mapreduce runs anyway.
-                tm().putAll(deletedDomain, historyEntry);
-                updateForeignKeyIndexDeletionTime(deletedDomain);
-                dnsQueue.addDomainRefreshTask(deletedDomain.getDomainName());
-              });
-    }
  }
 }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/ExpandRecurringBillingEventsAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/ExpandRecurringBillingEventsAction.java
@@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ import google.registry.model.common.Cursor;
 import google.registry.model.domain.DomainBase;
 import google.registry.model.domain.DomainHistory;
 import google.registry.model.domain.Period;
-import google.registry.model.registry.Registry;
 import google.registry.model.reporting.DomainTransactionRecord;
 import google.registry.model.reporting.DomainTransactionRecord.TransactionReportField;
+import google.registry.model.tld.Registry;
 import google.registry.persistence.VKey;
 import google.registry.request.Action;
 import google.registry.request.Parameter;
@@ -148,9 +148,9 @@ public class ExpandRecurringBillingEventsAction implements Runnable {
              .reduce(0, Integer::sum);

      if (!isDryRun) {
-        logger.atInfo().log("Saved OneTime billing events", numBillingEventsSaved);
+        logger.atInfo().log("Saved OneTime billing events.", numBillingEventsSaved);
      } else {
-        logger.atInfo().log("Generated OneTime billing events (dry run)", numBillingEventsSaved);
+        logger.atInfo().log("Generated OneTime billing events (dry run).", numBillingEventsSaved);
      }
      logger.atInfo().log(
          "Recurring event expansion %s complete for billing event range [%s, %s).",
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ public class ExpandRecurringBillingEventsAction implements Runnable {
      DomainHistory historyEntry =
          new DomainHistory.Builder()
              .setBySuperuser(false)
-              .setClientId(recurring.getClientId())
+              .setRegistrarId(recurring.getRegistrarId())
              .setModificationTime(tm().getTransactionTime())
              .setDomain(tm().loadByKey(domainKey))
              .setPeriod(Period.create(1, YEARS))
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ public class ExpandRecurringBillingEventsAction implements Runnable {
      syntheticOneTimesBuilder.add(
          new OneTime.Builder()
              .setBillingTime(billingTime)
-              .setClientId(recurring.getClientId())
+              .setRegistrarId(recurring.getRegistrarId())
              .setCost(renewCost)
              .setEventTime(eventTime)
              .setFlags(union(recurring.getFlags(), Flag.SYNTHETIC))
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/RefreshDnsOnHostRenameAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/RefreshDnsOnHostRenameAction.java
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ public class RefreshDnsOnHostRenameAction implements Runnable {
                    retrier.callWithRetry(
                        () -> dnsQueue.addDomainRefreshTask(domainName),
                        TransientFailureException.class);
-                    logger.atInfo().log("Enqueued DNS refresh for domain %s.", domainName);
+                    logger.atInfo().log("Enqueued DNS refresh for domain '%s'.", domainName);
                  });
          deleteTasksWithRetry(
              refreshRequests,
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/RelockDomainAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/RelockDomainAction.java
@@ -28,16 +28,16 @@ import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
 import com.google.common.net.MediaType;
 import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
 import google.registry.model.domain.DomainBase;
+import google.registry.model.domain.RegistryLock;
 import google.registry.model.eppcommon.StatusValue;
 import google.registry.model.registrar.Registrar;
 import google.registry.model.registrar.RegistrarContact;
-import google.registry.model.registry.RegistryLockDao;
+import google.registry.model.tld.RegistryLockDao;
 import google.registry.persistence.VKey;
 import google.registry.request.Action;
 import google.registry.request.Parameter;
 import google.registry.request.Response;
 import google.registry.request.auth.Auth;
-import google.registry.schema.domain.RegistryLock;
 import google.registry.tools.DomainLockUtils;
 import google.registry.util.DateTimeUtils;
 import google.registry.util.EmailMessage;
@@ -203,11 +203,11 @@ public class RelockDomainAction implements Runnable {
        "Domain %s has a pending transfer.",
        domainName);
    checkArgument(
-        domain.getCurrentSponsorClientId().equals(oldLock.getRegistrarId()),
+        domain.getCurrentSponsorRegistrarId().equals(oldLock.getRegistrarId()),
        "Domain %s has been transferred from registrar %s to registrar %s since the unlock.",
        domainName,
        oldLock.getRegistrarId(),
-        domain.getCurrentSponsorClientId());
+        domain.getCurrentSponsorRegistrarId());
  }

  private void handleNonRetryableFailure(RegistryLock oldLock, Throwable t) {
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ public class RelockDomainAction implements Runnable {

  private ImmutableSet<InternetAddress> getEmailRecipients(String registrarId) {
    Registrar registrar =
-        Registrar.loadByClientIdCached(registrarId)
+        Registrar.loadByRegistrarIdCached(registrarId)
            .orElseThrow(
                () ->
                    new IllegalStateException(String.format("Unknown registrar %s", registrarId)));
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ public class RelockDomainAction implements Runnable {
        builder.add(new InternetAddress(registryLockEmailAddress));
      } catch (AddressException e) {
        // This shouldn't stop any other emails going out, so swallow it
-        logger.atWarning().log("Invalid email address %s", registryLockEmailAddress);
+        logger.atWarning().log("Invalid email address '%s'.", registryLockEmailAddress);
      }
    }
    return builder.build();
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/SendExpiringCertificateNotificationEmailAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/SendExpiringCertificateNotificationEmailAction.java
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package google.registry.batch;
+
+import static com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList.toImmutableList;
+import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.tm;
+import static google.registry.util.PreconditionsUtils.checkArgumentNotNull;
+import static org.apache.http.HttpStatus.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR;
+import static org.apache.http.HttpStatus.SC_OK;
+import static org.joda.time.DateTimeZone.UTC;
+
+import com.google.auto.value.AutoValue;
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSortedSet;
+import com.google.common.collect.Streams;
+import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
+import com.google.common.net.MediaType;
+import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
+import google.registry.flows.certs.CertificateChecker;
+import google.registry.model.registrar.Registrar;
+import google.registry.model.registrar.RegistrarContact;
+import google.registry.model.registrar.RegistrarContact.Type;
+import google.registry.request.Action;
+import google.registry.request.Response;
+import google.registry.request.auth.Auth;
+import google.registry.util.EmailMessage;
+import google.registry.util.SendEmailService;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import javax.inject.Inject;
+import javax.mail.internet.AddressException;
+import javax.mail.internet.InternetAddress;
+import org.joda.time.DateTime;
+import org.joda.time.Duration;
+import org.joda.time.format.DateTimeFormat;
+import org.joda.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
+
+/** An action that sends notification emails to registrars whose certificates are expiring soon. */
+@Action(
+    service = Action.Service.BACKEND,
+    path = SendExpiringCertificateNotificationEmailAction.PATH,
+    auth = Auth.AUTH_INTERNAL_OR_ADMIN)
+public class SendExpiringCertificateNotificationEmailAction implements Runnable {
+
+  public static final String PATH = "/_dr/task/sendExpiringCertificateNotificationEmail";
+  /**
+   * Used as an offset when storing the last notification email sent date.
+   *
+   * <p>This is used to handle edges cases when the update happens in between the day switch. For
+   * instance,if the job starts at 2:00 am every day and it finishes at 2:03 of the same day, then
+   * next day at 2am, the date difference will be less than a day, which will lead to the date
+   * difference between two successive email sent date being the expected email interval days + 1;
+   */
+  protected static final Duration UPDATE_TIME_OFFSET = Duration.standardMinutes(10);
+
+  private static final FluentLogger logger = FluentLogger.forEnclosingClass();
+  private static final DateTimeFormatter DATE_FORMATTER = DateTimeFormat.forPattern("yyyy-MM-dd");
+
+  private final CertificateChecker certificateChecker;
+  private final String expirationWarningEmailBodyText;
+  private final SendEmailService sendEmailService;
+  private final String expirationWarningEmailSubjectText;
+  private final InternetAddress gSuiteOutgoingEmailAddress;
+  private final Response response;
+
+  @Inject
+  public SendExpiringCertificateNotificationEmailAction(
+      @Config("expirationWarningEmailBodyText") String expirationWarningEmailBodyText,
+      @Config("expirationWarningEmailSubjectText") String expirationWarningEmailSubjectText,
+      @Config("gSuiteOutgoingEmailAddress") InternetAddress gSuiteOutgoingEmailAddress,
+      SendEmailService sendEmailService,
+      CertificateChecker certificateChecker,
+      Response response) {
+    this.certificateChecker = certificateChecker;
+    this.expirationWarningEmailSubjectText = expirationWarningEmailSubjectText;
+    this.sendEmailService = sendEmailService;
+    this.gSuiteOutgoingEmailAddress = gSuiteOutgoingEmailAddress;
+    this.expirationWarningEmailBodyText = expirationWarningEmailBodyText;
+    this.response = response;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void run() {
+    response.setContentType(MediaType.PLAIN_TEXT_UTF_8);
+    try {
+      int numEmailsSent = sendNotificationEmails();
+      String message =
+          String.format(
+              "Done. Sent %d expiring certificate notification emails in total.", numEmailsSent);
+      logger.atInfo().log(message);
+      response.setStatus(SC_OK);
+      response.setPayload(message);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      logger.atWarning().withCause(e).log(
+          "Exception thrown when sending expiring certificate notification emails.");
+      response.setStatus(SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
+      response.setPayload(String.format("Exception thrown with cause: %s", e));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns a list of registrars that should receive expiring notification emails.
+   *
+   * <p>There are two certificates that should be considered (the main certificate and failOver
+   * certificate). The registrars should receive notifications if one of the certificate checks
+   * returns true.
+   */
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  ImmutableList<RegistrarInfo> getRegistrarsWithExpiringCertificates() {
+    logger.atInfo().log(
+        "Getting a list of registrars that should receive expiring notification emails.");
+    return Streams.stream(Registrar.loadAllCached())
+        .map(
+            registrar ->
+                RegistrarInfo.create(
+                    registrar,
+                    registrar.getClientCertificate().isPresent()
+                        && certificateChecker.shouldReceiveExpiringNotification(
+                            registrar.getLastExpiringCertNotificationSentDate(),
+                            registrar.getClientCertificate().get()),
+                    registrar.getFailoverClientCertificate().isPresent()
+                        && certificateChecker.shouldReceiveExpiringNotification(
+                            registrar.getLastExpiringFailoverCertNotificationSentDate(),
+                            registrar.getFailoverClientCertificate().get())))
+        .filter(
+            registrarInfo ->
+                registrarInfo.isCertExpiring() || registrarInfo.isFailOverCertExpiring())
+        .collect(toImmutableList());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sends a notification email to the registrar regarding the expiring certificate and returns true
+   * if it's sent successfully.
+   */
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  boolean sendNotificationEmail(
+      Registrar registrar,
+      DateTime lastExpiringCertNotificationSentDate,
+      CertificateType certificateType,
+      Optional<String> certificate) {
+    if (!certificate.isPresent()
+        || !certificateChecker.shouldReceiveExpiringNotification(
+            lastExpiringCertNotificationSentDate, certificate.get())) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    try {
+      ImmutableSet<InternetAddress> recipients = getEmailAddresses(registrar, Type.TECH);
+      ImmutableSet<InternetAddress> ccs = getEmailAddresses(registrar, Type.ADMIN);
+      Date expirationDate = certificateChecker.getCertificate(certificate.get()).getNotAfter();
+      logger.atInfo().log(
+          " %s SSL certificate of registrar '%s' will expire on %s.",
+          certificateType.getDisplayName(),
+          registrar.getRegistrarName(),
+          expirationDate.toString());
+      if (recipients.isEmpty() && ccs.isEmpty()) {
+        logger.atWarning().log(
+            "Registrar %s contains no TECH nor ADMIN email addresses to receive notification"
+                + " email.",
+            registrar.getRegistrarName());
+        return false;
+      }
+      sendEmailService.sendEmail(
+          EmailMessage.newBuilder()
+              .setFrom(gSuiteOutgoingEmailAddress)
+              .setSubject(expirationWarningEmailSubjectText)
+              .setBody(
+                  getEmailBody(
+                      registrar.getRegistrarName(),
+                      certificateType,
+                      expirationDate,
+                      registrar.getRegistrarId()))
+              .setRecipients(recipients)
+              .setCcs(ccs)
+              .build());
+      /*
+       * A duration time offset is used here to ensure that date comparison between two
+       * successive dates is always greater than 1 day. This date is set as last updated date,
+       * for applicable certificate.
+       */
+      updateLastNotificationSentDate(
+          registrar,
+          DateTime.now(UTC).minusMinutes((int) UPDATE_TIME_OFFSET.getStandardMinutes()),
+          certificateType);
+      return true;
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(
+          String.format(
+              "Failed to send expiring certificate notification email to registrar %s.",
+              registrar.getRegistrarName()));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Updates the last notification sent date in database. */
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  void updateLastNotificationSentDate(
+      Registrar registrar, DateTime now, CertificateType certificateType) {
+    try {
+      tm().transact(
+              () -> {
+                Registrar.Builder newRegistrar = tm().loadByEntity(registrar).asBuilder();
+                switch (certificateType) {
+                  case PRIMARY:
+                    newRegistrar.setLastExpiringCertNotificationSentDate(now);
+                    tm().put(newRegistrar.build());
+                    logger.atInfo().log(
+                        "Updated last notification email sent date to %s for %s certificate of "
+                            + "registrar %s.",
+                        DATE_FORMATTER.print(now),
+                        certificateType.getDisplayName(),
+                        registrar.getRegistrarName());
+                    break;
+                  case FAILOVER:
+                    newRegistrar.setLastExpiringFailoverCertNotificationSentDate(now);
+                    tm().put(newRegistrar.build());
+                    logger.atInfo().log(
+                        "Updated last notification email sent date to %s for %s certificate of "
+                            + "registrar %s.",
+                        DATE_FORMATTER.print(now),
+                        certificateType.getDisplayName(),
+                        registrar.getRegistrarName());
+                    break;
+                  default:
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                        String.format(
+                            "Unsupported certificate type: %s being passed in when updating "
+                                + "the last notification sent date to registrar %s.",
+                            certificateType.toString(), registrar.getRegistrarName()));
+                }
+              });
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(
+          String.format(
+              "Failed to update the last notification sent date to Registrar %s for the %s "
+                  + "certificate.",
+              registrar.getRegistrarName(), certificateType.getDisplayName()));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Sends notification emails to registrars with expiring certificates. */
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  int sendNotificationEmails() {
+    int numEmailsSent = 0;
+    for (RegistrarInfo registrarInfo : getRegistrarsWithExpiringCertificates()) {
+      Registrar registrar = registrarInfo.registrar();
+      if (registrarInfo.isCertExpiring()
+          && sendNotificationEmail(
+              registrar,
+              registrar.getLastExpiringCertNotificationSentDate(),
+              CertificateType.PRIMARY,
+              registrar.getClientCertificate())) {
+        numEmailsSent++;
+      }
+      if (registrarInfo.isFailOverCertExpiring()
+          && sendNotificationEmail(
+              registrar,
+              registrar.getLastExpiringFailoverCertNotificationSentDate(),
+              CertificateType.FAILOVER,
+              registrar.getFailoverClientCertificate())) {
+        numEmailsSent++;
+      }
+    }
+    return numEmailsSent;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns a list of email addresses of the registrar that should receive a notification email.
+   */
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  ImmutableSet<InternetAddress> getEmailAddresses(Registrar registrar, Type contactType) {
+    ImmutableSortedSet<RegistrarContact> contacts = registrar.getContactsOfType(contactType);
+    ImmutableSet.Builder<InternetAddress> recipientEmails = new ImmutableSet.Builder<>();
+    for (RegistrarContact contact : contacts) {
+      try {
+        recipientEmails.add(new InternetAddress(contact.getEmailAddress()));
+      } catch (AddressException e) {
+        logger.atWarning().withCause(e).log(
+            "Registrar Contact email address %s of Registrar %s is invalid; skipping.",
+            contact.getEmailAddress(), registrar.getRegistrarName());
+      }
+    }
+    return recipientEmails.build();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Generates email content by taking registrar name, certificate type and expiration date as
+   * parameters.
+   */
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  @SuppressWarnings("lgtm[java/dereferenced-value-may-be-null]")
+  String getEmailBody(
+      String registrarName, CertificateType type, Date expirationDate, String registrarId) {
+    checkArgumentNotNull(expirationDate, "Expiration date cannot be null");
+    checkArgumentNotNull(type, "Certificate type cannot be null");
+    checkArgumentNotNull(registrarId, "Registrar Id cannot be null");
+    return String.format(
+        expirationWarningEmailBodyText,
+        registrarName,
+        type.getDisplayName(),
+        DATE_FORMATTER.print(new DateTime(expirationDate)),
+        registrarId);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Certificate types for X509Certificate.
+   *
+   * <p><b>Note:</b> These types are only used to indicate the type of expiring certificate in
+   * notification emails.
+   */
+  protected enum CertificateType {
+    PRIMARY("primary"),
+    FAILOVER("fail-over");
+
+    private final String displayName;
+
+    CertificateType(String displayName) {
+      this.displayName = displayName;
+    }
+
+    public String getDisplayName() {
+      return displayName;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @AutoValue
+  public abstract static class RegistrarInfo {
+
+    static RegistrarInfo create(
+        Registrar registrar, boolean isCertExpiring, boolean isFailOverCertExpiring) {
+      return new AutoValue_SendExpiringCertificateNotificationEmailAction_RegistrarInfo(
+          registrar, isCertExpiring, isFailOverCertExpiring);
+    }
+
+    public abstract Registrar registrar();
+
+    public abstract boolean isCertExpiring();
+
+    public abstract boolean isFailOverCertExpiring();
+  }
+}
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/WipeOutCloudSqlAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/WipeOutCloudSqlAction.java
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import static javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse.SC_OK;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
-import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
+import google.registry.config.RegistryEnvironment;
 import google.registry.persistence.PersistenceModule.SchemaManagerConnection;
 import google.registry.request.Action;
 import google.registry.request.Response;
@@ -48,22 +48,18 @@ import javax.inject.Inject;
 public class WipeOutCloudSqlAction implements Runnable {
  private static final FluentLogger logger = FluentLogger.forEnclosingClass();

-  // As a short-lived class, hardcode allowed projects here instead of using config files.
-  private static final ImmutableSet<String> ALLOWED_PROJECTS =
-      ImmutableSet.of("domain-registry-qa");
+  private static final ImmutableSet<RegistryEnvironment> FORBIDDEN_ENVIRONMENTS =
+      ImmutableSet.of(RegistryEnvironment.PRODUCTION, RegistryEnvironment.SANDBOX);

-  private final String projectId;
  private final Supplier<Connection> connectionSupplier;
  private final Response response;
  private final Retrier retrier;

  @Inject
  WipeOutCloudSqlAction(
-      @Config("projectId") String projectId,
      @SchemaManagerConnection Supplier<Connection> connectionSupplier,
      Response response,
      Retrier retrier) {
-    this.projectId = projectId;
    this.connectionSupplier = connectionSupplier;
    this.response = response;
    this.retrier = retrier;
@@ -73,9 +69,9 @@ public class WipeOutCloudSqlAction implements Runnable {
  public void run() {
    response.setContentType(PLAIN_TEXT_UTF_8);

-    if (!ALLOWED_PROJECTS.contains(projectId)) {
+    if (FORBIDDEN_ENVIRONMENTS.contains(RegistryEnvironment.get())) {
      response.setStatus(SC_FORBIDDEN);
-      response.setPayload("Wipeout is not allowed in " + projectId);
+      response.setPayload("Wipeout is not allowed in " + RegistryEnvironment.get());
      return;
    }

@@ -90,11 +86,11 @@ public class WipeOutCloudSqlAction implements Runnable {
          },
          e -> !(e instanceof SQLException));
      response.setStatus(SC_OK);
-      response.setPayload("Wiped out Cloud SQL in " + projectId);
+      response.setPayload("Wiped out Cloud SQL in " + RegistryEnvironment.get());
    } catch (RuntimeException e) {
      logger.atSevere().withCause(e).log("Failed to wipe out Cloud SQL data.");
      response.setStatus(SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
-      response.setPayload("Failed to wipe out Cloud SQL in " + projectId);
+      response.setPayload("Failed to wipe out Cloud SQL in " + RegistryEnvironment.get());
    }
  }

--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/WipeOutContactHistoryPiiAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/WipeOutContactHistoryPiiAction.java
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package google.registry.batch;
+
+import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.jpaTm;
+import static org.apache.http.HttpStatus.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR;
+import static org.apache.http.HttpStatus.SC_OK;
+
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
+import com.google.common.net.MediaType;
+import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
+import google.registry.model.contact.ContactHistory;
+import google.registry.request.Action;
+import google.registry.request.Action.Service;
+import google.registry.request.Response;
+import google.registry.request.auth.Auth;
+import google.registry.util.Clock;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+import javax.inject.Inject;
+import org.joda.time.DateTime;
+
+/**
+ * An action that wipes out Personal Identifiable Information (PII) fields of {@link ContactHistory}
+ * entities.
+ *
+ * <p>ContactHistory entities should be retained in the database for only certain amount of time.
+ * This periodic wipe out action only applies to SQL.
+ */
+@Action(
+    service = Service.BACKEND,
+    path = WipeOutContactHistoryPiiAction.PATH,
+    auth = Auth.AUTH_INTERNAL_OR_ADMIN)
+public class WipeOutContactHistoryPiiAction implements Runnable {
+
+  public static final String PATH = "/_dr/task/wipeOutContactHistoryPii";
+  private static final FluentLogger logger = FluentLogger.forEnclosingClass();
+  private final Clock clock;
+  private final Response response;
+  private final int minMonthsBeforeWipeOut;
+  private final int wipeOutQueryBatchSize;
+
+  @Inject
+  public WipeOutContactHistoryPiiAction(
+      Clock clock,
+      @Config("minMonthsBeforeWipeOut") int minMonthsBeforeWipeOut,
+      @Config("wipeOutQueryBatchSize") int wipeOutQueryBatchSize,
+      Response response) {
+    this.clock = clock;
+    this.response = response;
+    this.minMonthsBeforeWipeOut = minMonthsBeforeWipeOut;
+    this.wipeOutQueryBatchSize = wipeOutQueryBatchSize;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void run() {
+    response.setContentType(MediaType.PLAIN_TEXT_UTF_8);
+    try {
+      int totalNumOfWipedEntities = 0;
+      DateTime wipeOutTime = clock.nowUtc().minusMonths(minMonthsBeforeWipeOut);
+      logger.atInfo().log(
+          "About to wipe out all PII of contact history entities prior to %s.", wipeOutTime);
+
+      int numOfWipedEntities = 0;
+      do {
+        numOfWipedEntities =
+            jpaTm()
+                .transact(
+                    () ->
+                        wipeOutContactHistoryData(
+                            getNextContactHistoryEntitiesWithPiiBatch(wipeOutTime)));
+        totalNumOfWipedEntities += numOfWipedEntities;
+      } while (numOfWipedEntities > 0);
+      String msg =
+          String.format(
+              "Done. Wiped out PII of %d ContactHistory entities in total.",
+              totalNumOfWipedEntities);
+      logger.atInfo().log(msg);
+      response.setPayload(msg);
+      response.setStatus(SC_OK);
+
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      logger.atSevere().withCause(e).log(
+          "Exception thrown during the process of wiping out contact history PII.");
+      response.setStatus(SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
+      response.setPayload(
+          String.format(
+              "Exception thrown during the process of wiping out contact history PII with cause"
+                  + ": %s",
+              e));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns a stream of up to {@link #wipeOutQueryBatchSize} {@link ContactHistory} entities
+   * containing PII that are prior to @param wipeOutTime.
+   */
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  Stream<ContactHistory> getNextContactHistoryEntitiesWithPiiBatch(DateTime wipeOutTime) {
+    // email is one of the required fields in EPP, meaning it's initially not null.
+    // Therefore, checking if it's null is one way to avoid processing contact history entities
+    // that have been processed previously. Refer to RFC 5733 for more information.
+    return jpaTm()
+        .query(
+            "FROM ContactHistory WHERE modificationTime < :wipeOutTime " + "AND email IS NOT NULL",
+            ContactHistory.class)
+        .setParameter("wipeOutTime", wipeOutTime)
+        .setMaxResults(wipeOutQueryBatchSize)
+        .getResultStream();
+  }
+
+  /** Wipes out the PII of each of the {@link ContactHistory} entities in the stream. */
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  int wipeOutContactHistoryData(Stream<ContactHistory> contactHistoryEntities) {
+    AtomicInteger numOfEntities = new AtomicInteger(0);
+    contactHistoryEntities.forEach(
+        contactHistoryEntity -> {
+          jpaTm().update(contactHistoryEntity.asBuilder().wipeOutPii().build());
+          numOfEntities.incrementAndGet();
+        });
+    logger.atInfo().log(
+        "Wiped out all PII fields of %d ContactHistory entities.", numOfEntities.get());
+    return numOfEntities.get();
+  }
+}
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/WipeoutDatastoreAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/WipeoutDatastoreAction.java
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
 import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
+import google.registry.config.RegistryEnvironment;
 import google.registry.request.Action;
 import google.registry.request.Response;
 import google.registry.request.auth.Auth;
@@ -49,9 +50,8 @@ public class WipeoutDatastoreAction implements Runnable {

  private static final String PIPELINE_NAME = "bulk_delete_datastore_pipeline";

-  // As a short-lived class, hardcode allowed projects here instead of using config files.
-  private static final ImmutableSet<String> ALLOWED_PROJECTS =
-      ImmutableSet.of("domain-registry-qa");
+  private static final ImmutableSet<RegistryEnvironment> FORBIDDEN_ENVIRONMENTS =
+      ImmutableSet.of(RegistryEnvironment.PRODUCTION, RegistryEnvironment.SANDBOX);

  private final String projectId;
  private final String jobRegion;
@@ -80,9 +80,9 @@ public class WipeoutDatastoreAction implements Runnable {
  public void run() {
    response.setContentType(PLAIN_TEXT_UTF_8);

-    if (!ALLOWED_PROJECTS.contains(projectId)) {
+    if (FORBIDDEN_ENVIRONMENTS.contains(RegistryEnvironment.get())) {
      response.setStatus(SC_FORBIDDEN);
-      response.setPayload("Wipeout is not allowed in " + projectId);
+      response.setPayload("Wipeout is not allowed in " + RegistryEnvironment.get());
      return;
    }

@@ -92,7 +92,12 @@ public class WipeoutDatastoreAction implements Runnable {
              .setJobName(createJobName("bulk-delete-datastore-", clock))
              .setContainerSpecGcsPath(
                  String.format("%s/%s_metadata.json", stagingBucketUrl, PIPELINE_NAME))
-              .setParameters(ImmutableMap.of("kindsToDelete", "*"));
+              .setParameters(
+                  ImmutableMap.of(
+                      "kindsToDelete",
+                      "*",
+                      "registryEnvironment",
+                      RegistryEnvironment.get().name()));
      LaunchFlexTemplateResponse launchResponse =
          dataflow
              .projects()
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/common/DatabaseSnapshot.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/common/DatabaseSnapshot.java
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package google.registry.beam.common;
+
+import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkState;
+import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.jpaTm;
+
+import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
+import java.util.List;
+import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
+import javax.persistence.EntityTransaction;
+
+/**
+ * A database snapshot shareable by concurrent queries from multiple database clients. A snapshot is
+ * uniquely identified by its {@link #getSnapshotId snapshotId}, and must stay open until all
+ * concurrent queries to this snapshot have attached to it by calling {@link
+ * google.registry.persistence.transaction.JpaTransactionManager#setDatabaseSnapshot}. However, it
+ * can be closed before those queries complete.
+ *
+ * <p>This feature is <em>Postgresql-only</em>.
+ *
+ * <p>To support large queries, transaction isolation level is fixed at the REPEATABLE_READ to avoid
+ * exhausting predicate locks at the SERIALIZABLE level.
+ */
+// TODO(b/193662898): vendor-independent support for richer transaction semantics.
+public class DatabaseSnapshot implements AutoCloseable {
+
+  private static final FluentLogger logger = FluentLogger.forEnclosingClass();
+
+  private String snapshotId;
+  private EntityManager entityManager;
+  private EntityTransaction transaction;
+
+  private DatabaseSnapshot() {}
+
+  public String getSnapshotId() {
+    checkState(entityManager != null, "Snapshot not opened yet.");
+    checkState(entityManager.isOpen(), "Snapshot already closed.");
+    return snapshotId;
+  }
+
+  private DatabaseSnapshot open() {
+    entityManager = jpaTm().getStandaloneEntityManager();
+    transaction = entityManager.getTransaction();
+    transaction.setRollbackOnly();
+    transaction.begin();
+
+    entityManager
+        .createNativeQuery("SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL REPEATABLE READ")
+        .executeUpdate();
+
+    List<?> snapshotIds =
+        entityManager.createNativeQuery("SELECT pg_export_snapshot();").getResultList();
+    checkState(snapshotIds.size() == 1, "Unexpected number of snapshots: %s", snapshotIds.size());
+    snapshotId = (String) snapshotIds.get(0);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void close() {
+    if (transaction != null && transaction.isActive()) {
+      try {
+        transaction.rollback();
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        logger.atWarning().withCause(e).log("Failed to close a Database Snapshot");
+      }
+    }
+    if (entityManager != null && entityManager.isOpen()) {
+      entityManager.close();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static DatabaseSnapshot createSnapshot() {
+    return new DatabaseSnapshot().open();
+  }
+}
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/common/JpaDemoPipeline.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/common/JpaDemoPipeline.java
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ package google.registry.beam.common;
 import static com.google.common.base.Verify.verify;
 import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.jpaTm;

-import google.registry.backup.AppEngineEnvironment;
 import google.registry.model.contact.ContactResource;
 import google.registry.persistence.transaction.CriteriaQueryBuilder;
 import google.registry.persistence.transaction.JpaTransactionManager;
@@ -59,18 +58,16 @@ public class JpaDemoPipeline implements Serializable {
                  public void processElement() {
                    // AppEngineEnvironment is needed as long as JPA entity classes still depends
                    // on Objectify.
-                    try (AppEngineEnvironment allowOfyEntity = new AppEngineEnvironment()) {
-                      int result =
-                          (Integer)
-                              jpaTm()
-                                  .transact(
-                                      () ->
-                                          jpaTm()
-                                              .getEntityManager()
-                                              .createNativeQuery("select 1;")
-                                              .getSingleResult());
-                      verify(result == 1, "Expecting 1, got %s.", result);
-                    }
+                    int result =
+                        (Integer)
+                            jpaTm()
+                                .transact(
+                                    () ->
+                                        jpaTm()
+                                            .getEntityManager()
+                                            .createNativeQuery("select 1;")
+                                            .getSingleResult());
+                    verify(result == 1, "Expecting 1, got %s.", result);
                    counter.inc();
                  }
                }));
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/common/RegistryJpaIO.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/common/RegistryJpaIO.java
@@ -20,9 +20,10 @@ import static org.apache.beam.sdk.values.TypeDescriptors.integers;
 import com.google.auto.value.AutoValue;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
 import com.google.common.collect.Streams;
-import google.registry.backup.AppEngineEnvironment;
 import google.registry.beam.common.RegistryQuery.CriteriaQuerySupplier;
-import google.registry.model.ofy.ObjectifyService;
+import google.registry.model.UpdateAutoTimestamp;
+import google.registry.model.UpdateAutoTimestamp.DisableAutoUpdateResource;
+import google.registry.model.replay.SqlEntity;
 import google.registry.persistence.transaction.JpaTransactionManager;
 import google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory;
 import java.io.Serializable;
@@ -137,6 +138,9 @@ public final class RegistryJpaIO {

    abstract Coder<T> coder();

+    @Nullable
+    abstract String snapshotId();
+
    abstract Builder<R, T> toBuilder();

    @Override
@@ -144,7 +148,9 @@ public final class RegistryJpaIO {
    public PCollection<T> expand(PBegin input) {
      return input
          .apply("Starting " + name(), Create.of((Void) null))
-          .apply("Run query for " + name(), ParDo.of(new QueryRunner<>(query(), resultMapper())))
+          .apply(
+              "Run query for " + name(),
+              ParDo.of(new QueryRunner<>(query(), resultMapper(), snapshotId())))
          .setCoder(coder())
          .apply("Reshuffle", Reshuffle.viaRandomKey());
    }
@@ -161,6 +167,18 @@ public final class RegistryJpaIO {
      return toBuilder().coder(coder).build();
    }

+    /**
+     * Specifies the database snapshot to use for this query.
+     *
+     * <p>This feature is <em>Postgresql-only</em>. User is responsible for keeping the snapshot
+     * available until all JVM workers have started using it by calling {@link
+     * JpaTransactionManager#setDatabaseSnapshot}.
+     */
+    // TODO(b/193662898): vendor-independent support for richer transaction semantics.
+    public Read<R, T> withSnapshot(String snapshotId) {
+      return toBuilder().snapshotId(snapshotId).build();
+    }
+
    static <R, T> Builder<R, T> builder() {
      return new AutoValue_RegistryJpaIO_Read.Builder<R, T>()
          .name(DEFAULT_NAME)
@@ -178,6 +196,8 @@ public final class RegistryJpaIO {

      abstract Builder<R, T> coder(Coder coder);

+      abstract Builder<R, T> snapshotId(@Nullable String sharedSnapshotId);
+
      abstract Read<R, T> build();

      Builder<R, T> criteriaQuery(CriteriaQuerySupplier<R> criteriaQuery) {
@@ -200,22 +220,28 @@ public final class RegistryJpaIO {
    static class QueryRunner<R, T> extends DoFn<Void, T> {
      private final RegistryQuery<R> query;
      private final SerializableFunction<R, T> resultMapper;
+      // java.util.Optional is not serializable. Use of Guava Optional is discouraged.
+      @Nullable private final String snapshotId;

-      QueryRunner(RegistryQuery<R> query, SerializableFunction<R, T> resultMapper) {
+      QueryRunner(
+          RegistryQuery<R> query,
+          SerializableFunction<R, T> resultMapper,
+          @Nullable String snapshotId) {
        this.query = query;
        this.resultMapper = resultMapper;
+        this.snapshotId = snapshotId;
      }

      @ProcessElement
      public void processElement(OutputReceiver<T> outputReceiver) {
-        // AppEngineEnvironment is need for handling VKeys, which involve Ofy keys. Unlike
-        // SqlBatchWriter, it is unnecessary to initialize ObjectifyService in this class.
-        try (AppEngineEnvironment env = new AppEngineEnvironment()) {
-          // TODO(b/187210388): JpaTransactionManager should support non-transactional query.
-          jpaTm()
-              .transactNoRetry(
-                  () -> query.stream().map(resultMapper::apply).forEach(outputReceiver::output));
-        }
+        jpaTm()
+            .transactNoRetry(
+                () -> {
+                  if (snapshotId != null) {
+                    jpaTm().setDatabaseSnapshot(snapshotId);
+                  }
+                  query.stream().map(resultMapper::apply).forEach(outputReceiver::output);
+                });
      }
    }
  }
@@ -273,6 +299,12 @@ public final class RegistryJpaIO {

    public abstract SerializableFunction<T, Object> jpaConverter();

+    /**
+     * Signal to the writer that the {@link UpdateAutoTimestamp} property should be allowed to
+     * manipulate its value before persistence. The default value is {@code true}.
+     */
+    abstract boolean withUpdateAutoTimestamp();
+
    public Write<T> withName(String name) {
      return toBuilder().name(name).build();
    }
@@ -293,6 +325,10 @@ public final class RegistryJpaIO {
      return toBuilder().jpaConverter(jpaConverter).build();
    }

+    public Write<T> disableUpdateAutoTimestamp() {
+      return toBuilder().withUpdateAutoTimestamp(false).build();
+    }
+
    abstract Builder<T> toBuilder();

    @Override
@@ -309,7 +345,7 @@ public final class RegistryJpaIO {
              GroupIntoBatches.<Integer, T>ofSize(batchSize()).withShardedKey())
          .apply(
              "Write in batch for " + name(),
-              ParDo.of(new SqlBatchWriter<>(name(), jpaConverter())));
+              ParDo.of(new SqlBatchWriter<>(name(), jpaConverter(), withUpdateAutoTimestamp())));
    }

    static <T> Builder<T> builder() {
@@ -317,7 +353,8 @@ public final class RegistryJpaIO {
          .name(DEFAULT_NAME)
          .batchSize(DEFAULT_BATCH_SIZE)
          .shards(DEFAULT_SHARDS)
-          .jpaConverter(x -> x);
+          .jpaConverter(x -> x)
+          .withUpdateAutoTimestamp(true);
    }

    @AutoValue.Builder
@@ -331,6 +368,8 @@ public final class RegistryJpaIO {

      abstract Builder<T> jpaConverter(SerializableFunction<T, Object> jpaConverter);

+      abstract Builder<T> withUpdateAutoTimestamp(boolean withUpdateAutoTimestamp);
+
      abstract Write<T> build();
    }
  }
@@ -339,37 +378,38 @@ public final class RegistryJpaIO {
  private static class SqlBatchWriter<T> extends DoFn<KV<ShardedKey<Integer>, Iterable<T>>, Void> {
    private final Counter counter;
    private final SerializableFunction<T, Object> jpaConverter;
+    private final boolean withAutoTimestamp;

-    SqlBatchWriter(String type, SerializableFunction<T, Object> jpaConverter) {
+    SqlBatchWriter(
+        String type, SerializableFunction<T, Object> jpaConverter, boolean withAutoTimestamp) {
      counter = Metrics.counter("SQL_WRITE", type);
      this.jpaConverter = jpaConverter;
-    }
-
-    @Setup
-    public void setup() {
-      // AppEngineEnvironment is needed as long as Objectify keys are still involved in the handling
-      // of SQL entities (e.g., in VKeys). ObjectifyService needs to be initialized when conversion
-      // between Ofy entity and Datastore entity is needed.
-      try (AppEngineEnvironment env = new AppEngineEnvironment()) {
-        ObjectifyService.initOfy();
-      }
+      this.withAutoTimestamp = withAutoTimestamp;
    }

    @ProcessElement
    public void processElement(@Element KV<ShardedKey<Integer>, Iterable<T>> kv) {
-      try (AppEngineEnvironment env = new AppEngineEnvironment()) {
-        ImmutableList<Object> ofyEntities =
-            Streams.stream(kv.getValue())
-                .map(this.jpaConverter::apply)
-                // TODO(b/177340730): post migration delete the line below.
-                .filter(Objects::nonNull)
-                .collect(ImmutableList.toImmutableList());
-        try {
-          jpaTm().transact(() -> jpaTm().putAll(ofyEntities));
-          counter.inc(ofyEntities.size());
-        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
-          processSingly(ofyEntities);
-        }
+      if (withAutoTimestamp) {
+        actuallyProcessElement(kv);
+        return;
+      }
+      try (DisableAutoUpdateResource disable = UpdateAutoTimestamp.disableAutoUpdate()) {
+        actuallyProcessElement(kv);
+      }
+    }
+
+    private void actuallyProcessElement(@Element KV<ShardedKey<Integer>, Iterable<T>> kv) {
+      ImmutableList<Object> entities =
+          Streams.stream(kv.getValue())
+              .map(this.jpaConverter::apply)
+              // TODO(b/177340730): post migration delete the line below.
+              .filter(Objects::nonNull)
+              .collect(ImmutableList.toImmutableList());
+      try {
+        jpaTm().transact(() -> jpaTm().putAll(entities));
+        counter.inc(entities.size());
+      } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+        processSingly(entities);
      }
    }

@@ -377,19 +417,22 @@ public final class RegistryJpaIO {
     * Writes entities in a failed batch one by one to identify the first bad entity and throws a
     * {@link RuntimeException} on it.
     */
-    private void processSingly(ImmutableList<Object> ofyEntities) {
-      for (Object ofyEntity : ofyEntities) {
+    private void processSingly(ImmutableList<Object> entities) {
+      for (Object entity : entities) {
        try {
-          jpaTm().transact(() -> jpaTm().put(ofyEntity));
+          jpaTm().transact(() -> jpaTm().put(entity));
          counter.inc();
        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
-          throw new RuntimeException(toOfyKey(ofyEntity).toString(), e);
+          throw new RuntimeException(toEntityKeyString(entity), e);
        }
      }
    }

-    private com.googlecode.objectify.Key<?> toOfyKey(Object ofyEntity) {
-      return com.googlecode.objectify.Key.create(ofyEntity);
+    private String toEntityKeyString(Object entity) {
+      if (entity instanceof SqlEntity) {
+        return ((SqlEntity) entity).getPrimaryKeyString();
+      }
+      return "Non-SqlEntity: " + String.valueOf(entity);
    }
  }
 }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/common/RegistryPipelineComponent.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/common/RegistryPipelineComponent.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import google.registry.config.CredentialModule;
 import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
 import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.ConfigModule;
 import google.registry.persistence.PersistenceModule;
+import google.registry.persistence.PersistenceModule.BeamBulkQueryJpaTm;
 import google.registry.persistence.PersistenceModule.BeamJpaTm;
 import google.registry.persistence.PersistenceModule.TransactionIsolationLevel;
 import google.registry.persistence.transaction.JpaTransactionManager;
@@ -45,9 +46,19 @@ public interface RegistryPipelineComponent {
  @Config("projectId")
  String getProjectId();

+  /** Returns the regular {@link JpaTransactionManager} for general use. */
  @BeamJpaTm
  Lazy<JpaTransactionManager> getJpaTransactionManager();

+  /**
+   * Returns a {@link JpaTransactionManager} optimized for bulk loading multi-level JPA entities
+   * ({@link google.registry.model.domain.DomainBase} and {@link
+   * google.registry.model.domain.DomainHistory}). Please refer to {@link
+   * google.registry.model.bulkquery.BulkQueryEntities} for more information.
+   */
+  @BeamBulkQueryJpaTm
+  Lazy<JpaTransactionManager> getBulkQueryJpaTransactionManager();
+
  @Component.Builder
  interface Builder {

--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/common/RegistryPipelineOptions.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/common/RegistryPipelineOptions.java
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ package google.registry.beam.common;

 import google.registry.beam.common.RegistryJpaIO.Write;
 import google.registry.config.RegistryEnvironment;
+import google.registry.persistence.PersistenceModule.JpaTransactionManagerType;
 import google.registry.persistence.PersistenceModule.TransactionIsolationLevel;
 import java.util.Objects;
 import javax.annotation.Nullable;
@@ -34,7 +35,6 @@ import org.apache.beam.sdk.options.Description;
 public interface RegistryPipelineOptions extends GcpOptions {

  @Description("The Registry environment.")
-  @Nullable
  RegistryEnvironment getRegistryEnvironment();

  void setRegistryEnvironment(RegistryEnvironment environment);
@@ -45,6 +45,12 @@ public interface RegistryPipelineOptions extends GcpOptions {

  void setIsolationOverride(TransactionIsolationLevel isolationOverride);

+  @Description("The JPA Transaction Manager to use.")
+  @Default.Enum(value = "REGULAR")
+  JpaTransactionManagerType getJpaTransactionManagerType();
+
+  void setJpaTransactionManagerType(JpaTransactionManagerType jpaTransactionManagerType);
+
  @Description("The number of entities to write to the SQL database in one operation.")
  @Default.Integer(20)
  int getSqlWriteBatchSize();
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/common/RegistryPipelineWorkerInitializer.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/common/RegistryPipelineWorkerInitializer.java
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ import com.google.auto.service.AutoService;
 import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
 import dagger.Lazy;
 import google.registry.config.RegistryEnvironment;
+import google.registry.config.SystemPropertySetter;
+import google.registry.model.AppEngineEnvironment;
 import google.registry.persistence.transaction.JpaTransactionManager;
 import google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.harness.JvmInitializer;
@@ -35,18 +37,35 @@ import org.apache.beam.sdk.options.PipelineOptions;
@AutoService(JvmInitializer.class)
 public class RegistryPipelineWorkerInitializer implements JvmInitializer {
  private static final FluentLogger logger = FluentLogger.forEnclosingClass();
+  public static final String PROPERTY = "google.registry.beam";

  @Override
  public void beforeProcessing(PipelineOptions options) {
    RegistryPipelineOptions registryOptions = options.as(RegistryPipelineOptions.class);
    RegistryEnvironment environment = registryOptions.getRegistryEnvironment();
    if (environment == null || environment.equals(RegistryEnvironment.UNITTEST)) {
-      return;
+      throw new RuntimeException(
+          "A registry environment must be specified in the pipeline options.");
    }
-    logger.atInfo().log("Setting up RegistryEnvironment: %s", environment);
+    logger.atInfo().log("Setting up RegistryEnvironment %s.", environment);
    environment.setup();
-    Lazy<JpaTransactionManager> transactionManagerLazy =
-        toRegistryPipelineComponent(registryOptions).getJpaTransactionManager();
+    RegistryPipelineComponent registryPipelineComponent =
+        toRegistryPipelineComponent(registryOptions);
+    Lazy<JpaTransactionManager> transactionManagerLazy;
+    switch (registryOptions.getJpaTransactionManagerType()) {
+      case BULK_QUERY:
+        transactionManagerLazy = registryPipelineComponent.getBulkQueryJpaTransactionManager();
+        break;
+      case REGULAR:
+      default:
+        transactionManagerLazy = registryPipelineComponent.getJpaTransactionManager();
+    }
    TransactionManagerFactory.setJpaTmOnBeamWorker(transactionManagerLazy::get);
+    // Masquerade all threads as App Engine threads so we can create Ofy keys in the pipeline. Also
+    // loads all ofy entities.
+    new AppEngineEnvironment("Beam").setEnvironmentForAllThreads();
+    // Set the system property so that we can call IdService.allocateId() without access to
+    // datastore.
+    SystemPropertySetter.PRODUCTION_IMPL.setProperty(PROPERTY, "true");
  }
 }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/common/RegistryQuery.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/common/RegistryQuery.java
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ package google.registry.beam.common;

 import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.jpaTm;

+import google.registry.persistence.transaction.JpaTransactionManager;
 import java.io.Serializable;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.function.Supplier;
@@ -28,6 +29,15 @@ import javax.persistence.criteria.CriteriaQuery;

 /** Interface for query instances used by {@link RegistryJpaIO.Read}. */
 public interface RegistryQuery<T> extends Serializable {
+
+  /**
+   * Number of JPA entities to fetch in each batch during a query.
+   *
+   * <p>With Hibernate, for result streaming to work, a query's fetchSize property must be set to a
+   * non-zero value.
+   */
+  int QUERY_FETCH_SIZE = 1000;
+
  Stream<T> stream();

  interface CriteriaQuerySupplier<T> extends Supplier<CriteriaQuery<T>>, Serializable {}
@@ -49,6 +59,7 @@ public interface RegistryQuery<T> extends Serializable {
      if (parameters != null) {
        parameters.forEach(query::setParameter);
      }
+      JpaTransactionManager.setQueryFetchSize(query, QUERY_FETCH_SIZE);
      @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
      Stream<T> resultStream = query.getResultStream();
      return nativeQuery ? resultStream : resultStream.map(e -> detach(entityManager, e));
@@ -64,11 +75,14 @@ public interface RegistryQuery<T> extends Serializable {
  static <T> RegistryQuery<T> createQuery(
      String jpql, @Nullable Map<String, Object> parameters, Class<T> clazz) {
    return () -> {
-      TypedQuery<T> query = jpaTm().query(jpql, clazz);
+      // TODO(b/193662898): switch to jpaTm().query() when it can properly detach loaded entities.
+      EntityManager entityManager = jpaTm().getEntityManager();
+      TypedQuery<T> query = entityManager.createQuery(jpql, clazz);
      if (parameters != null) {
        parameters.forEach(query::setParameter);
      }
-      return query.getResultStream();
+      JpaTransactionManager.setQueryFetchSize(query, QUERY_FETCH_SIZE);
+      return query.getResultStream().map(e -> detach(entityManager, e));
    };
  }

@@ -82,7 +96,13 @@ public interface RegistryQuery<T> extends Serializable {
   * @param <T> Type of each row in the result set.
   */
  static <T> RegistryQuery<T> createQuery(CriteriaQuerySupplier<T> criteriaQuery) {
-    return () -> jpaTm().query(criteriaQuery.get()).getResultStream();
+    return () -> {
+      // TODO(b/193662898): switch to jpaTm().query() when it can properly detach loaded entities.
+      EntityManager entityManager = jpaTm().getEntityManager();
+      TypedQuery<T> query = entityManager.createQuery(criteriaQuery.get());
+      JpaTransactionManager.setQueryFetchSize(query, QUERY_FETCH_SIZE);
+      return query.getResultStream().map(e -> detach(entityManager, e));
+    };
  }

  /**
@@ -108,7 +128,10 @@ public interface RegistryQuery<T> extends Serializable {
      return;
    }
    try {
-      entityManager.detach(object);
+      // TODO(b/193662898): choose detach() or clear() based on the type of transaction.
+      // For context, EntityManager.detach() does not remove all metadata about loaded entities.
+      // See b/193925312 or https://hibernate.atlassian.net/browse/HHH-14735 for details.
+      entityManager.clear();
    } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
      // Not an entity. Do nothing.
    }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/datastore/BulkDeleteDatastorePipeline.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/datastore/BulkDeleteDatastorePipeline.java
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSortedSet;
 import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
 import com.google.datastore.v1.Entity;
+import google.registry.config.RegistryEnvironment;
 import java.util.Iterator;
 import java.util.Map;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.Pipeline;
@@ -308,6 +309,11 @@ public class BulkDeleteDatastorePipeline {

  public interface BulkDeletePipelineOptions extends GcpOptions {

+    @Description("The Registry environment.")
+    RegistryEnvironment getRegistryEnvironment();
+
+    void setRegistryEnvironment(RegistryEnvironment environment);
+
    @Description(
        "The Datastore KINDs to be deleted. The format may be:\n"
            + "\t- The list of kinds to be deleted as a comma-separated string, or\n"
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/datastore/DatastoreV1.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/datastore/DatastoreV1.java
@@ -169,14 +169,15 @@ public class DatastoreV1 {
      int numSplits;
      try {
        long estimatedSizeBytes = getEstimatedSizeBytes(datastore, query, namespace);
-        logger.atInfo().log("Estimated size bytes for the query is: %s", estimatedSizeBytes);
+        logger.atInfo().log("Estimated size for the query is %d bytes.", estimatedSizeBytes);
        numSplits =
            (int)
                Math.min(
                    NUM_QUERY_SPLITS_MAX,
                    Math.round(((double) estimatedSizeBytes) / DEFAULT_BUNDLE_SIZE_BYTES));
      } catch (Exception e) {
-        logger.atWarning().log("Failed the fetch estimatedSizeBytes for query: %s", query, e);
+        logger.atWarning().withCause(e).log(
+            "Failed the fetch estimatedSizeBytes for query: %s", query);
        // Fallback in case estimated size is unavailable.
        numSplits = NUM_QUERY_SPLITS_MIN;
      }
@@ -215,7 +216,7 @@ public class DatastoreV1 {
    private static Entity getLatestTableStats(
        String ourKind, @Nullable String namespace, Datastore datastore) throws DatastoreException {
      long latestTimestamp = queryLatestStatisticsTimestamp(datastore, namespace);
-      logger.atInfo().log("Latest stats timestamp for kind %s is %s", ourKind, latestTimestamp);
+      logger.atInfo().log("Latest stats timestamp for kind %s is %s.", ourKind, latestTimestamp);

      Query.Builder queryBuilder = Query.newBuilder();
      if (Strings.isNullOrEmpty(namespace)) {
@@ -234,7 +235,7 @@ public class DatastoreV1 {
      long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
      RunQueryResponse response = datastore.runQuery(request);
      logger.atFine().log(
-          "Query for per-kind statistics took %sms", System.currentTimeMillis() - now);
+          "Query for per-kind statistics took %d ms.", System.currentTimeMillis() - now);

      QueryResultBatch batch = response.getBatch();
      if (batch.getEntityResultsCount() == 0) {
@@ -330,7 +331,7 @@ public class DatastoreV1 {
          logger.atWarning().log(
              "Failed to translate Gql query '%s': %s", gqlQueryWithZeroLimit, e.getMessage());
          logger.atWarning().log(
-              "User query might have a limit already set, so trying without zero limit");
+              "User query might have a limit already set, so trying without zero limit.");
          // Retry without the zero limit.
          return translateGqlQuery(gql, datastore, namespace);
        } else {
@@ -514,10 +515,10 @@ public class DatastoreV1 {
      @ProcessElement
      public void processElement(ProcessContext c) throws Exception {
        String gqlQuery = c.element();
-        logger.atInfo().log("User query: '%s'", gqlQuery);
+        logger.atInfo().log("User query: '%s'.", gqlQuery);
        Query query =
            translateGqlQueryWithLimitCheck(gqlQuery, datastore, v1Options.getNamespace());
-        logger.atInfo().log("User gql query translated to Query(%s)", query);
+        logger.atInfo().log("User gql query translated to Query(%s).", query);
        c.output(query);
      }
    }
@@ -573,7 +574,7 @@ public class DatastoreV1 {
          estimatedNumSplits = numSplits;
        }

-        logger.atInfo().log("Splitting the query into %s splits", estimatedNumSplits);
+        logger.atInfo().log("Splitting the query into %d splits.", estimatedNumSplits);
        List<Query> querySplits;
        try {
          querySplits =
@@ -647,7 +648,7 @@ public class DatastoreV1 {
              throw exception;
            }
            if (!BackOffUtils.next(sleeper, backoff)) {
-              logger.atSevere().log("Aborting after %s retries.", MAX_RETRIES);
+              logger.atSevere().log("Aborting after %d retries.", MAX_RETRIES);
              throw exception;
            }
          }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/initsql/CloudSqlCredentialDecryptor.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/initsql/CloudSqlCredentialDecryptor.java
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2020 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package google.registry.beam.initsql;
-
-import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
-
-import com.google.api.services.cloudkms.v1.model.DecryptRequest;
-import com.google.common.base.Strings;
-import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
-import google.registry.keyring.kms.KmsConnection;
-import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
-import java.util.Base64;
-import javax.inject.Inject;
-
-/**
- * Decrypts data using Cloud KMS, with the same crypto key with which Cloud SQL credential files on
- * GCS was encrypted. See {@link BackupPaths#getCloudSQLCredentialFilePatterns} for more
- * information.
- */
-public class CloudSqlCredentialDecryptor {
-
-  private static final String CRYPTO_KEY_NAME = "nomulus-tool-key";
-  private final KmsConnection kmsConnection;
-
-  @Inject
-  CloudSqlCredentialDecryptor(@Config("beamKmsConnection") KmsConnection kmsConnection) {
-    this.kmsConnection = kmsConnection;
-  }
-
-  public String decrypt(String data) {
-    checkArgument(!Strings.isNullOrEmpty(data), "Null or empty data.");
-    byte[] ciphertext = Base64.getDecoder().decode(data);
-    // Re-encode for Cloud KMS JSON REST API, invoked through kmsConnection.
-    String urlSafeCipherText = new DecryptRequest().encodeCiphertext(ciphertext).getCiphertext();
-    return new String(
-        kmsConnection.decrypt(CRYPTO_KEY_NAME, urlSafeCipherText), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
-  }
-}
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/initsql/InitSqlPipeline.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/initsql/InitSqlPipeline.java
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import com.googlecode.objectify.Key;
-import google.registry.backup.AppEngineEnvironment;
 import google.registry.backup.VersionedEntity;
 import google.registry.beam.common.RegistryJpaIO;
 import google.registry.beam.initsql.Transforms.RemoveDomainBaseForeignKeys;
 import google.registry.model.billing.BillingEvent;
+import google.registry.model.common.Cursor;
 import google.registry.model.contact.ContactResource;
 import google.registry.model.domain.DomainBase;
 import google.registry.model.domain.token.AllocationToken;
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ import google.registry.model.host.HostResource;
 import google.registry.model.poll.PollMessage;
 import google.registry.model.registrar.Registrar;
 import google.registry.model.registrar.RegistrarContact;
-import google.registry.model.registry.Registry;
 import google.registry.model.reporting.HistoryEntry;
+import google.registry.model.tld.Registry;
 import google.registry.persistence.PersistenceModule.TransactionIsolationLevel;
 import java.io.Serializable;
 import java.util.Collection;
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ import org.joda.time.DateTime;
 * <ol>
 *   <li>{@link Registry}: Assumes that {@code PremiumList} and {@code ReservedList} have been set
 *       up in the SQL database.
+ *   <li>{@link Cursor}: Logically can depend on {@code Registry}, but without foreign key.
 *   <li>{@link Registrar}: Logically depends on {@code Registry}, Foreign key not modeled yet.
 *   <li>{@link ContactResource}: references {@code Registrar}
 *   <li>{@link RegistrarContact}: references {@code Registrar}.
@@ -101,7 +102,11 @@ public class InitSqlPipeline implements Serializable {
   */
  private static final ImmutableList<Class<?>> PHASE_ONE_ORDERED =
      ImmutableList.of(
-          Registry.class, Registrar.class, ContactResource.class, RegistrarContact.class);
+          Registry.class,
+          Cursor.class,
+          Registrar.class,
+          ContactResource.class,
+          RegistrarContact.class);

  /**
   * Datastore kinds to be written to the SQL database after the cleansed version of {@link
@@ -219,13 +224,12 @@ public class InitSqlPipeline implements Serializable {
            .withName(transformId)
            .withBatchSize(options.getSqlWriteBatchSize())
            .withShards(options.getSqlWriteShards())
-            .withJpaConverter(Transforms::convertVersionedEntityToSqlEntity));
+            .withJpaConverter(Transforms::convertVersionedEntityToSqlEntity)
+            .disableUpdateAutoTimestamp());
  }

  private static ImmutableList<String> toKindStrings(Collection<Class<?>> entityClasses) {
-    try (AppEngineEnvironment env = new AppEngineEnvironment()) {
-      return entityClasses.stream().map(Key::getKind).collect(ImmutableList.toImmutableList());
-    }
+    return entityClasses.stream().map(Key::getKind).collect(ImmutableList.toImmutableList());
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/initsql/SqlAccessInfo.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/initsql/SqlAccessInfo.java
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2020 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package google.registry.beam.initsql;
-
-import com.google.auto.value.AutoValue;
-import java.util.Optional;
-
-/**
- * Information needed to connect to a database, including JDBC URL, user name, password, and in the
- * case of Cloud SQL, the database instance's name.
- */
-@AutoValue
-abstract class SqlAccessInfo {
-
-  abstract String jdbcUrl();
-
-  abstract String user();
-
-  abstract String password();
-
-  abstract Optional<String> cloudSqlInstanceName();
-
-  public static SqlAccessInfo createCloudSqlAccessInfo(
-      String sqlInstanceName, String username, String password) {
-    return new AutoValue_SqlAccessInfo(
-        "jdbc:postgresql://google/postgres", username, password, Optional.of(sqlInstanceName));
-  }
-
-  public static SqlAccessInfo createLocalSqlAccessInfo(
-      String jdbcUrl, String username, String password) {
-    return new AutoValue_SqlAccessInfo(jdbcUrl, username, password, Optional.empty());
-  }
-}
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/initsql/Transforms.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/initsql/Transforms.java
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import static google.registry.beam.initsql.BackupPaths.getExportFilePatterns;
 import static google.registry.model.ofy.ObjectifyService.auditedOfy;
 import static google.registry.util.DateTimeUtils.START_OF_TIME;
 import static google.registry.util.DateTimeUtils.isBeforeOrAt;
+import static google.registry.util.DomainNameUtils.canonicalizeDomainName;
 import static java.util.Comparator.comparing;
 import static org.apache.beam.sdk.values.TypeDescriptors.kvs;
 import static org.apache.beam.sdk.values.TypeDescriptors.strings;
@@ -39,9 +40,9 @@ import google.registry.backup.VersionedEntity;
 import google.registry.model.billing.BillingEvent.Flag;
 import google.registry.model.billing.BillingEvent.Reason;
 import google.registry.model.domain.DomainBase;
+import google.registry.model.replay.DatastoreAndSqlEntity;
+import google.registry.model.replay.SqlEntity;
 import google.registry.model.reporting.HistoryEntry;
-import google.registry.schema.replay.DatastoreAndSqlEntity;
-import google.registry.schema.replay.SqlEntity;
 import google.registry.tools.LevelDbLogReader;
 import java.io.Serializable;
 import java.util.Collection;
@@ -261,8 +262,8 @@ public final class Transforms {

  // Production data repair configs go below. See b/185954992.

-  // Prober domains in bad state, without associated contacts, hosts, billings, and history.
-  // They can be safely ignored.
+  // Prober domains in bad state, without associated contacts, hosts, billings, and non-synthesized
+  // history. They can be safely ignored.
  private static final ImmutableSet<String> IGNORED_DOMAINS =
      ImmutableSet.of("6AF6D2-IQCANT", "2-IQANYT");

@@ -277,7 +278,7 @@ public final class Transforms {

  // Prober contacts referencing phantom registrars. They and their associated history entries can
  // be safely ignored.
-  private static final ImmutableSet IGNORED_CONTACTS =
+  private static final ImmutableSet<String> IGNORED_CONTACTS =
      ImmutableSet.of(
          "1_WJ0TEST-GOOGLE", "1_WJ1TEST-GOOGLE", "1_WJ2TEST-GOOGLE", "1_WJ3TEST-GOOGLE");

@@ -298,7 +299,7 @@ public final class Transforms {
      return !IGNORED_HOSTS.contains(roid);
    }
    if (entity.getKind().equals("HistoryEntry")) {
-      // Remove production bad data: History of the contacts to be ignored:
+      // Remove production bad data: Histories of ignored EPP resources:
      com.google.appengine.api.datastore.Key parentKey = entity.getKey().getParent();
      if (parentKey.getKind().equals("ContactResource")) {
        String contactRoid = parentKey.getName();
@@ -308,6 +309,10 @@ public final class Transforms {
        String hostRoid = parentKey.getName();
        return !IGNORED_HOSTS.contains(hostRoid);
      }
+      if (parentKey.getKind().equals("DomainBase")) {
+        String domainRoid = parentKey.getName();
+        return !IGNORED_DOMAINS.contains(domainRoid);
+      }
    }
    // End of production-specific checks.

@@ -320,7 +325,8 @@ public final class Transforms {
    return true;
  }

-  private static Entity repairBadData(Entity entity) {
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  static Entity repairBadData(Entity entity) {
    if (entity.getKind().equals("Cancellation")
        && Objects.equals(entity.getProperty("reason"), "AUTO_RENEW")) {
      // AUTO_RENEW has been moved from 'reason' to flags. Change reason to RENEW and add the
@@ -328,6 +334,15 @@ public final class Transforms {
      // instead of append. See b/185954992.
      entity.setUnindexedProperty("reason", Reason.RENEW.name());
      entity.setUnindexedProperty("flags", ImmutableList.of(Flag.AUTO_RENEW.name()));
+    } else if (entity.getKind().equals("DomainBase")) {
+      // Canonicalize old domain/host names from 2016 and earlier before we were enforcing this.
+      entity.setIndexedProperty(
+          "fullyQualifiedDomainName",
+          canonicalizeDomainName((String) entity.getProperty("fullyQualifiedDomainName")));
+    } else if (entity.getKind().equals("HostResource")) {
+      entity.setIndexedProperty(
+          "fullyQualifiedHostName",
+          canonicalizeDomainName((String) entity.getProperty("fullyQualifiedHostName")));
    }
    return entity;
  }
@@ -365,7 +380,8 @@ public final class Transforms {
   * Returns a {@link PTransform} that produces a {@link PCollection} containing all elements in the
   * given {@link Iterable}.
   */
-  static PTransform<PBegin, PCollection<String>> toStringPCollection(Iterable<String> strings) {
+  private static PTransform<PBegin, PCollection<String>> toStringPCollection(
+      Iterable<String> strings) {
    return Create.of(strings).withCoder(StringUtf8Coder.of());
  }

@@ -373,7 +389,7 @@ public final class Transforms {
   * Returns a {@link PTransform} from file {@link Metadata} to {@link VersionedEntity} using
   * caller-provided {@code transformer}.
   */
-  static PTransform<PCollection<Metadata>, PCollection<VersionedEntity>> processFiles(
+  private static PTransform<PCollection<Metadata>, PCollection<VersionedEntity>> processFiles(
      DoFn<ReadableFile, VersionedEntity> transformer) {
    return new PTransform<PCollection<Metadata>, PCollection<VersionedEntity>>() {
      @Override
@@ -389,7 +405,7 @@ public final class Transforms {
    private final DateTime fromTime;
    private final DateTime toTime;

-    public FilterCommitLogFileByTime(DateTime fromTime, DateTime toTime) {
+    FilterCommitLogFileByTime(DateTime fromTime, DateTime toTime) {
      checkNotNull(fromTime, "fromTime");
      checkNotNull(toTime, "toTime");
      checkArgument(
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/invoicing/InvoicingPipeline.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/invoicing/InvoicingPipeline.java
@@ -14,18 +14,29 @@

 package google.registry.beam.invoicing;

+import static com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet.toImmutableSet;
 import static google.registry.beam.BeamUtils.getQueryFromFile;
 import static org.apache.beam.sdk.values.TypeDescriptors.strings;

+import google.registry.beam.common.RegistryJpaIO;
+import google.registry.beam.common.RegistryJpaIO.Read;
 import google.registry.beam.invoicing.BillingEvent.InvoiceGroupingKey;
 import google.registry.beam.invoicing.BillingEvent.InvoiceGroupingKey.InvoiceGroupingKeyCoder;
+import google.registry.model.billing.BillingEvent.Flag;
+import google.registry.model.registrar.Registrar;
+import google.registry.persistence.PersistenceModule.TransactionIsolationLevel;
 import google.registry.reporting.billing.BillingModule;
+import google.registry.util.DateTimeUtils;
+import google.registry.util.DomainNameUtils;
 import google.registry.util.SqlTemplate;
 import java.io.Serializable;
 import java.time.LocalDateTime;
 import java.time.LocalTime;
 import java.time.YearMonth;
+import java.time.ZoneId;
 import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.Pipeline;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.PipelineResult;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.coders.SerializableCoder;
@@ -58,6 +69,9 @@ public class InvoicingPipeline implements Serializable {
  private static final DateTimeFormatter TIMESTAMP_FORMATTER =
      DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSSSSS");

+  private static final Pattern SQL_COMMENT_REGEX =
+      Pattern.compile("^\\s*--.*\\n", Pattern.MULTILINE);
+
  private final InvoicingPipelineOptions options;

  InvoicingPipeline(InvoicingPipelineOptions options) {
@@ -71,21 +85,60 @@ public class InvoicingPipeline implements Serializable {
  }

  void setupPipeline(Pipeline pipeline) {
+    options.setIsolationOverride(TransactionIsolationLevel.TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED);
    PCollection<BillingEvent> billingEvents =
-        pipeline.apply(
-            "Read BillingEvents from Bigquery",
-            BigQueryIO.read(BillingEvent::parseFromRecord)
-                .fromQuery(makeQuery(options.getYearMonth(), options.getProject()))
-                .withCoder(SerializableCoder.of(BillingEvent.class))
-                .usingStandardSql()
-                .withoutValidation()
-                .withTemplateCompatibility());
+        options.getDatabase().equals("DATASTORE")
+            ? readFromBigQuery(options, pipeline)
+            : readFromCloudSql(options, pipeline);

    saveInvoiceCsv(billingEvents, options);

    saveDetailedCsv(billingEvents, options);
  }

+  static PCollection<BillingEvent> readFromBigQuery(
+      InvoicingPipelineOptions options, Pipeline pipeline) {
+    return pipeline.apply(
+        "Read BillingEvents from Bigquery",
+        BigQueryIO.read(BillingEvent::parseFromRecord)
+            .fromQuery(makeQuery(options.getYearMonth(), options.getProject()))
+            .withCoder(SerializableCoder.of(BillingEvent.class))
+            .usingStandardSql()
+            .withoutValidation()
+            .withTemplateCompatibility());
+  }
+
+  static PCollection<BillingEvent> readFromCloudSql(
+      InvoicingPipelineOptions options, Pipeline pipeline) {
+    Read<Object[], BillingEvent> read =
+        RegistryJpaIO.read(
+            makeCloudSqlQuery(options.getYearMonth()), false, InvoicingPipeline::parseRow);
+
+    return pipeline.apply("Read BillingEvents from Cloud SQL", read);
+  }
+
+  private static BillingEvent parseRow(Object[] row) {
+    google.registry.model.billing.BillingEvent.OneTime oneTime =
+        (google.registry.model.billing.BillingEvent.OneTime) row[0];
+    Registrar registrar = (Registrar) row[1];
+    return BillingEvent.create(
+        oneTime.getId(),
+        DateTimeUtils.toZonedDateTime(oneTime.getBillingTime(), ZoneId.of("UTC")),
+        DateTimeUtils.toZonedDateTime(oneTime.getEventTime(), ZoneId.of("UTC")),
+        registrar.getRegistrarId(),
+        registrar.getBillingIdentifier().toString(),
+        registrar.getPoNumber().orElse(""),
+        DomainNameUtils.getTldFromDomainName(oneTime.getTargetId()),
+        oneTime.getReason().toString(),
+        oneTime.getTargetId(),
+        oneTime.getDomainRepoId(),
+        Optional.ofNullable(oneTime.getPeriodYears()).orElse(0),
+        oneTime.getCost().getCurrencyUnit().toString(),
+        oneTime.getCost().getAmount().doubleValue(),
+        String.join(
+            " ", oneTime.getFlags().stream().map(Flag::toString).collect(toImmutableSet())));
+  }
+
  /** Transform that converts a {@code BillingEvent} into an invoice CSV row. */
  private static class GenerateInvoiceRows
      extends PTransform<PCollection<BillingEvent>, PCollection<String>> {
@@ -171,6 +224,21 @@ public class InvoicingPipeline implements Serializable {
        .build();
  }

+  /** Create the Cloud SQL query for a given yearMonth at runtime. */
+  static String makeCloudSqlQuery(String yearMonth) {
+    YearMonth endMonth = YearMonth.parse(yearMonth).plusMonths(1);
+    String queryWithComments =
+        SqlTemplate.create(
+                getQueryFromFile(InvoicingPipeline.class, "cloud_sql_billing_events.sql"))
+            .put("FIRST_TIMESTAMP_OF_MONTH", yearMonth.concat("-01"))
+            .put(
+                "LAST_TIMESTAMP_OF_MONTH",
+                String.format("%d-%d-01", endMonth.getYear(), endMonth.getMonthValue()))
+            .build();
+    // Remove the comments from the query string
+    return SQL_COMMENT_REGEX.matcher(queryWithComments).replaceAll("");
+  }
+
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    PipelineOptionsFactory.register(InvoicingPipelineOptions.class);
    InvoicingPipelineOptions options =
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/invoicing/InvoicingPipelineOptions.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/invoicing/InvoicingPipelineOptions.java
@@ -30,6 +30,11 @@ public interface InvoicingPipelineOptions extends RegistryPipelineOptions {

  void setInvoiceFilePrefix(String value);

+  @Description("The database to read data from.")
+  String getDatabase();
+
+  void setDatabase(String value);
+
  @Description("The GCS bucket URL for invoices and detailed  reports to be uploaded.")
  String getBillingBucketUrl();

--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/rde/RdeIO.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/rde/RdeIO.java
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package google.registry.beam.rde;
+
+import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkState;
+import static com.google.common.base.Verify.verify;
+import static google.registry.model.common.Cursor.getCursorTimeOrStartOfTime;
+import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.tm;
+import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerUtil.transactIfJpaTm;
+import static google.registry.rde.RdeModule.BRDA_QUEUE;
+import static google.registry.rde.RdeModule.RDE_UPLOAD_QUEUE;
+import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
+
+import com.google.auto.value.AutoValue;
+import com.google.cloud.storage.BlobId;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMultimap;
+import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
+import google.registry.gcs.GcsUtils;
+import google.registry.keyring.api.PgpHelper;
+import google.registry.model.common.Cursor;
+import google.registry.model.rde.RdeMode;
+import google.registry.model.rde.RdeNamingUtils;
+import google.registry.model.rde.RdeRevision;
+import google.registry.model.tld.Registry;
+import google.registry.rde.BrdaCopyAction;
+import google.registry.rde.DepositFragment;
+import google.registry.rde.Ghostryde;
+import google.registry.rde.PendingDeposit;
+import google.registry.rde.RdeCounter;
+import google.registry.rde.RdeMarshaller;
+import google.registry.rde.RdeModule;
+import google.registry.rde.RdeResourceType;
+import google.registry.rde.RdeUploadAction;
+import google.registry.rde.RdeUtil;
+import google.registry.request.Action.Service;
+import google.registry.request.RequestParameters;
+import google.registry.tldconfig.idn.IdnTableEnum;
+import google.registry.util.CloudTasksUtils;
+import google.registry.xjc.rdeheader.XjcRdeHeader;
+import google.registry.xjc.rdeheader.XjcRdeHeaderElement;
+import google.registry.xml.ValidationMode;
+import google.registry.xml.XmlException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
+import java.io.Writer;
+import java.security.Security;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.options.PipelineOptions;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.DoFn;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.PTransform;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.ParDo;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.KV;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.PCollection;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.PDone;
+import org.bouncycastle.jce.provider.BouncyCastleProvider;
+import org.bouncycastle.openpgp.PGPPublicKey;
+import org.joda.time.DateTime;
+
+public class RdeIO {
+
+  @AutoValue
+  abstract static class Write
+      extends PTransform<PCollection<KV<PendingDeposit, Iterable<DepositFragment>>>, PDone> {
+
+    abstract GcsUtils gcsUtils();
+
+    abstract CloudTasksUtils cloudTasksUtils();
+
+    abstract String rdeBucket();
+
+    // It's OK to return a primitive array because we are only using it to construct the
+    // PGPPublicKey, which is not serializable.
+    @SuppressWarnings("mutable")
+    abstract byte[] stagingKeyBytes();
+
+    abstract ValidationMode validationMode();
+
+    static Builder builder() {
+      return new AutoValue_RdeIO_Write.Builder();
+    }
+
+    @AutoValue.Builder
+    abstract static class Builder {
+      abstract Builder setGcsUtils(GcsUtils value);
+
+      abstract Builder setCloudTasksUtils(CloudTasksUtils value);
+
+      abstract Builder setRdeBucket(String value);
+
+      abstract Builder setStagingKeyBytes(byte[] value);
+
+      abstract Builder setValidationMode(ValidationMode value);
+
+      abstract Write build();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PDone expand(PCollection<KV<PendingDeposit, Iterable<DepositFragment>>> input) {
+      input
+          .apply(
+              "Write to GCS",
+              ParDo.of(new RdeWriter(gcsUtils(), rdeBucket(), stagingKeyBytes(), validationMode())))
+          .apply("Update cursors", ParDo.of(new CursorUpdater()))
+          .apply("Enqueue upload action", ParDo.of(new UploadEnqueuer(cloudTasksUtils())));
+      return PDone.in(input.getPipeline());
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static class RdeWriter
+      extends DoFn<KV<PendingDeposit, Iterable<DepositFragment>>, KV<PendingDeposit, Integer>> {
+
+    private static final FluentLogger logger = FluentLogger.forEnclosingClass();
+
+    private final GcsUtils gcsUtils;
+    private final String rdeBucket;
+    private final byte[] stagingKeyBytes;
+    private final RdeMarshaller marshaller;
+
+    protected RdeWriter(
+        GcsUtils gcsUtils,
+        String rdeBucket,
+        byte[] stagingKeyBytes,
+        ValidationMode validationMode) {
+      this.gcsUtils = gcsUtils;
+      this.rdeBucket = rdeBucket;
+      this.stagingKeyBytes = stagingKeyBytes;
+      this.marshaller = new RdeMarshaller(validationMode);
+    }
+
+    @Setup
+    public void setup() {
+      Security.addProvider(new BouncyCastleProvider());
+    }
+
+    @ProcessElement
+    public void processElement(
+        @Element KV<PendingDeposit, Iterable<DepositFragment>> kv,
+        PipelineOptions options,
+        OutputReceiver<KV<PendingDeposit, Integer>> outputReceiver) {
+      PGPPublicKey stagingKey = PgpHelper.loadPublicKeyBytes(stagingKeyBytes);
+      PendingDeposit key = kv.getKey();
+      Iterable<DepositFragment> fragments = kv.getValue();
+      RdeCounter counter = new RdeCounter();
+
+      // Determine some basic things about the deposit.
+      final RdeMode mode = key.mode();
+      final String tld = key.tld();
+      final DateTime watermark = key.watermark();
+      final int revision =
+          Optional.ofNullable(key.revision())
+              .orElseGet(() -> RdeRevision.getNextRevision(tld, watermark, mode));
+      String id = RdeUtil.timestampToId(watermark);
+      String prefix = options.getJobName();
+      String basename = RdeNamingUtils.makeRydeFilename(tld, watermark, mode, 1, revision);
+      if (key.manual()) {
+        checkState(key.directoryWithTrailingSlash() != null, "Manual subdirectory not specified");
+        prefix = prefix + "/manual/" + key.directoryWithTrailingSlash() + basename;
+      } else {
+        prefix = prefix + "/" + basename;
+      }
+      BlobId xmlFilename = BlobId.of(rdeBucket, prefix + ".xml.ghostryde");
+      // This file will contain the byte length (ASCII) of the raw unencrypted XML.
+      //
+      // This is necessary because RdeUploadAction creates a tar file which requires that the length
+      // be outputted. We don't want to have to decrypt the entire ghostryde file to determine the
+      // length, so we just save it separately.
+      BlobId xmlLengthFilename = BlobId.of(rdeBucket, prefix + ".xml.length");
+      BlobId reportFilename = BlobId.of(rdeBucket, prefix + "-report.xml.ghostryde");
+
+      // These variables will be populated as we write the deposit XML and used for other files.
+      boolean failed = false;
+      XjcRdeHeader header;
+
+      // Write a gigantic XML file to GCS. We'll start by opening encrypted out/err file handles.
+
+      logger.atInfo().log("Writing files '%s' and '%s'.", xmlFilename, xmlLengthFilename);
+      try (OutputStream gcsOutput = gcsUtils.openOutputStream(xmlFilename);
+          OutputStream lengthOutput = gcsUtils.openOutputStream(xmlLengthFilename);
+          OutputStream ghostrydeEncoder = Ghostryde.encoder(gcsOutput, stagingKey, lengthOutput);
+          Writer output = new OutputStreamWriter(ghostrydeEncoder, UTF_8)) {
+
+        // Output the top portion of the XML document.
+        output.write(marshaller.makeHeader(id, watermark, RdeResourceType.getUris(mode), revision));
+
+        // Output XML fragments while counting them.
+        for (DepositFragment fragment : fragments) {
+          if (!fragment.xml().isEmpty()) {
+            output.write(fragment.xml());
+            counter.increment(fragment.type());
+          }
+          if (!fragment.error().isEmpty()) {
+            failed = true;
+            logger.atSevere().log("Fragment error: %s", fragment.error());
+          }
+        }
+
+        // Don't write the IDN elements for BRDA.
+        if (mode == RdeMode.FULL) {
+          for (IdnTableEnum idn : IdnTableEnum.values()) {
+            output.write(marshaller.marshalIdn(idn.getTable()));
+            counter.increment(RdeResourceType.IDN);
+          }
+        }
+
+        // Output XML that says how many resources were emitted.
+        header = counter.makeHeader(tld, mode);
+        output.write(marshaller.marshalOrDie(new XjcRdeHeaderElement(header)));
+
+        // Output the bottom of the XML document.
+        output.write(marshaller.makeFooter());
+
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        throw new RuntimeException(e);
+      }
+
+      // If an entity was broken, abort after writing as much logs/deposit data as possible.
+      verify(!failed, "RDE staging failed for TLD %s", tld);
+
+      // Write a tiny XML file to GCS containing some information about the deposit.
+      //
+      // This will be sent to ICANN once we're done uploading the big XML to the escrow provider.
+      if (mode == RdeMode.FULL) {
+        logger.atInfo().log("Writing file '%s'.", reportFilename);
+        try (OutputStream gcsOutput = gcsUtils.openOutputStream(reportFilename);
+            OutputStream ghostrydeEncoder = Ghostryde.encoder(gcsOutput, stagingKey)) {
+          counter.makeReport(id, watermark, header, revision).marshal(ghostrydeEncoder, UTF_8);
+        } catch (IOException | XmlException e) {
+          throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+      }
+      // Now that we're done, output roll the cursor forward.
+      if (key.manual()) {
+        logger.atInfo().log("Manual operation; not advancing cursor or enqueuing upload task.");
+      } else {
+        outputReceiver.output(KV.of(key, revision));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static class CursorUpdater extends DoFn<KV<PendingDeposit, Integer>, PendingDeposit> {
+    private static final FluentLogger logger = FluentLogger.forEnclosingClass();
+
+    @ProcessElement
+    public void processElement(
+        @Element KV<PendingDeposit, Integer> input, OutputReceiver<PendingDeposit> outputReceiver) {
+      tm().transact(
+              () -> {
+                PendingDeposit key = input.getKey();
+                int revision = input.getValue();
+                Registry registry = Registry.get(key.tld());
+                Optional<Cursor> cursor =
+                    transactIfJpaTm(
+                        () ->
+                            tm().loadByKeyIfPresent(
+                                    Cursor.createVKey(key.cursor(), registry.getTldStr())));
+                DateTime position = getCursorTimeOrStartOfTime(cursor);
+                checkState(key.interval() != null, "Interval must be present");
+                DateTime newPosition = key.watermark().plus(key.interval());
+                if (!position.isBefore(newPosition)) {
+                  logger.atWarning().log("Cursor has already been rolled forward.");
+                  return;
+                }
+                verify(
+                    position.equals(key.watermark()),
+                    "Partial ordering of RDE deposits broken: %s %s",
+                    position,
+                    key);
+                tm().put(Cursor.create(key.cursor(), newPosition, registry));
+                logger.atInfo().log(
+                    "Rolled forward %s on %s cursor to %s.", key.cursor(), key.tld(), newPosition);
+                RdeRevision.saveRevision(key.tld(), key.watermark(), key.mode(), revision);
+              });
+      outputReceiver.output(input.getKey());
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static class UploadEnqueuer extends DoFn<PendingDeposit, Void> {
+
+    private final CloudTasksUtils cloudTasksUtils;
+
+    private UploadEnqueuer(CloudTasksUtils cloudTasksUtils) {
+      this.cloudTasksUtils = cloudTasksUtils;
+    }
+
+    @ProcessElement
+    public void processElement(@Element PendingDeposit input, PipelineOptions options) {
+      if (input.mode() == RdeMode.FULL) {
+        cloudTasksUtils.enqueue(
+            RDE_UPLOAD_QUEUE,
+            CloudTasksUtils.createPostTask(
+                RdeUploadAction.PATH,
+                Service.BACKEND.getServiceId(),
+                ImmutableMultimap.of(
+                    RequestParameters.PARAM_TLD,
+                    input.tld(),
+                    RdeModule.PARAM_PREFIX,
+                    options.getJobName() + '/')));
+      } else {
+        cloudTasksUtils.enqueue(
+            BRDA_QUEUE,
+            CloudTasksUtils.createPostTask(
+                BrdaCopyAction.PATH,
+                Service.BACKEND.getServiceId(),
+                ImmutableMultimap.of(
+                    RequestParameters.PARAM_TLD,
+                    input.tld(),
+                    RdeModule.PARAM_WATERMARK,
+                    input.watermark().toString(),
+                    RdeModule.PARAM_PREFIX,
+                    options.getJobName() + '/')));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/rde/RdePipeline.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/rde/RdePipeline.java
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package google.registry.beam.rde;
+
+import static com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet.toImmutableSet;
+import static google.registry.model.EppResourceUtils.loadAtPointInTimeAsync;
+import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.jpaTm;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSetMultimap;
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
+import com.google.common.io.BaseEncoding;
+import dagger.BindsInstance;
+import dagger.Component;
+import google.registry.beam.common.RegistryJpaIO;
+import google.registry.config.CloudTasksUtilsModule;
+import google.registry.config.CredentialModule;
+import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.ConfigModule;
+import google.registry.gcs.GcsUtils;
+import google.registry.model.EppResource;
+import google.registry.model.contact.ContactResource;
+import google.registry.model.domain.DomainBase;
+import google.registry.model.host.HostResource;
+import google.registry.model.rde.RdeMode;
+import google.registry.model.registrar.Registrar;
+import google.registry.model.registrar.Registrar.Type;
+import google.registry.persistence.PersistenceModule.TransactionIsolationLevel;
+import google.registry.persistence.VKey;
+import google.registry.rde.DepositFragment;
+import google.registry.rde.PendingDeposit;
+import google.registry.rde.PendingDeposit.PendingDepositCoder;
+import google.registry.rde.RdeFragmenter;
+import google.registry.rde.RdeMarshaller;
+import google.registry.util.CloudTasksUtils;
+import google.registry.util.UtilsModule;
+import google.registry.xml.ValidationMode;
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
+import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.function.Supplier;
+import javax.inject.Inject;
+import javax.inject.Singleton;
+import javax.persistence.Entity;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.Pipeline;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.PipelineResult;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.coders.KvCoder;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.coders.SerializableCoder;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.options.PipelineOptionsFactory;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.FlatMapElements;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.Flatten;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.GroupByKey;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.KV;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.PCollection;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.PCollectionList;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.TypeDescriptor;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.TypeDescriptors;
+import org.joda.time.DateTime;
+
+/**
+ * Definition of a Dataflow Flex template, which generates RDE/BRDA deposits.
+ *
+ * <p>To stage this template locally, run the {@code stage_beam_pipeline.sh} shell script.
+ *
+ * <p>Then, you can run the staged template via the API client library, gCloud or a raw REST call.
+ *
+ * @see <a href="https://cloud.google.com/dataflow/docs/guides/templates/using-flex-templates">Using
+ *     Flex Templates</a>
+ */
+@Singleton
+public class RdePipeline implements Serializable {
+
+  private final transient RdePipelineOptions options;
+  private final ValidationMode mode;
+  private final ImmutableSetMultimap<String, PendingDeposit> pendings;
+  private final String rdeBucket;
+  private final byte[] stagingKeyBytes;
+  private final GcsUtils gcsUtils;
+  private final CloudTasksUtils cloudTasksUtils;
+
+  // Registrars to be excluded from data escrow. Not including the sandbox-only OTE type so that
+  // if sneaks into production we would get an extra signal.
+  private static final ImmutableSet<Type> IGNORED_REGISTRAR_TYPES =
+      Sets.immutableEnumSet(Registrar.Type.MONITORING, Registrar.Type.TEST);
+
+  private static final String EPP_RESOURCE_QUERY =
+      "SELECT id FROM %entity% "
+          + "WHERE COALESCE(creationClientId, '') NOT LIKE 'prober-%' "
+          + "AND COALESCE(currentSponsorClientId, '') NOT LIKE 'prober-%' "
+          + "AND COALESCE(lastEppUpdateClientId, '') NOT LIKE 'prober-%'";
+
+  public static String createEppResourceQuery(Class<? extends EppResource> clazz) {
+    return EPP_RESOURCE_QUERY.replace("%entity%", clazz.getAnnotation(Entity.class).name())
+        + (clazz.equals(DomainBase.class) ? " AND tld in (:tlds)" : "");
+  }
+
+  @Inject
+  RdePipeline(RdePipelineOptions options, GcsUtils gcsUtils, CloudTasksUtils cloudTasksUtils) {
+    this.options = options;
+    this.mode = ValidationMode.valueOf(options.getValidationMode());
+    this.pendings = decodePendings(options.getPendings());
+    this.rdeBucket = options.getRdeStagingBucket();
+    this.stagingKeyBytes = BaseEncoding.base64Url().decode(options.getStagingKey());
+    this.gcsUtils = gcsUtils;
+    this.cloudTasksUtils = cloudTasksUtils;
+  }
+
+  PipelineResult run() {
+    Pipeline pipeline = Pipeline.create(options);
+    PCollection<KV<PendingDeposit, Iterable<DepositFragment>>> fragments =
+        createFragments(pipeline);
+    persistData(fragments);
+    return pipeline.run();
+  }
+
+  PCollection<KV<PendingDeposit, Iterable<DepositFragment>>> createFragments(Pipeline pipeline) {
+    return PCollectionList.of(processRegistrars(pipeline))
+        .and(processNonRegistrarEntities(pipeline, DomainBase.class))
+        .and(processNonRegistrarEntities(pipeline, ContactResource.class))
+        .and(processNonRegistrarEntities(pipeline, HostResource.class))
+        .apply(Flatten.pCollections())
+        .setCoder(KvCoder.of(PendingDepositCoder.of(), SerializableCoder.of(DepositFragment.class)))
+        .apply("Group by PendingDeposit", GroupByKey.create());
+  }
+
+  void persistData(PCollection<KV<PendingDeposit, Iterable<DepositFragment>>> input) {
+    input.apply(
+        "Write to GCS, update cursors, and enqueue upload tasks",
+        RdeIO.Write.builder()
+            .setRdeBucket(rdeBucket)
+            .setGcsUtils(gcsUtils)
+            .setCloudTasksUtils(cloudTasksUtils)
+            .setValidationMode(mode)
+            .setStagingKeyBytes(stagingKeyBytes)
+            .build());
+  }
+
+  PCollection<KV<PendingDeposit, DepositFragment>> processRegistrars(Pipeline pipeline) {
+    return pipeline
+        .apply(
+            "Read all production Registrar entities",
+            RegistryJpaIO.read(
+                "SELECT clientIdentifier FROM Registrar WHERE type NOT IN (:types)",
+                ImmutableMap.of("types", IGNORED_REGISTRAR_TYPES),
+                String.class,
+                // TODO: consider adding coders for entities and pass them directly instead of using
+                // VKeys.
+                id -> VKey.createSql(Registrar.class, id)))
+        .apply(
+            "Marshal Registrar into DepositFragment",
+            FlatMapElements.into(
+                    TypeDescriptors.kvs(
+                        TypeDescriptor.of(PendingDeposit.class),
+                        TypeDescriptor.of(DepositFragment.class)))
+                .via(
+                    (VKey<Registrar> key) -> {
+                      Registrar registrar = jpaTm().transact(() -> jpaTm().loadByKey(key));
+                      DepositFragment fragment =
+                          new RdeMarshaller(mode).marshalRegistrar(registrar);
+                      return pendings.values().stream()
+                          .map(pending -> KV.of(pending, fragment))
+                          .collect(toImmutableSet());
+                    }));
+  }
+
+  <T extends EppResource>
+      PCollection<KV<PendingDeposit, DepositFragment>> processNonRegistrarEntities(
+          Pipeline pipeline, Class<T> clazz) {
+    return createInputs(pipeline, clazz)
+        .apply("Marshal " + clazz.getSimpleName() + " into DepositFragment", mapToFragments(clazz))
+        .setCoder(
+            KvCoder.of(PendingDepositCoder.of(), SerializableCoder.of(DepositFragment.class)));
+  }
+
+  <T extends EppResource> PCollection<VKey<T>> createInputs(Pipeline pipeline, Class<T> clazz) {
+    return pipeline.apply(
+        "Read all production " + clazz.getSimpleName() + " entities",
+        RegistryJpaIO.read(
+            createEppResourceQuery(clazz),
+            clazz.equals(DomainBase.class)
+                ? ImmutableMap.of("tlds", pendings.keySet())
+                : ImmutableMap.of(),
+            String.class,
+            // TODO: consider adding coders for entities and pass them directly instead of using
+            // VKeys.
+            x -> VKey.createSql(clazz, x)));
+  }
+
+  <T extends EppResource>
+      FlatMapElements<VKey<T>, KV<PendingDeposit, DepositFragment>> mapToFragments(Class<T> clazz) {
+    return FlatMapElements.into(
+            TypeDescriptors.kvs(
+                TypeDescriptor.of(PendingDeposit.class), TypeDescriptor.of(DepositFragment.class)))
+        .via(
+            (VKey<T> key) -> {
+              T resource = jpaTm().transact(() -> jpaTm().loadByKey(key));
+              // The set of all TLDs to which this resource should be emitted.
+              ImmutableSet<String> tlds =
+                  clazz.equals(DomainBase.class)
+                      ? ImmutableSet.of(((DomainBase) resource).getTld())
+                      : pendings.keySet();
+              // Get the set of all point-in-time watermarks we need, to minimize rewinding.
+              ImmutableSet<DateTime> dates =
+                  tlds.stream()
+                      .map(pendings::get)
+                      .flatMap(ImmutableSet::stream)
+                      .map(PendingDeposit::watermark)
+                      .collect(toImmutableSet());
+              // Launch asynchronous fetches of point-in-time representations of resource.
+              ImmutableMap<DateTime, Supplier<EppResource>> resourceAtTimes =
+                  ImmutableMap.copyOf(
+                      Maps.asMap(dates, input -> loadAtPointInTimeAsync(resource, input)));
+              // Convert resource to an XML fragment for each watermark/mode pair lazily and cache
+              // the result.
+              RdeFragmenter fragmenter =
+                  new RdeFragmenter(resourceAtTimes, new RdeMarshaller(mode));
+              List<KV<PendingDeposit, DepositFragment>> results = new ArrayList<>();
+              for (String tld : tlds) {
+                for (PendingDeposit pending : pendings.get(tld)) {
+                  // Hosts and contacts don't get included in BRDA deposits.
+                  if (pending.mode() == RdeMode.THIN && !clazz.equals(DomainBase.class)) {
+                    continue;
+                  }
+                  Optional<DepositFragment> fragment =
+                      fragmenter.marshal(pending.watermark(), pending.mode());
+                  fragment.ifPresent(
+                      depositFragment -> results.add(KV.of(pending, depositFragment)));
+                }
+              }
+              return results;
+            });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Decodes the pipeline option extracted from the URL parameter sent by the pipeline launcher to
+   * the original TLD to pending deposit map.
+   */
+  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+  static ImmutableSetMultimap<String, PendingDeposit> decodePendings(String encodedPending) {
+    try (ObjectInputStream ois =
+        new ObjectInputStream(
+            new ByteArrayInputStream(
+                BaseEncoding.base64Url().omitPadding().decode(encodedPending)))) {
+      return (ImmutableSetMultimap<String, PendingDeposit>) ois.readObject();
+    } catch (IOException | ClassNotFoundException e) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to parse encoded pending deposit map.", e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Encodes the TLD to pending deposit map in an URL safe string that is sent to the pipeline
+   * worker by the pipeline launcher as a pipeline option.
+   */
+  public static String encodePendings(ImmutableSetMultimap<String, PendingDeposit> pendings)
+      throws IOException {
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(baos);
+      oos.writeObject(pendings);
+      oos.flush();
+      return BaseEncoding.base64Url().omitPadding().encode(baos.toByteArray());
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+    PipelineOptionsFactory.register(RdePipelineOptions.class);
+    RdePipelineOptions options =
+        PipelineOptionsFactory.fromArgs(args).withValidation().as(RdePipelineOptions.class);
+    // RegistryPipelineWorkerInitializer only initializes before pipeline executions, after the
+    // main() function constructed the graph. We need the registry environment set up so that we
+    // can create a CloudTasksUtils which uses the environment-dependent config file.
+    options.getRegistryEnvironment().setup();
+    options.setIsolationOverride(TransactionIsolationLevel.TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED);
+    DaggerRdePipeline_RdePipelineComponent.builder().options(options).build().rdePipeline().run();
+  }
+
+  @Singleton
+  @Component(
+      modules = {
+        CredentialModule.class,
+        ConfigModule.class,
+        CloudTasksUtilsModule.class,
+        UtilsModule.class
+      })
+  interface RdePipelineComponent {
+    RdePipeline rdePipeline();
+
+    @Component.Builder
+    interface Builder {
+      @BindsInstance
+      Builder options(RdePipelineOptions options);
+
+      RdePipelineComponent build();
+    }
+  }
+}
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/rde/RdePipelineOptions.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/rde/RdePipelineOptions.java
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package google.registry.beam.rde;
+
+import google.registry.beam.common.RegistryPipelineOptions;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.options.Description;
+
+/** Custom options for running the spec11 pipeline. */
+public interface RdePipelineOptions extends RegistryPipelineOptions {
+
+  @Description("The Base64-encoded serialized map of TLDs to PendingDeposit.")
+  String getPendings();
+
+  void setPendings(String value);
+
+  @Description("The validation mode (LENIENT|STRICT) that the RDE marshaller uses.")
+  String getValidationMode();
+
+  void setValidationMode(String value);
+
+  @Description("The GCS bucket where the encrypted RDE deposits will be uploaded to.")
+  String getRdeStagingBucket();
+
+  void setRdeStagingBucket(String value);
+
+  @Description("The Base64-encoded PGP public key to encrypt the deposits.")
+  String getStagingKey();
+
+  void setStagingKey(String value);
+}
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/spec11/DomainNameInfo.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/spec11/DomainNameInfo.java
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ import org.apache.avro.generic.GenericRecord;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.io.gcp.bigquery.SchemaAndRecord;

 /**
- * A POJO representing a single subdomain, parsed from a {@code SchemaAndRecord}.
+ * A POJO representing a domain name and associated info, parsed from a {@code SchemaAndRecord}.
 *
 * <p>This is a trivially serializable class that allows Beam to transform the results of a Bigquery
 * query into a standard Java representation, giving us the type guarantees and ease of manipulation
@@ -33,28 +33,31 @@ import org.apache.beam.sdk.io.gcp.bigquery.SchemaAndRecord;
 * function.
 */
@AutoValue
-public abstract class Subdomain implements Serializable {
+public abstract class DomainNameInfo implements Serializable {

  private static final ImmutableList<String> FIELD_NAMES =
      ImmutableList.of("domainName", "domainRepoId", "registrarId", "registrarEmailAddress");

  /** Returns the fully qualified domain name. */
  abstract String domainName();
+
  /** Returns the domain repo ID (the primary key of the domain table). */
  abstract String domainRepoId();
+
  /** Returns the registrar ID of the associated registrar for this domain. */
  abstract String registrarId();
+
  /** Returns the email address of the registrar associated with this domain. */
  abstract String registrarEmailAddress();

  /**
-   * Constructs a {@link Subdomain} from an Apache Avro {@code SchemaAndRecord}.
+   * Constructs a {@link DomainNameInfo} from an Apache Avro {@code SchemaAndRecord}.
   *
   * @see <a
   *     href=http://avro.apache.org/docs/1.7.7/api/java/org/apache/avro/generic/GenericData.Record.html>
   *     Apache AVRO GenericRecord</a>
   */
-  static Subdomain parseFromRecord(SchemaAndRecord schemaAndRecord) {
+  static DomainNameInfo parseFromRecord(SchemaAndRecord schemaAndRecord) {
    checkFieldsNotNull(FIELD_NAMES, schemaAndRecord);
    GenericRecord record = schemaAndRecord.getRecord();
    return create(
@@ -65,18 +68,15 @@ public abstract class Subdomain implements Serializable {
  }

  /**
-   * Creates a concrete {@link Subdomain}.
+   * Creates a concrete {@link DomainNameInfo}.
   *
-   * <p>This should only be used outside this class for testing- instances of {@link Subdomain}
+   * <p>This should only be used outside this class for testing- instances of {@link DomainNameInfo}
   * should otherwise come from {@link #parseFromRecord}.
   */
  @VisibleForTesting
-  static Subdomain create(
-      String domainName,
-      String domainRepoId,
-      String registrarId,
-      String registrarEmailAddress) {
-    return new AutoValue_Subdomain(
+  static DomainNameInfo create(
+      String domainName, String domainRepoId, String registrarId, String registrarEmailAddress) {
+    return new AutoValue_DomainNameInfo(
        domainName, domainRepoId, registrarId, registrarEmailAddress);
  }
 }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/spec11/SafeBrowsingTransforms.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/spec11/SafeBrowsingTransforms.java
@@ -55,13 +55,14 @@ public class SafeBrowsingTransforms {
      "https://safebrowsing.googleapis.com/v4/threatMatches:find";

  /**
-   * {@link DoFn} mapping a {@link Subdomain} to its evaluation report from SafeBrowsing.
+   * {@link DoFn} mapping a {@link DomainNameInfo} to its evaluation report from SafeBrowsing.
   *
   * <p>Refer to the Lookup API documentation for the request/response format and other details.
   *
   * @see <a href=https://developers.google.com/safe-browsing/v4/lookup-api>Lookup API</a>
   */
-  static class EvaluateSafeBrowsingFn extends DoFn<Subdomain, KV<Subdomain, ThreatMatch>> {
+  static class EvaluateSafeBrowsingFn
+      extends DoFn<DomainNameInfo, KV<DomainNameInfo, ThreatMatch>> {

    /**
     * Max number of urls we can check in a single query.
@@ -74,10 +75,11 @@ public class SafeBrowsingTransforms {
    private final String apiKey;

    /**
-     * Maps a subdomain's {@code fullyQualifiedDomainName} to its corresponding {@link Subdomain} to
-     * facilitate batching SafeBrowsing API requests.
+     * Maps a domain name's {@code fullyQualifiedDomainName} to its corresponding {@link
+     * DomainNameInfo} to facilitate batching SafeBrowsing API requests.
     */
-    private final Map<String, Subdomain> subdomainBuffer = new LinkedHashMap<>(BATCH_SIZE);
+    private final Map<String, DomainNameInfo> domainNameInfoBuffer =
+        new LinkedHashMap<>(BATCH_SIZE);

    /**
     * Provides the HTTP client we use to interact with the SafeBrowsing API.
@@ -119,37 +121,38 @@ public class SafeBrowsingTransforms {
      closeableHttpClientSupplier = clientSupplier;
    }

-    /** Evaluates any buffered {@link Subdomain} objects upon completing the bundle. */
+    /** Evaluates any buffered {@link DomainNameInfo} objects upon completing the bundle. */
    @FinishBundle
    public void finishBundle(FinishBundleContext context) {
-      if (!subdomainBuffer.isEmpty()) {
-        ImmutableSet<KV<Subdomain, ThreatMatch>> results = evaluateAndFlush();
+      if (!domainNameInfoBuffer.isEmpty()) {
+        ImmutableSet<KV<DomainNameInfo, ThreatMatch>> results = evaluateAndFlush();
        results.forEach((kv) -> context.output(kv, Instant.now(), GlobalWindow.INSTANCE));
      }
    }

    /**
-     * Buffers {@link Subdomain} objects until we reach the batch size, then bulk-evaluate the URLs
-     * with the SafeBrowsing API.
+     * Buffers {@link DomainNameInfo} objects until we reach the batch size, then bulk-evaluate the
+     * URLs with the SafeBrowsing API.
     */
    @ProcessElement
    public void processElement(ProcessContext context) {
-      Subdomain subdomain = context.element();
-      subdomainBuffer.put(subdomain.domainName(), subdomain);
-      if (subdomainBuffer.size() >= BATCH_SIZE) {
-        ImmutableSet<KV<Subdomain, ThreatMatch>> results = evaluateAndFlush();
+      DomainNameInfo domainNameInfo = context.element();
+      domainNameInfoBuffer.put(domainNameInfo.domainName(), domainNameInfo);
+      if (domainNameInfoBuffer.size() >= BATCH_SIZE) {
+        ImmutableSet<KV<DomainNameInfo, ThreatMatch>> results = evaluateAndFlush();
        results.forEach(context::output);
      }
    }

    /**
-     * Evaluates all {@link Subdomain} objects in the buffer and returns a list of key-value pairs
-     * from {@link Subdomain} to its SafeBrowsing report.
+     * Evaluates all {@link DomainNameInfo} objects in the buffer and returns a list of key-value
+     * pairs from {@link DomainNameInfo} to its SafeBrowsing report.
     *
-     * <p>If a {@link Subdomain} is safe according to the API, it will not emit a report.
+     * <p>If a {@link DomainNameInfo} is safe according to the API, it will not emit a report.
     */
-    private ImmutableSet<KV<Subdomain, ThreatMatch>> evaluateAndFlush() {
-      ImmutableSet.Builder<KV<Subdomain, ThreatMatch>> resultBuilder = new ImmutableSet.Builder<>();
+    private ImmutableSet<KV<DomainNameInfo, ThreatMatch>> evaluateAndFlush() {
+      ImmutableSet.Builder<KV<DomainNameInfo, ThreatMatch>> resultBuilder =
+          new ImmutableSet.Builder<>();
      try {
        URIBuilder uriBuilder = new URIBuilder(SAFE_BROWSING_URL);
        // Add the API key param
@@ -174,7 +177,7 @@ public class SafeBrowsingTransforms {
        throw new RuntimeException("Caught parsing exception, failing pipeline.", e);
      } finally {
        // Flush the buffer
-        subdomainBuffer.clear();
+        domainNameInfoBuffer.clear();
      }
      return resultBuilder.build();
    }
@@ -183,7 +186,7 @@ public class SafeBrowsingTransforms {
    private JSONObject createRequestBody() throws JSONException {
      // Accumulate all domain names to evaluate.
      JSONArray threatArray = new JSONArray();
-      for (String fullyQualifiedDomainName : subdomainBuffer.keySet()) {
+      for (String fullyQualifiedDomainName : domainNameInfoBuffer.keySet()) {
        threatArray.put(new JSONObject().put("url", fullyQualifiedDomainName));
      }
      // Construct the JSON request body
@@ -211,11 +214,11 @@ public class SafeBrowsingTransforms {
     */
    private void processResponse(
        CloseableHttpResponse response,
-        ImmutableSet.Builder<KV<Subdomain, ThreatMatch>> resultBuilder)
+        ImmutableSet.Builder<KV<DomainNameInfo, ThreatMatch>> resultBuilder)
        throws JSONException, IOException {
      int statusCode = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();
      if (statusCode != SC_OK) {
-        logger.atWarning().log("Got unexpected status code %s from response", statusCode);
+        logger.atWarning().log("Got unexpected status code %s from response.", statusCode);
      } else {
        // Unpack the response body
        JSONObject responseBody =
@@ -224,18 +227,19 @@ public class SafeBrowsingTransforms {
                    new InputStreamReader(response.getEntity().getContent(), UTF_8)));
        logger.atInfo().log("Got response: %s", responseBody.toString());
        if (responseBody.length() == 0) {
-          logger.atInfo().log("Response was empty, no threats detected");
+          logger.atInfo().log("Response was empty, no threats detected.");
        } else {
-          // Emit all Subdomains with their API results.
+          // Emit all DomainNameInfos with their API results.
          JSONArray threatMatches = responseBody.getJSONArray("matches");
          for (int i = 0; i < threatMatches.length(); i++) {
            JSONObject match = threatMatches.getJSONObject(i);
            String url = match.getJSONObject("threat").getString("url");
-            Subdomain subdomain = subdomainBuffer.get(url);
+            DomainNameInfo domainNameInfo = domainNameInfoBuffer.get(url);
            resultBuilder.add(
                KV.of(
-                    subdomain,
-                    ThreatMatch.create(match.getString("threatType"), subdomain.domainName())));
+                    domainNameInfo,
+                    ThreatMatch.create(
+                        match.getString("threatType"), domainNameInfo.domainName())));
          }
        }
      }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/spec11/Spec11Pipeline.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/spec11/Spec11Pipeline.java
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ package google.registry.beam.spec11;

 import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
 import static google.registry.beam.BeamUtils.getQueryFromFile;
+import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.jpaTm;

 import com.google.auto.value.AutoValue;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
@@ -29,6 +30,8 @@ import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.ConfigModule;
 import google.registry.model.domain.DomainBase;
 import google.registry.model.reporting.Spec11ThreatMatch;
 import google.registry.model.reporting.Spec11ThreatMatch.ThreatType;
+import google.registry.persistence.PersistenceModule.TransactionIsolationLevel;
+import google.registry.persistence.VKey;
 import google.registry.util.Retrier;
 import google.registry.util.SqlTemplate;
 import google.registry.util.UtilsModule;
@@ -40,6 +43,7 @@ import org.apache.beam.sdk.coders.SerializableCoder;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.io.TextIO;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.io.gcp.bigquery.BigQueryIO;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.options.PipelineOptionsFactory;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.DoFn;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.GroupByKey;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.MapElements;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.ParDo;
@@ -98,86 +102,107 @@ public class Spec11Pipeline implements Serializable {
  }

  void setupPipeline(Pipeline pipeline) {
-    PCollection<Subdomain> domains =
+    options.setIsolationOverride(TransactionIsolationLevel.TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED);
+    PCollection<DomainNameInfo> domains =
        options.getDatabase().equals("DATASTORE")
            ? readFromBigQuery(options, pipeline)
            : readFromCloudSql(pipeline);

-    PCollection<KV<Subdomain, ThreatMatch>> threatMatches =
+    PCollection<KV<DomainNameInfo, ThreatMatch>> threatMatches =
        domains.apply("Run through SafeBrowsing API", ParDo.of(safeBrowsingFn));

    saveToSql(threatMatches, options);
    saveToGcs(threatMatches, options);
  }

-  static PCollection<Subdomain> readFromCloudSql(Pipeline pipeline) {
-    Read<Object[], Subdomain> read =
+  static PCollection<DomainNameInfo> readFromCloudSql(Pipeline pipeline) {
+    Read<Object[], KV<String, String>> read =
        RegistryJpaIO.read(
-            "select d, r.emailAddress from Domain d join Registrar r on"
-                + " d.currentSponsorClientId = r.clientIdentifier where r.type = 'REAL'"
-                + " and d.deletionTime > now()",
+            "select d.repoId, r.emailAddress from Domain d join Registrar r on"
+                + " d.currentSponsorClientId = r.clientIdentifier where r.type = 'REAL' and"
+                + " d.deletionTime > now()",
            false,
            Spec11Pipeline::parseRow);

-    return pipeline.apply("Read active domains from Cloud SQL", read);
+    return pipeline
+        .apply("Read active domains from Cloud SQL", read)
+        .apply(
+            "Build DomainNameInfo",
+            ParDo.of(
+                new DoFn<KV<String, String>, DomainNameInfo>() {
+                  @ProcessElement
+                  public void processElement(
+                      @Element KV<String, String> input, OutputReceiver<DomainNameInfo> output) {
+                    DomainBase domainBase =
+                        jpaTm()
+                            .transact(
+                                () ->
+                                    jpaTm()
+                                        .loadByKey(
+                                            VKey.createSql(DomainBase.class, input.getKey())));
+                    String emailAddress = input.getValue();
+                    if (emailAddress == null) {
+                      emailAddress = "";
+                    }
+                    DomainNameInfo domainNameInfo =
+                        DomainNameInfo.create(
+                            domainBase.getDomainName(),
+                            domainBase.getRepoId(),
+                            domainBase.getCurrentSponsorRegistrarId(),
+                            emailAddress);
+                    output.output(domainNameInfo);
+                  }
+                }));
  }

-  static PCollection<Subdomain> readFromBigQuery(Spec11PipelineOptions options, Pipeline pipeline) {
+  static PCollection<DomainNameInfo> readFromBigQuery(
+      Spec11PipelineOptions options, Pipeline pipeline) {
    return pipeline.apply(
        "Read active domains from BigQuery",
-        BigQueryIO.read(Subdomain::parseFromRecord)
+        BigQueryIO.read(DomainNameInfo::parseFromRecord)
            .fromQuery(
-                SqlTemplate.create(getQueryFromFile(Spec11Pipeline.class, "subdomains.sql"))
+                SqlTemplate.create(getQueryFromFile(Spec11Pipeline.class, "domain_name_infos.sql"))
                    .put("PROJECT_ID", options.getProject())
                    .put("DATASTORE_EXPORT_DATASET", "latest_datastore_export")
                    .put("REGISTRAR_TABLE", "Registrar")
                    .put("DOMAIN_BASE_TABLE", "DomainBase")
                    .build())
-            .withCoder(SerializableCoder.of(Subdomain.class))
+            .withCoder(SerializableCoder.of(DomainNameInfo.class))
            .usingStandardSql()
            .withoutValidation()
            .withTemplateCompatibility());
  }

-  private static Subdomain parseRow(Object[] row) {
-    DomainBase domainBase = (DomainBase) row[0];
-    String emailAddress = (String) row[1];
-    if (emailAddress == null) {
-      emailAddress = "";
-    }
-    return Subdomain.create(
-        domainBase.getDomainName(),
-        domainBase.getRepoId(),
-        domainBase.getCurrentSponsorClientId(),
-        emailAddress);
+  private static KV<String, String> parseRow(Object[] row) {
+    return KV.of((String) row[0], (String) row[1]);
  }

  static void saveToSql(
-      PCollection<KV<Subdomain, ThreatMatch>> threatMatches, Spec11PipelineOptions options) {
+      PCollection<KV<DomainNameInfo, ThreatMatch>> threatMatches, Spec11PipelineOptions options) {
    String transformId = "Spec11 Threat Matches";
    LocalDate date = LocalDate.parse(options.getDate(), ISODateTimeFormat.date());
    threatMatches.apply(
        "Write to Sql: " + transformId,
-        RegistryJpaIO.<KV<Subdomain, ThreatMatch>>write()
+        RegistryJpaIO.<KV<DomainNameInfo, ThreatMatch>>write()
            .withName(transformId)
            .withBatchSize(options.getSqlWriteBatchSize())
            .withShards(options.getSqlWriteShards())
            .withJpaConverter(
                (kv) -> {
-                  Subdomain subdomain = kv.getKey();
+                  DomainNameInfo domainNameInfo = kv.getKey();
                  return new Spec11ThreatMatch.Builder()
                      .setThreatTypes(
                          ImmutableSet.of(ThreatType.valueOf(kv.getValue().threatType())))
                      .setCheckDate(date)
-                      .setDomainName(subdomain.domainName())
-                      .setDomainRepoId(subdomain.domainRepoId())
-                      .setRegistrarId(subdomain.registrarId())
+                      .setDomainName(domainNameInfo.domainName())
+                      .setDomainRepoId(domainNameInfo.domainRepoId())
+                      .setRegistrarId(domainNameInfo.registrarId())
                      .build();
                }));
  }

  static void saveToGcs(
-      PCollection<KV<Subdomain, ThreatMatch>> threatMatches, Spec11PipelineOptions options) {
+      PCollection<KV<DomainNameInfo, ThreatMatch>> threatMatches, Spec11PipelineOptions options) {
    threatMatches
        .apply(
            "Map registrar ID to email/ThreatMatch pair",
@@ -185,7 +210,7 @@ public class Spec11Pipeline implements Serializable {
                    TypeDescriptors.kvs(
                        TypeDescriptors.strings(), TypeDescriptor.of(EmailAndThreatMatch.class)))
                .via(
-                    (KV<Subdomain, ThreatMatch> kv) ->
+                    (KV<DomainNameInfo, ThreatMatch> kv) ->
                        KV.of(
                            kv.getKey().registrarId(),
                            EmailAndThreatMatch.create(
@@ -196,15 +221,15 @@ public class Spec11Pipeline implements Serializable {
            MapElements.into(TypeDescriptors.strings())
                .via(
                    (KV<String, Iterable<EmailAndThreatMatch>> kv) -> {
-                      String clientId = kv.getKey();
+                      String registrarId = kv.getKey();
                      checkArgument(
                          kv.getValue().iterator().hasNext(),
                          String.format(
-                              "Registrar with ID %s had no corresponding threats", clientId));
+                              "Registrar with ID %s had no corresponding threats", registrarId));
                      String email = kv.getValue().iterator().next().email();
                      JSONObject output = new JSONObject();
                      try {
-                        output.put(REGISTRAR_CLIENT_ID_FIELD, clientId);
+                        output.put(REGISTRAR_CLIENT_ID_FIELD, registrarId);
                        output.put(REGISTRAR_EMAIL_FIELD, email);
                        JSONArray threatMatchArray = new JSONArray();
                        for (EmailAndThreatMatch emailAndThreatMatch : kv.getValue()) {
@@ -228,7 +253,7 @@ public class Spec11Pipeline implements Serializable {
                        options.getReportingBucketUrl(),
                        getSpec11ReportFilePath(LocalDate.parse(options.getDate()))))
                .withoutSharding()
-                .withHeader("Map from registrar email / name to detected subdomain threats:"));
+                .withHeader("Map from registrar email / name to detected domain name threats:"));
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/bigquery/BigqueryConnection.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/bigquery/BigqueryConnection.java
@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ public class BigqueryConnection implements AutoCloseable {
  private static String summarizeCompletedJob(Job job) {
    JobStatistics stats = job.getStatistics();
    return String.format(
-        "Job took %,.3f seconds after a %,.3f second delay and processed %,d bytes (%s)",
+        "Job took %,.3f seconds after a %,.3f second delay and processed %,d bytes (%s).",
        (stats.getEndTime() - stats.getStartTime()) / 1000.0,
        (stats.getStartTime() - stats.getCreationTime()) / 1000.0,
        stats.getTotalBytesProcessed(),
@@ -706,17 +706,17 @@ public class BigqueryConnection implements AutoCloseable {
  }

  /**
-   * Helper that creates a dataset with this name if it doesn't already exist, and returns true
-   * if creation took place.
+   * Helper that creates a dataset with this name if it doesn't already exist, and returns true if
+   * creation took place.
   */
-  public boolean createDatasetIfNeeded(String datasetName) throws IOException {
+  private boolean createDatasetIfNeeded(String datasetName) throws IOException {
    if (!checkDatasetExists(datasetName)) {
      bigquery.datasets()
          .insert(getProjectId(), new Dataset().setDatasetReference(new DatasetReference()
              .setProjectId(getProjectId())
              .setDatasetId(datasetName)))
          .execute();
-      logger.atInfo().log("Created dataset: %s:%s\n", getProjectId(), datasetName);
+      logger.atInfo().log("Created dataset: %s: %s.", getProjectId(), datasetName);
      return true;
    }
    return false;
@@ -732,9 +732,8 @@ public class BigqueryConnection implements AutoCloseable {
                  .setDefaultDataset(getDataset())
                  .setDestinationTable(table))));
    } catch (BigqueryJobFailureException e) {
-      if (e.getReason().equals("duplicate")) {
-        // Table already exists.
-      } else {
+      if (!e.getReason().equals("duplicate")) {
+        // Throw if it failed for any reason other than table already existing.
        throw e;
      }
    }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/bigquery/CheckedBigquery.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/bigquery/CheckedBigquery.java
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ public class CheckedBigquery {
          .setTableReference(table))
          .execute();
      logger.atInfo().log(
-          "Created BigQuery table %s:%s.%s",
+          "Created BigQuery table %s:%s.%s.",
          table.getProjectId(), table.getDatasetId(), table.getTableId());
    } catch (IOException e) {
      // Swallow errors about a table that exists, and throw any other ones.
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/config/CloudTasksUtilsModule.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/config/CloudTasksUtilsModule.java
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package google.registry.config;
+
+import com.google.api.gax.core.FixedCredentialsProvider;
+import com.google.cloud.tasks.v2.CloudTasksClient;
+import com.google.cloud.tasks.v2.CloudTasksSettings;
+import dagger.Module;
+import dagger.Provides;
+import google.registry.config.CredentialModule.DefaultCredential;
+import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
+import google.registry.util.CloudTasksUtils;
+import google.registry.util.CloudTasksUtils.GcpCloudTasksClient;
+import google.registry.util.CloudTasksUtils.SerializableCloudTasksClient;
+import google.registry.util.GoogleCredentialsBundle;
+import google.registry.util.Retrier;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.util.function.Supplier;
+import javax.inject.Singleton;
+
+/**
+ * A {@link Module} that provides {@link CloudTasksUtils}.
+ *
+ * <p>The class itself cannot be annotated as {@code Inject} because its requested dependencies use
+ * the {@link Config} qualifier which is not available in the {@code util} package.
+ */
+@Module
+public abstract class CloudTasksUtilsModule {
+
+  @Singleton
+  @Provides
+  public static CloudTasksUtils provideCloudTasksUtils(
+      @Config("projectId") String projectId,
+      @Config("locationId") String locationId,
+      SerializableCloudTasksClient client,
+      Retrier retrier) {
+    return new CloudTasksUtils(retrier, projectId, locationId, client);
+  }
+
+  // Provides a supplier instead of using a Dagger @Provider because the latter is not serializable.
+  @Provides
+  public static Supplier<CloudTasksClient> provideCloudTasksClientSupplier(
+      @DefaultCredential GoogleCredentialsBundle credentials) {
+    return (Supplier<CloudTasksClient> & Serializable)
+        () -> {
+          CloudTasksClient client;
+          try {
+            client =
+                CloudTasksClient.create(
+                    CloudTasksSettings.newBuilder()
+                        .setCredentialsProvider(
+                            FixedCredentialsProvider.create(credentials.getGoogleCredentials()))
+                        .build());
+          } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+          }
+          return client;
+        };
+  }
+
+  @Provides
+  public static SerializableCloudTasksClient provideSerializableCloudTasksClient(
+      final Supplier<CloudTasksClient> clientSupplier) {
+    return new GcpCloudTasksClient(clientSupplier);
+  }
+}
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/config/RegistryConfig.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/config/RegistryConfig.java
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ import org.joda.time.Duration;
 * <p>This class does not represent the total configuration of the Nomulus service. It's <b>only
 * meant for settings that need to be configured <i>once</i></b>. Settings which may be subject to
 * change in the future, should instead be retrieved from Datastore. The {@link
- * google.registry.model.registry.Registry Registry} class is one such example of this.
+ * google.registry.model.tld.Registry Registry} class is one such example of this.
 *
 * <p>Note: Only settings that are actually configurable belong in this file. It's not a catch-all
 * for anything widely used throughout the code base.
@@ -105,6 +105,12 @@ public final class RegistryConfig {
      return config.appEngine.projectId;
    }

+    @Provides
+    @Config("locationId")
+    public static String provideLocationId(RegistryConfigSettings config) {
+      return config.appEngine.locationId;
+    }
+
    /**
     * The filename of the logo to be displayed in the header of the registrar console.
     *
@@ -416,17 +422,6 @@ public final class RegistryConfig {
      return Optional.ofNullable(config.cloudDns.servicePath);
    }

-    /**
-     * Returns size of Google Cloud Storage client connection buffer in bytes.
-     *
-     * @see google.registry.gcs.GcsUtils
-     */
-    @Provides
-    @Config("gcsBufferSize")
-    public static int provideGcsBufferSize() {
-      return 1024 * 1024;
-    }
-
    /**
     * Returns the email address of the admin account on the G Suite app used to perform
     * administrative actions.
@@ -1143,8 +1138,8 @@ public final class RegistryConfig {
    }

    /**
-     * Returns the clientId of the registrar that admins are automatically logged in as if they
-     * aren't otherwise associated with one.
+     * Returns the ID of the registrar that admins are automatically logged in as if they aren't
+     * otherwise associated with one.
     */
    @Provides
    @Config("registryAdminClientId")
@@ -1278,21 +1273,51 @@ public final class RegistryConfig {

    @Provides
    @Config("expirationWarningDays")
-    public static int provideDaysToExpiration(RegistryConfigSettings config) {
+    public static int provideExpirationWarningDays(RegistryConfigSettings config) {
      return config.sslCertificateValidation.expirationWarningDays;
    }

+    @Provides
+    @Config("expirationWarningIntervalDays")
+    public static int provideExpirationWarningIntervalDays(RegistryConfigSettings config) {
+      return config.sslCertificateValidation.expirationWarningIntervalDays;
+    }
+
    @Provides
    @Config("minimumRsaKeyLength")
    public static int provideMinimumRsaKeyLength(RegistryConfigSettings config) {
      return config.sslCertificateValidation.minimumRsaKeyLength;
    }

+    @Provides
+    @Config("expirationWarningEmailBodyText")
+    public static String provideExpirationWarningEmailBodyText(RegistryConfigSettings config) {
+      return config.sslCertificateValidation.expirationWarningEmailBodyText;
+    }
+
+    @Provides
+    @Config("expirationWarningEmailSubjectText")
+    public static String provideExpirationWarningEmailSubjectText(RegistryConfigSettings config) {
+      return config.sslCertificateValidation.expirationWarningEmailSubjectText;
+    }
+
    @Provides
    @Config("allowedEcdsaCurves")
    public static ImmutableSet<String> provideAllowedEcdsaCurves(RegistryConfigSettings config) {
      return ImmutableSet.copyOf(config.sslCertificateValidation.allowedEcdsaCurves);
    }
+
+    @Provides
+    @Config("minMonthsBeforeWipeOut")
+    public static int provideMinMonthsBeforeWipeOut(RegistryConfigSettings config) {
+      return config.contactHistory.minMonthsBeforeWipeOut;
+    }
+
+    @Provides
+    @Config("wipeOutQueryBatchSize")
+    public static int provideWipeOutQueryBatchSize(RegistryConfigSettings config) {
+      return config.contactHistory.wipeOutQueryBatchSize;
+    }
  }

  /** Returns the App Engine project ID, which is based off the environment name. */
@@ -1387,8 +1412,8 @@ public final class RegistryConfig {
  /**
   * Returns the amount of time a domain label list should be cached in memory before expiring.
   *
-   * @see google.registry.model.registry.label.ReservedList
-   * @see google.registry.model.registry.label.PremiumList
+   * @see google.registry.model.tld.label.ReservedList
+   * @see google.registry.model.tld.label.PremiumList
   */
  public static Duration getDomainLabelListCacheDuration() {
    return Duration.standardSeconds(CONFIG_SETTINGS.get().caching.domainLabelCachingSeconds);
@@ -1487,21 +1512,6 @@ public final class RegistryConfig {
    return CONFIG_SETTINGS.get().hibernate.hikariIdleTimeout;
  }

-  /**
-   * Returns whether to replicate cloud SQL transactions to datastore.
-   *
-   * <p>If true, all cloud SQL transactions will be persisted as TransactionEntity objects in the
-   * Transaction table and replayed against datastore in a cron job.
-   */
-  public static boolean getCloudSqlReplicateTransactions() {
-    return CONFIG_SETTINGS.get().cloudSql.replicateTransactions;
-  }
-
-  @VisibleForTesting
-  public static void overrideCloudSqlReplicateTransactions(boolean replicateTransactions) {
-    CONFIG_SETTINGS.get().cloudSql.replicateTransactions = replicateTransactions;
-  }
-
  /** Returns the roid suffix to be used for the roids of all contacts and hosts. */
  public static String getContactAndHostRoidSuffix() {
    return CONFIG_SETTINGS.get().registryPolicy.contactAndHostRoidSuffix;
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/config/RegistryConfigSettings.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/config/RegistryConfigSettings.java
@@ -41,10 +41,12 @@ public class RegistryConfigSettings {
  public Keyring keyring;
  public RegistryTool registryTool;
  public SslCertificateValidation sslCertificateValidation;
+  public ContactHistory contactHistory;

  /** Configuration options that apply to the entire App Engine project. */
  public static class AppEngine {
    public String projectId;
+    public String locationId;
    public boolean isLocal;
    public String defaultServiceUrl;
    public String backendServiceUrl;
@@ -126,7 +128,6 @@ public class RegistryConfigSettings {
    // TODO(05012021): remove username field after it is removed from all yaml files.
    public String username;
    public String instanceConnectionName;
-    public boolean replicateTransactions;
  }

  /** Configuration for Apache Beam (Cloud Dataflow). */
@@ -228,7 +229,16 @@ public class RegistryConfigSettings {
  public static class SslCertificateValidation {
    public Map<String, Integer> maxValidityDaysSchedule;
    public int expirationWarningDays;
+    public int expirationWarningIntervalDays;
    public int minimumRsaKeyLength;
    public Set<String> allowedEcdsaCurves;
+    public String expirationWarningEmailBodyText;
+    public String expirationWarningEmailSubjectText;
+  }
+
+  /** Configuration for contact history. */
+  public static class ContactHistory {
+    public int minMonthsBeforeWipeOut;
+    public int wipeOutQueryBatchSize;
  }
 }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/config/files/default-config.yaml
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/config/files/default-config.yaml
@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@
 appEngine:
  # Globally unique App Engine project ID
  projectId: registry-project-id
+  # Location of the App engine project, note that us-central1 and europe-west1 are special in that
+  # they are used without the trailing number in App Engine commands and Google Cloud Console.
+  # See: https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/locations
+  locationId: registry-location-id

  # whether to use local/test credentials when connecting to the servers
  isLocal: true
@@ -227,9 +231,6 @@ cloudSql:
  jdbcUrl: jdbc:postgresql://localhost
  # This name is used by Cloud SQL when connecting to the database.
  instanceConnectionName: project-id:region:instance-id
-  # Set this to true to replicate cloud SQL transactions to datastore in the
-  # background.
-  replicateTransactions: false

 cloudDns:
  # Set both properties to null in Production.
@@ -441,6 +442,13 @@ registryTool:
  # OAuth client secret used by the tool.
  clientSecret: YOUR_CLIENT_SECRET

+# Configuration options for handling contact history.
+contactHistory:
+  # The number of months that a ContactHistory entity should be stored in the database.
+  minMonthsBeforeWipeOut: 18
+  # The batch size for querying ContactHistory table in the database.
+  wipeOutQueryBatchSize: 500
+
 # Configuration options for checking SSL certificates.
 sslCertificateValidation:
  # A map specifying the maximum amount of days the certificate can be valid.
@@ -452,6 +460,39 @@ sslCertificateValidation:
  # The number of days before a certificate expires that indicates the
  # certificate is nearing expiration and warnings should be sent.
  expirationWarningDays: 30
+  # The minimum number of days between two successive expiring notification emails.
+  expirationWarningIntervalDays: 15
+  # Text for expiring certificate notification email subject.
+  expirationWarningEmailSubjectText: "[Important] Expiring SSL certificate for Google Registry EPP connection"
+  # Text for expiring certificate notification email body that accepts 3 parameters:
+  # registrar name, certificate type, and expiration date, respectively.
+  expirationWarningEmailBodyText: |
+    Dear %1$s,
+
+    We would like to inform you that your %2$s SSL certificate will expire at %3$s. Please take note that using expired certificates will prevent successful Registry login.
+
+    Kindly update your production account certificate within the support console using the following steps:
+
+      1. Navigate to support.registry.google and login using your %4$s@registry.google credentials.
+          * If this is your first time logging in, you will be prompted to reset your password, so please keep your new password safe.
+          * If you are already logged in with some other Google account(s) but not your %4$s@registry.google account, you need to click on
+          “Add Account” and login using your %4$s@registry.google credentials.
+      2. Select “Settings > Security” from the left navigation bar.
+      3. Click “Edit” on the top left corner.
+      4. Enter your full certificate string (including lines -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- and -----END CERTIFICATE-----) in the box.
+      5. Click “Save”. If there are validation issues with the form, you will be prompted to fix them and click “Save” again.
+
+    A failover SSL certificate can also be added in order to prevent connection issues once your main certificate expires. Connecting with either of the certificates will work with our production EPP server.
+
+    Further information about our EPP connection requirements can be found in section 9.2 in the updated Technical Guide in your Google Drive folder.
+
+    Note that account certificate changes take a few minutes to become effective and that the existing connections will remain unaffected by the change.
+
+    If you also would like to update your OT&E account certificate, please send an email from your primary or technical contact to registry-support@google.com and include the full certificate string (including lines -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- and -----END CERTIFICATE-----).
+
+    Regards,
+    Google Registry
+
  # The minimum number of bits an RSA key must contain.
  minimumRsaKeyLength: 2048
  # The ECDSA curves that are allowed for public keys.
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/cron/TldFanoutAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/cron/TldFanoutAction.java
@@ -14,14 +14,10 @@

 package google.registry.cron;

-import static com.google.appengine.api.taskqueue.QueueFactory.getQueue;
-import static com.google.appengine.api.taskqueue.TaskOptions.Builder.withUrl;
 import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
 import static com.google.common.base.Predicates.in;
 import static com.google.common.base.Predicates.not;
-import static com.google.common.base.Strings.nullToEmpty;
 import static com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet.toImmutableSet;
-import static com.google.common.collect.Iterables.getFirst;
 import static com.google.common.collect.Multimaps.filterKeys;
 import static com.google.common.net.MediaType.PLAIN_TEXT_UTF_8;
 import static google.registry.cron.CronModule.ENDPOINT_PARAM;
@@ -31,26 +27,29 @@ import static google.registry.cron.CronModule.FOR_EACH_TEST_TLD_PARAM;
 import static google.registry.cron.CronModule.JITTER_SECONDS_PARAM;
 import static google.registry.cron.CronModule.QUEUE_PARAM;
 import static google.registry.cron.CronModule.RUN_IN_EMPTY_PARAM;
-import static google.registry.model.registry.Registries.getTldsOfType;
-import static google.registry.model.registry.Registry.TldType.REAL;
-import static google.registry.model.registry.Registry.TldType.TEST;
+import static google.registry.model.tld.Registries.getTldsOfType;
+import static google.registry.model.tld.Registry.TldType.REAL;
+import static google.registry.model.tld.Registry.TldType.TEST;
 import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;

-import com.google.appengine.api.taskqueue.Queue;
-import com.google.appengine.api.taskqueue.TaskHandle;
-import com.google.appengine.api.taskqueue.TaskOptions;
+import com.google.cloud.tasks.v2.Task;
+import com.google.common.collect.ArrayListMultimap;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableListMultimap;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import com.google.common.collect.Multimap;
 import com.google.common.collect.Streams;
 import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
+import com.google.protobuf.Timestamp;
 import google.registry.request.Action;
+import google.registry.request.Action.Service;
 import google.registry.request.Parameter;
 import google.registry.request.ParameterMap;
 import google.registry.request.RequestParameters;
 import google.registry.request.Response;
 import google.registry.request.auth.Auth;
-import google.registry.util.TaskQueueUtils;
+import google.registry.util.Clock;
+import google.registry.util.CloudTasksUtils;
+import java.time.Instant;
 import java.util.Optional;
 import java.util.Random;
 import java.util.stream.Stream;
@@ -105,7 +104,8 @@ public final class TldFanoutAction implements Runnable {

  private static final FluentLogger logger = FluentLogger.forEnclosingClass();

-  @Inject TaskQueueUtils taskQueueUtils;
+  @Inject Clock clock;
+  @Inject CloudTasksUtils cloudTasksUtils;
  @Inject Response response;
  @Inject @Parameter(ENDPOINT_PARAM) String endpoint;
  @Inject @Parameter(QUEUE_PARAM) String queue;
@@ -115,7 +115,9 @@ public final class TldFanoutAction implements Runnable {
  @Inject @Parameter(EXCLUDE_PARAM) ImmutableSet<String> excludes;
  @Inject @Parameter(JITTER_SECONDS_PARAM) Optional<Integer> jitterSeconds;
  @Inject @ParameterMap ImmutableListMultimap<String, String> params;
-  @Inject TldFanoutAction() {}
+
+  @Inject
+  TldFanoutAction() {}

  @Override
  public void run() {
@@ -126,8 +128,7 @@ public final class TldFanoutAction implements Runnable {
        runInEmpty || forEachTestTld || forEachRealTld,
        "At least one of runInEmpty, forEachTestTld, forEachRealTld must be given");
    checkArgument(
-        !(runInEmpty && !excludes.isEmpty()),
-        "Can't specify 'exclude' with 'runInEmpty'");
+        !(runInEmpty && !excludes.isEmpty()), "Can't specify 'exclude' with 'runInEmpty'");
    ImmutableSet<String> tlds =
        runInEmpty
            ? ImmutableSet.of("")
@@ -137,42 +138,49 @@ public final class TldFanoutAction implements Runnable {
                .filter(not(in(excludes)))
                .collect(toImmutableSet());
    Multimap<String, String> flowThruParams = filterKeys(params, not(in(CONTROL_PARAMS)));
-    Queue taskQueue = getQueue(queue);
    StringBuilder outputPayload =
        new StringBuilder(
            String.format("OK: Launched the following %d tasks in queue %s\n", tlds.size(), queue));
-    logger.atInfo().log("Launching %d tasks in queue %s", tlds.size(), queue);
+    logger.atInfo().log("Launching %d tasks in queue %s.", tlds.size(), queue);
    if (tlds.isEmpty()) {
      logger.atWarning().log("No TLDs to fan-out!");
    }
    for (String tld : tlds) {
-      TaskOptions taskOptions = createTaskOptions(tld, flowThruParams);
-      TaskHandle taskHandle = taskQueueUtils.enqueue(taskQueue, taskOptions);
+      Task task = createTask(tld, flowThruParams);
+      Task createdTask = cloudTasksUtils.enqueue(queue, task);
      outputPayload.append(
          String.format(
              "- Task: '%s', tld: '%s', endpoint: '%s'\n",
-              taskHandle.getName(), tld, taskOptions.getUrl()));
+              createdTask.getName(), tld, createdTask.getAppEngineHttpRequest().getRelativeUri()));
      logger.atInfo().log(
-          "Task: '%s', tld: '%s', endpoint: '%s'", taskHandle.getName(), tld, taskOptions.getUrl());
+          "Task: '%s', tld: '%s', endpoint: '%s'.",
+          createdTask.getName(), tld, createdTask.getAppEngineHttpRequest().getRelativeUri());
    }
    response.setContentType(PLAIN_TEXT_UTF_8);
    response.setPayload(outputPayload.toString());
  }

-  private TaskOptions createTaskOptions(String tld, Multimap<String, String> params) {
-    TaskOptions options =
-        withUrl(endpoint)
-            .countdownMillis(
-                jitterSeconds
-                    .map(seconds -> random.nextInt((int) SECONDS.toMillis(seconds)))
-                    .orElse(0));
+  private Task createTask(String tld, Multimap<String, String> params) {
    if (!tld.isEmpty()) {
-      options.param(RequestParameters.PARAM_TLD, tld);
+      params = ArrayListMultimap.create(params);
+      params.put(RequestParameters.PARAM_TLD, tld);
    }
-    for (String param : params.keySet()) {
-      // TaskOptions.param() does not accept null values.
-      options.param(param, nullToEmpty(getFirst(params.get(param), null)));
-    }
-    return options;
+    Instant scheduleTime =
+        Instant.ofEpochMilli(
+            clock
+                .nowUtc()
+                .plusMillis(
+                    jitterSeconds
+                        .map(seconds -> random.nextInt((int) SECONDS.toMillis(seconds)))
+                        .orElse(0))
+                .getMillis());
+    return Task.newBuilder(
+            CloudTasksUtils.createPostTask(endpoint, Service.BACKEND.toString(), params))
+        .setScheduleTime(
+            Timestamp.newBuilder()
+                .setSeconds(scheduleTime.getEpochSecond())
+                .setNanos(scheduleTime.getNano())
+                .build())
+        .build();
  }
 }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/DnsQueue.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/DnsQueue.java
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import static google.registry.dns.DnsConstants.DNS_PULL_QUEUE_NAME;
 import static google.registry.dns.DnsConstants.DNS_TARGET_CREATE_TIME_PARAM;
 import static google.registry.dns.DnsConstants.DNS_TARGET_NAME_PARAM;
 import static google.registry.dns.DnsConstants.DNS_TARGET_TYPE_PARAM;
-import static google.registry.model.registry.Registries.assertTldExists;
+import static google.registry.model.tld.Registries.assertTldExists;
 import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.PARAM_TLD;
 import static google.registry.util.DomainNameUtils.getTldFromDomainName;
 import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS;
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
 import com.google.common.net.InternetDomainName;
 import com.google.common.util.concurrent.RateLimiter;
 import google.registry.dns.DnsConstants.TargetType;
-import google.registry.model.registry.Registries;
+import google.registry.model.tld.Registries;
 import google.registry.util.Clock;
 import google.registry.util.NonFinalForTesting;
 import google.registry.util.SystemClock;
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ public class DnsQueue {
  private TaskHandle addToQueue(
      TargetType targetType, String targetName, String tld, Duration countdown) {
    logger.atInfo().log(
-        "Adding task type=%s, target=%s, tld=%s to pull queue %s (%d tasks currently on queue)",
+        "Adding task type=%s, target=%s, tld=%s to pull queue %s (%d tasks currently on queue).",
        targetType, targetName, tld, DNS_PULL_QUEUE_NAME, queue.fetchStatistics().getNumTasks());
    return queue.add(
        TaskOptions.Builder.withDefaults()
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ public class DnsQueue {
          "There are %d tasks in the DNS queue '%s'.", numTasks, DNS_PULL_QUEUE_NAME);
      return queue.leaseTasks(leaseDuration.getMillis(), MILLISECONDS, leaseTasksBatchSize);
    } catch (TransientFailureException | DeadlineExceededException e) {
-      logger.atSevere().withCause(e).log("Failed leasing tasks too fast");
+      logger.atSevere().withCause(e).log("Failed leasing tasks too fast.");
      return ImmutableList.of();
    }
  }
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ public class DnsQueue {
    try {
      queue.deleteTask(tasks);
    } catch (TransientFailureException | DeadlineExceededException e) {
-      logger.atSevere().withCause(e).log("Failed deleting tasks too fast");
+      logger.atSevere().withCause(e).log("Failed deleting tasks too fast.");
    }
  }
 }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/DnsWriterProxy.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/DnsWriterProxy.java
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkState;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
 import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
 import google.registry.dns.writer.DnsWriter;
-import google.registry.model.registry.Registry;
+import google.registry.model.tld.Registry;
 import java.util.Map;
 import javax.inject.Inject;

--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/PublishDnsUpdatesAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/PublishDnsUpdatesAction.java
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ import google.registry.dns.DnsMetrics.ActionStatus;
 import google.registry.dns.DnsMetrics.CommitStatus;
 import google.registry.dns.DnsMetrics.PublishStatus;
 import google.registry.dns.writer.DnsWriter;
-import google.registry.model.registry.Registry;
+import google.registry.model.tld.Registry;
 import google.registry.request.Action;
 import google.registry.request.HttpException.ServiceUnavailableException;
 import google.registry.request.Parameter;
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ public final class PublishDnsUpdatesAction implements Runnable, Callable<Void> {
        new Duration(enqueuedTime, now));
    logger.atInfo().log(
        "publishDnsWriter latency statistics: TLD: %s, dnsWriter: %s, actionStatus: %s, "
-            + "numItems: %d, timeSinceCreation: %s, timeInQueue: %s",
+            + "numItems: %d, timeSinceCreation: %s, timeInQueue: %s.",
        tld,
        dnsWriter,
        status,
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ public final class PublishDnsUpdatesAction implements Runnable, Callable<Void> {

  /** Adds all the domains and hosts in the batch back to the queue to be processed later. */
  private void requeueBatch() {
-    logger.atInfo().log("Requeueing batch for retry");
+    logger.atInfo().log("Requeueing batch for retry.");
    for (String domain : nullToEmpty(domains)) {
      dnsQueue.addDomainRefreshTask(domain);
    }
@@ -158,14 +158,14 @@ public final class PublishDnsUpdatesAction implements Runnable, Callable<Void> {
    // LockIndex should always be within [1, numPublishLocks]
    if (lockIndex > numPublishLocks || lockIndex <= 0) {
      logger.atSevere().log(
-          "Lock index should be within [1,%d], got %d instead", numPublishLocks, lockIndex);
+          "Lock index should be within [1,%d], got %d instead.", numPublishLocks, lockIndex);
      return false;
    }
    // Check if the Registry object's num locks has changed since this task was batched
    int registryNumPublishLocks = Registry.get(tld).getNumDnsPublishLocks();
    if (registryNumPublishLocks != numPublishLocks) {
      logger.atWarning().log(
-          "Registry numDnsPublishLocks %d out of sync with parameter %d",
+          "Registry numDnsPublishLocks %d out of sync with parameter %d.",
          registryNumPublishLocks, numPublishLocks);
      return false;
    }
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ public final class PublishDnsUpdatesAction implements Runnable, Callable<Void> {
    DnsWriter writer = dnsWriterProxy.getByClassNameForTld(dnsWriter, tld);

    if (writer == null) {
-      logger.atWarning().log("Couldn't get writer %s for TLD %s", dnsWriter, tld);
+      logger.atWarning().log("Couldn't get writer %s for TLD %s.", dnsWriter, tld);
      recordActionResult(ActionStatus.BAD_WRITER);
      requeueBatch();
      return;
@@ -190,11 +190,11 @@ public final class PublishDnsUpdatesAction implements Runnable, Callable<Void> {
    for (String domain : nullToEmpty(domains)) {
      if (!DomainNameUtils.isUnder(
          InternetDomainName.from(domain), InternetDomainName.from(tld))) {
-        logger.atSevere().log("%s: skipping domain %s not under tld", tld, domain);
+        logger.atSevere().log("%s: skipping domain %s not under TLD.", tld, domain);
        domainsRejected += 1;
      } else {
        writer.publishDomain(domain);
-        logger.atInfo().log("%s: published domain %s", tld, domain);
+        logger.atInfo().log("%s: published domain %s.", tld, domain);
        domainsPublished += 1;
      }
    }
@@ -206,11 +206,11 @@ public final class PublishDnsUpdatesAction implements Runnable, Callable<Void> {
    for (String host : nullToEmpty(hosts)) {
      if (!DomainNameUtils.isUnder(
          InternetDomainName.from(host), InternetDomainName.from(tld))) {
-        logger.atSevere().log("%s: skipping host %s not under tld", tld, host);
+        logger.atSevere().log("%s: skipping host %s not under TLD.", tld, host);
        hostsRejected += 1;
      } else {
        writer.publishHost(host);
-        logger.atInfo().log("%s: published host %s", tld, host);
+        logger.atInfo().log("%s: published host %s.", tld, host);
        hostsPublished += 1;
      }
    }
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ public final class PublishDnsUpdatesAction implements Runnable, Callable<Void> {
          tld, dnsWriter, commitStatus, duration, domainsPublished, hostsPublished);
      logger.atInfo().log(
          "writer.commit() statistics: TLD: %s, dnsWriter: %s, commitStatus: %s, duration: %s, "
-              + "domainsPublished: %d, domainsRejected: %d, hostsPublished: %d, hostsRejected: %d",
+              + "domainsPublished: %d, domainsRejected: %d, hostsPublished: %d, hostsRejected: %d.",
          tld,
          dnsWriter,
          commitStatus,
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More