Change Registry object reference to Tld in configuration.md (#2021 )

Remove the deprecatd DefaultCredential (#2032 )
Use the ApplicationDefaultCredential annotation instead. The new annotation has been verified in sandbox and production using the 'executeCannedScript' endpoint. The verification code is removed in this PR too.
2026-02-02 19:12:27 +00:00 · 2023-05-12 12:32:02 -04:00 · 2023-05-11 13:46:36 -04:00 · 2023-05-11 13:26:07 -04:00 · 2023-05-10 16:05:03 -04:00 · 2023-05-09 16:02:12 -04:00
880 changed files with 59200 additions and 36373 deletions
--- a/appengine_war.gradle
+++ b/appengine_war.gradle
@@ -47,6 +47,10 @@ war {

 if (project.path == ":services:default") {
    war {
+        from("${rootDir}/console-webapp/dist/console-webapp") {
+            include "**/*"
+            into("console")
+        }
        from("${coreResourcesDir}/google/registry/ui") {
            include "registrar_bin.js"
            if (environment != "production") {
@@ -99,8 +103,10 @@ explodeWar.doLast {
    file("${it.explodedAppDirectory}/WEB-INF/lib/tools.jar").setWritable(true)
 }

+appengineDeployAll.finalizedBy ':deployCloudSchedulerAndQueue'
 rootProject.deploy.dependsOn appengineDeployAll
 rootProject.stage.dependsOn appengineStage
+tasks['war'].dependsOn ':console-webapp:buildConsoleWebappProd'
 tasks['war'].dependsOn ':core:compileProdJS'
 tasks['war'].dependsOn ':core:processResources'
 tasks['war'].dependsOn ':core:jar'
--- a/build.gradle
+++ b/build.gradle
@@ -551,12 +551,34 @@ task coreDev {
  dependsOn 'javadoc'
  dependsOn 'checkDependenciesDotGradle'
  dependsOn 'checkLicense'
+  dependsOn ':console-webapp:runConsoleWebappUnitTests'
  dependsOn ':core:check'
  dependsOn 'assemble'
 }

 javadocDependentTasks.each { tasks.javadoc.dependsOn(it) }

+// Runs the script, which deploys cloud scheduler and tasks based on the config
+task deployCloudSchedulerAndQueue {
+  doLast {
+    def env = environment
+    if (!prodOrSandboxEnv) {
+      exec {
+        commandLine 'go', 'run',
+                "${rootDir}/release/builder/deployCloudSchedulerAndQueue.go",
+                "${rootDir}/core/src/main/java/google/registry/env/${env}/default/WEB-INF/cloud-scheduler-tasks.xml",
+                "domain-registry-${env}"
+      }
+      exec {
+        commandLine 'go', 'run',
+                "${rootDir}/release/builder/deployCloudSchedulerAndQueue.go",
+                "${rootDir}/core/src/main/java/google/registry/env/common/default/WEB-INF/cloud-tasks-queue.xml",
+                "domain-registry-${env}"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 // disable javadoc in subprojects, these will break because they don't have
 // the correct classpath (see above).
 gradle.taskGraph.whenReady { graph ->
--- a/buildSrc/gradle.lockfile
+++ b/buildSrc/gradle.lockfile
@@ -9,33 +9,32 @@ com.fasterxml.jackson:jackson-bom:2.14.1=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,t
 com.github.ben-manes.caffeine:caffeine:2.7.0=annotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
 com.github.kevinstern:software-and-algorithms:1.0=annotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
 com.google.android:annotations:4.1.1.4=testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api-client:google-api-client:2.1.1=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:gapic-google-cloud-storage-v2:2.16.0-alpha=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-storage-v2:2.16.0-alpha=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-iam-v1:1.6.22=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-storage-v2:2.16.0-alpha=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.11.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.6.22=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api:api-common:2.2.2=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api:gax-grpc:2.20.1=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.105.1=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api:gax:2.20.1=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api-client:google-api-client:2.1.2=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:gapic-google-cloud-storage-v2:2.17.2-alpha=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-storage-v2:2.17.2-alpha=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-storage-v2:2.17.2-alpha=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.13.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.8.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api:api-common:2.5.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api:gax-grpc:2.22.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.107.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api:gax:2.22.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20220705-2.0.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:1.13.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:1.13.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:1.14.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:1.14.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.10.1=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.auto.value:auto-value:1.10.1=annotationProcessor
+com.google.auto.value:auto-value:1.10.1=annotationProcessor,compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.auto:auto-common:0.10=annotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-grpc:2.9.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:2.9.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:2.9.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-storage:2.16.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-grpc:2.9.4=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:2.9.4=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:2.9.4=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-storage:2.17.2=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.code.findbugs:jFormatString:3.0.0=annotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
 com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2=annotationProcessor,checkstyle,compileClasspath,testAnnotationProcessor,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.code.gson:gson:2.10=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.code.gson:gson:2.10.1=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotation:2.3.4=annotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
-com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.16=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.18.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.3.4=annotationProcessor,checkstyle,testAnnotationProcessor
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_check_api:2.3.4=annotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_core:2.3.4=annotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
@@ -57,8 +56,8 @@ com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.1=annotationProcessor,testAnnotationProce
 com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3=checkstyle,compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.jsinterop:jsinterop-annotations:1.0.1=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client:1.34.1=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.21.10=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.21.10=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.21.12=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.21.12=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.4.0=annotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
 com.google.re2j:re2j:1.6=testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.template:soy:2021-02-01=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
@@ -72,19 +71,19 @@ commons-codec:commons-codec:1.15=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRunti
 commons-collections:commons-collections:3.2.2=checkstyle
 commons-logging:commons-logging:1.2=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 info.picocli:picocli:4.5.2=checkstyle
-io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.51.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-api:1.51.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.51.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-context:1.51.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-core:1.51.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-googleapis:1.51.0=testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.51.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.51.0=testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.51.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.51.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-services:1.51.0=testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.51.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-xds:1.51.0=testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.52.1=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-api:1.52.1=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.52.1=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-context:1.52.1=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-core:1.52.1=testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-googleapis:1.52.1=testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.52.1=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.52.1=testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.52.1=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.52.1=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-services:1.52.1=testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.52.1=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-xds:1.52.1=testRuntimeClasspath
 io.opencensus:opencensus-api:0.31.1=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 io.opencensus:opencensus-contrib-http-util:0.31.1=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 io.opencensus:opencensus-proto:0.2.0=testRuntimeClasspath
@@ -93,8 +92,8 @@ javax.annotation:javax.annotation-api:1.3.2=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspat
 javax.annotation:jsr250-api:1.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 javax.inject:javax.inject:1=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 junit:junit:4.13.2=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-net.bytebuddy:byte-buddy-agent:1.12.16=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-net.bytebuddy:byte-buddy:1.12.16=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+net.bytebuddy:byte-buddy-agent:1.12.22=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+net.bytebuddy:byte-buddy:1.12.22=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 net.sf.saxon:Saxon-HE:10.3=checkstyle
 org.antlr:antlr4-runtime:4.8-1=checkstyle
 org.apache.commons:commons-lang3:3.12.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
@@ -104,41 +103,40 @@ org.apache.httpcomponents:httpcore:4.4.15=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,
 org.apiguardian:apiguardian-api:1.1.2=testCompileClasspath
 org.checkerframework:checker-qual:2.11.1=checkstyle
 org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.0.0=annotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.28.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.29.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.checkerframework:dataflow:3.0.0=annotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
 org.checkerframework:javacutil:3.0.0=annotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
 org.codehaus.mojo:animal-sniffer-annotations:1.17=annotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
 org.codehaus.mojo:animal-sniffer-annotations:1.22=testRuntimeClasspath
 org.conscrypt:conscrypt-openjdk-uber:2.5.2=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.3=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.jacoco:org.jacoco.agent:0.8.6=jacocoAgent,jacocoAnt
-org.jacoco:org.jacoco.ant:0.8.6=jacocoAnt
-org.jacoco:org.jacoco.core:0.8.6=jacocoAnt
-org.jacoco:org.jacoco.report:0.8.6=jacocoAnt
+org.jacoco:org.jacoco.agent:0.8.7=jacocoAgent,jacocoAnt
+org.jacoco:org.jacoco.ant:0.8.7=jacocoAnt
+org.jacoco:org.jacoco.core:0.8.7=jacocoAnt
+org.jacoco:org.jacoco.report:0.8.7=jacocoAnt
 org.javassist:javassist:3.26.0-GA=checkstyle
 org.json:json:20160212=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:5.9.1=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:5.9.1=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.junit.platform:junit-platform-commons:1.9.1=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.junit.platform:junit-platform-engine:1.9.1=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.junit:junit-bom:5.9.1=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.mockito:mockito-core:4.9.0=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:5.9.2=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:5.9.2=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit.platform:junit-platform-commons:1.9.2=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit.platform:junit-platform-engine:1.9.2=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit:junit-bom:5.9.2=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.mockito:mockito-core:5.0.0=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.objenesis:objenesis:3.3=testRuntimeClasspath
 org.opentest4j:opentest4j:1.2.0=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.ow2.asm:asm-analysis:7.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.ow2.asm:asm-analysis:8.0.1=jacocoAnt
+org.ow2.asm:asm-analysis:9.1=jacocoAnt
 org.ow2.asm:asm-commons:7.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.ow2.asm:asm-commons:8.0.1=jacocoAnt
+org.ow2.asm:asm-commons:9.1=jacocoAnt
 org.ow2.asm:asm-tree:7.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.ow2.asm:asm-tree:8.0.1=jacocoAnt
+org.ow2.asm:asm-tree:9.1=jacocoAnt
 org.ow2.asm:asm-util:7.0=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.ow2.asm:asm:7.0=compileClasspath
-org.ow2.asm:asm:8.0.1=jacocoAnt
-org.ow2.asm:asm:9.1=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.ow2.asm:asm:9.1=jacocoAnt,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.pcollections:pcollections:2.1.2=annotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
 org.plumelib:plume-util:1.0.6=annotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
 org.plumelib:reflection-util:0.0.2=annotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
 org.plumelib:require-javadoc:0.1.0=annotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
 org.reflections:reflections:0.9.12=checkstyle
-org.threeten:threetenbp:1.6.4=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.threeten:threetenbp:1.6.5=compileClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 empty=
--- a/buildSrc/src/main/java/google/registry/gradle/plugin/ProjectData.java
+++ b/buildSrc/src/main/java/google/registry/gradle/plugin/ProjectData.java
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ package google.registry.gradle.plugin;
 import com.google.auto.value.AutoValue;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
-import google.registry.gradle.plugin.ProjectData.TaskData;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Optional;
 import java.util.function.Supplier;
--- a/common/build.gradle
+++ b/common/build.gradle
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ configurations {

  // All testing util classes. Other projects may declare dependency as:
  // testImplementation project(path: 'common', configuration: 'testing')
+  create("testing")
  testing.extendsFrom testingCompileOnly
 }

--- a/common/gradle.lockfile
+++ b/common/gradle.lockfile
@@ -45,22 +45,21 @@ org.checkerframework:dataflow:3.0.0=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotatio
 org.checkerframework:javacutil:3.0.0=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor,testingAnnotationProcessor
 org.codehaus.mojo:animal-sniffer-annotations:1.17=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor,testingAnnotationProcessor
 org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.3=default,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath,testing,testingCompileClasspath
-org.jacoco:org.jacoco.agent:0.8.6=jacocoAgent,jacocoAnt
-org.jacoco:org.jacoco.ant:0.8.6=jacocoAnt
-org.jacoco:org.jacoco.core:0.8.6=jacocoAnt
-org.jacoco:org.jacoco.report:0.8.6=jacocoAnt
+org.jacoco:org.jacoco.agent:0.8.7=jacocoAgent,jacocoAnt
+org.jacoco:org.jacoco.ant:0.8.7=jacocoAnt
+org.jacoco:org.jacoco.core:0.8.7=jacocoAnt
+org.jacoco:org.jacoco.report:0.8.7=jacocoAnt
 org.javassist:javassist:3.26.0-GA=checkstyle
-org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:5.9.1=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:5.9.1=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.junit.platform:junit-platform-commons:1.9.1=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.junit.platform:junit-platform-engine:1.9.1=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.junit:junit-bom:5.9.1=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:5.9.2=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:5.9.2=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit.platform:junit-platform-commons:1.9.2=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit.platform:junit-platform-engine:1.9.2=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit:junit-bom:5.9.2=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.opentest4j:opentest4j:1.2.0=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.ow2.asm:asm-analysis:8.0.1=jacocoAnt
-org.ow2.asm:asm-commons:8.0.1=jacocoAnt
-org.ow2.asm:asm-tree:8.0.1=jacocoAnt
-org.ow2.asm:asm:8.0.1=jacocoAnt
-org.ow2.asm:asm:9.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath,testing,testingCompileClasspath
+org.ow2.asm:asm-analysis:9.1=jacocoAnt
+org.ow2.asm:asm-commons:9.1=jacocoAnt
+org.ow2.asm:asm-tree:9.1=jacocoAnt
+org.ow2.asm:asm:9.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,jacocoAnt,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath,testing,testingCompileClasspath
 org.pcollections:pcollections:2.1.2=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor,testingAnnotationProcessor
 org.plumelib:plume-util:1.0.6=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor,testingAnnotationProcessor
 org.plumelib:reflection-util:0.0.2=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor,testingAnnotationProcessor
--- a/common/src/main/java/google/registry/util/DateTimeUtils.java
+++ b/common/src/main/java/google/registry/util/DateTimeUtils.java
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ public abstract class DateTimeUtils {
   *
   * <p>This value is (2^63-1)/1000 rounded down. AppEngine stores dates as 64 bit microseconds, but
   * Java uses milliseconds, so this is the largest representable date that will survive a
-   * round-trip through Datastore.
+   * round-trip through the database.
   */
  public static final DateTime END_OF_TIME = new DateTime(Long.MAX_VALUE / 1000, DateTimeZone.UTC);

--- a/config/dependency-license/allowed_licenses.json
+++ b/config/dependency-license/allowed_licenses.json
@@ -270,6 +270,10 @@
      "moduleLicense": "Public Domain",
      "moduleName": "org.tukaani:xz"
    },
+    {
+      "moduleLicense": "Public Domain",
+      "moduleName": "org.json:json"
+    },
    {
      // "Apache License, Version 2.0".
      "moduleLicense": null,
--- a/config/presubmits.py
+++ b/config/presubmits.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ import textwrap
 import re

 # We should never analyze any generated files
-UNIVERSALLY_SKIPPED_PATTERNS = {"/build/", "cloudbuild-caches", "/out/", ".git/", ".gradle/"}
+UNIVERSALLY_SKIPPED_PATTERNS = {"/build/", "cloudbuild-caches", "/out/", ".git/", ".gradle/", "/dist/", "karma.conf.js", "polyfills.ts", "test.ts"}
 # We can't rely on CI to have the Enum package installed so we do this instead.
 FORBIDDEN = 1
 REQUIRED = 2
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ PRESUBMITS = {
    # License check
    PresubmitCheck(
        r".*Copyright 20\d{2} The Nomulus Authors\. All Rights Reserved\.",
-        ("java", "js", "soy", "sql", "py", "sh", "gradle"), {
+        ("java", "js", "soy", "sql", "py", "sh", "gradle", "ts"), {
            ".git", "/build/", "/generated/", "/generated_tests/",
            "node_modules/", "LoggerConfig.java", "registrar_bin.",
            "registrar_dbg.", "google-java-format-diff.py",
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ PRESUBMITS = {
        "File did not include the license header.",

    # Files must end in a newline
-    PresubmitCheck(r".*\n$", ("java", "js", "soy", "sql", "py", "sh", "gradle"),
+    PresubmitCheck(r".*\n$", ("java", "js", "soy", "sql", "py", "sh", "gradle", "ts"),
                   {"node_modules/"}, REQUIRED):
        "Source files must end in a newline.",

--- a/console-webapp/.editorconfig
+++ b/console-webapp/.editorconfig
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Editor configuration, see https://editorconfig.org
+root = true
+
+[*]
+charset = utf-8
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 2
+insert_final_newline = true
+trim_trailing_whitespace = true
+
+[*.ts]
+quote_type = single
+
+[*.md]
+max_line_length = off
+trim_trailing_whitespace = false
--- a/console-webapp/.gitignore
+++ b/console-webapp/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# See http://help.github.com/ignore-files/ for more about ignoring files.
+
+# Compiled output
+/dist
+/tmp
+/out-tsc
+/bazel-out
+
+# Node
+/node_modules
+npm-debug.log
+yarn-error.log
+
+# IDEs and editors
+.idea/
+.project
+.classpath
+.c9/
+*.launch
+.settings/
+*.sublime-workspace
+
+# Visual Studio Code
+.vscode/*
+!.vscode/settings.json
+!.vscode/tasks.json
+!.vscode/launch.json
+!.vscode/extensions.json
+.history/*
+
+# Miscellaneous
+/.angular/cache
+.sass-cache/
+/connect.lock
+/coverage
+/libpeerconnection.log
+testem.log
+/typings
+
+# System files
+.DS_Store
+Thumbs.db
--- a/console-webapp/README.md
+++ b/console-webapp/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# ConsoleWebapp
+
+A web application for managing [Nomulus](https://github.com/google/nomulus).
+
+## Status
+
+Console webapp is currently under active development and some parts of it are
+expected to change.
+
+## Deployment
+
+Webapp is deployed with the nomulus default service war to Google App Engine.
+During nomulus default service war build task, gradle script triggers the
+following:
+
+1) Console webapp build script `buildConsoleWebappProd`, which installs
+   dependencies, assembles a compiled ts -> js, minified, optimized static
+   artifact (html, css, js)
+2) Artifact assembled in step 1 then gets copied to core project web artifact
+   location, so that it can be deployed with the rest of the core webapp
+
+## Development server
+
+Run `npm run start:dev` to start both webapp dev server and API server instance.
+Navigate to `http://localhost:4200/`. The application will automatically reload
+if you change any of the source files.
+
+## Code scaffolding
+
+Run `ng generate component component-name` to generate a new component. You can
+also use `ng generate directive|pipe|service|class|guard|interface|enum|module`.
+
+## Build
+
+Run `ng build` to build the project. The build artifacts will be stored in
+the `dist/` directory.
+
+## Running unit tests
+
+Run `ng test` to execute the unit tests
+via [Karma](https://karma-runner.github.io).
+
+## Running end-to-end tests
+
+Run `ng e2e` to execute the end-to-end tests via a platform of your choice. To
+use this command, you need to first add a package that implements end-to-end
+testing capabilities.
+
+## Further help
+
+To get more help on the Angular CLI use `ng help` or go check out
+the [Angular CLI Overview and Command Reference](https://angular.io/cli) page.
--- a/console-webapp/angular.json
+++ b/console-webapp/angular.json
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "./node_modules/@angular/cli/lib/config/schema.json",
+  "version": 1,
+  "newProjectRoot": "projects",
+  "projects": {
+    "console-webapp": {
+      "projectType": "application",
+      "schematics": {
+        "@schematics/angular:component": {
+          "style": "less"
+        }
+      },
+      "root": "",
+      "sourceRoot": "src",
+      "prefix": "app",
+      "architect": {
+        "build": {
+          "builder": "@angular-devkit/build-angular:browser",
+          "options": {
+            "outputPath": "dist/console-webapp",
+            "index": "src/index.html",
+            "main": "src/main.ts",
+            "polyfills": "src/polyfills.ts",
+            "tsConfig": "tsconfig.app.json",
+            "inlineStyleLanguage": "less",
+            "assets": [
+              "src/favicon.ico",
+              "src/assets"
+            ],
+            "styles": [
+              "./node_modules/@angular/material/prebuilt-themes/indigo-pink.css",
+              "src/styles.less"
+            ],
+            "scripts": []
+          },
+          "configurations": {
+            "production": {
+              "budgets": [
+                {
+                  "type": "initial",
+                  "maximumWarning": "500kb",
+                  "maximumError": "1mb"
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "anyComponentStyle",
+                  "maximumWarning": "2kb",
+                  "maximumError": "4kb"
+                }
+              ],
+              "fileReplacements": [
+                {
+                  "replace": "src/environments/environment.ts",
+                  "with": "src/environments/environment.prod.ts"
+                }
+              ],
+              "outputHashing": "all"
+            },
+            "development": {
+              "buildOptimizer": false,
+              "optimization": false,
+              "vendorChunk": true,
+              "extractLicenses": false,
+              "sourceMap": true,
+              "namedChunks": true
+            }
+          },
+          "defaultConfiguration": "production"
+        },
+        "serve": {
+          "builder": "@angular-devkit/build-angular:dev-server",
+          "configurations": {
+            "production": {
+              "browserTarget": "console-webapp:build:production"
+            },
+            "development": {
+              "browserTarget": "console-webapp:build:development"
+            }
+          },
+          "defaultConfiguration": "development"
+        },
+        "extract-i18n": {
+          "builder": "@angular-devkit/build-angular:extract-i18n",
+          "options": {
+            "browserTarget": "console-webapp:build"
+          }
+        },
+        "test": {
+          "builder": "@angular-devkit/build-angular:karma",
+          "options": {
+            "main": "src/test.ts",
+            "polyfills": "src/polyfills.ts",
+            "tsConfig": "tsconfig.spec.json",
+            "karmaConfig": "karma.conf.js",
+            "inlineStyleLanguage": "less",
+            "assets": [
+              "src/favicon.ico",
+              "src/assets"
+            ],
+            "styles": [
+              "./node_modules/@angular/material/prebuilt-themes/indigo-pink.css",
+              "src/styles.less"
+            ],
+            "scripts": []
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
--- a/console-webapp/build.gradle
+++ b/console-webapp/build.gradle
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+def consoleDir = "${rootDir}/console-webapp"
+
+clean {
+  delete "${consoleDir}/node_modules"
+  delete "${consoleDir}/dist"
+}
+
+task npmInstallDeps(type: Exec) {
+  workingDir "${consoleDir}/"
+  executable 'npm'
+  args 'i', '--no-audit', '--no-fund', '--loglevel=error'
+}
+
+task runConsoleWebappLocally(type: Exec) {
+  workingDir "${consoleDir}/"
+  executable 'npm'
+  args 'run', 'start:dev'
+}
+
+task runConsoleWebappUnitTests(type: Exec) {
+  workingDir "${consoleDir}/"
+  executable 'npm'
+  args 'run', 'test'
+}
+
+task buildConsoleWebappNonProd(type: Exec) {
+  workingDir "${consoleDir}/"
+  executable 'npm'
+  args 'run', 'build'
+}
+
+// Keeping the same as non prod for now before we figure out optimization we want to include
+task buildConsoleWebappProd(type: Exec) {
+  workingDir "${consoleDir}/"
+  executable 'npm'
+  args 'run', 'build'
+}
+
+tasks.runConsoleWebappUnitTests.dependsOn(tasks.npmInstallDeps)
+tasks.buildConsoleWebappProd.dependsOn(tasks.npmInstallDeps)
--- a/console-webapp/buildscript-gradle.lockfile
+++ b/console-webapp/buildscript-gradle.lockfile
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# This is a Gradle generated file for dependency locking.
+# Manual edits can break the build and are not advised.
+# This file is expected to be part of source control.
+empty=classpath
--- a/console-webapp/dev-proxy.config.json
+++ b/console-webapp/dev-proxy.config.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "/registrar":
+  {
+    "target": "http://localhost:8080/registrar",
+    "secure": false
+  }
+}
--- a/console-webapp/gradle.lockfile
+++ b/console-webapp/gradle.lockfile
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# This is a Gradle generated file for dependency locking.
+# Manual edits can break the build and are not advised.
+# This file is expected to be part of source control.
+antlr:antlr:2.7.7=checkstyle
+com.github.ben-manes.caffeine:caffeine:2.7.0=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor
+com.github.kevinstern:software-and-algorithms:1.0=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor
+com.google.auto:auto-common:0.10=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor
+com.google.code.findbugs:jFormatString:3.0.0=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor
+com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2=annotationProcessor,checkstyle,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotation:2.3.4=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.3.4=annotationProcessor,checkstyle,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_check_api:2.3.4=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_core:2.3.4=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_type_annotations:2.3.4=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor
+com.google.guava:failureaccess:1.0.1=annotationProcessor,checkstyle,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor
+com.google.guava:guava:27.0.1-jre=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor
+com.google.guava:guava:29.0-jre=checkstyle
+com.google.guava:listenablefuture:9999.0-empty-to-avoid-conflict-with-guava=annotationProcessor,checkstyle,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor
+com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.1=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor
+com.google.j2objc:j2objc-annotations:1.3=checkstyle
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.4.0=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor
+com.googlecode.java-diff-utils:diffutils:1.3.0=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor
+com.puppycrawl.tools:checkstyle:8.37=checkstyle
+commons-beanutils:commons-beanutils:1.9.4=checkstyle
+commons-collections:commons-collections:3.2.2=checkstyle
+info.picocli:picocli:4.5.2=checkstyle
+net.sf.saxon:Saxon-HE:10.3=checkstyle
+org.antlr:antlr4-runtime:4.8-1=checkstyle
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:2.11.1=checkstyle
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.0.0=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor
+org.checkerframework:dataflow:3.0.0=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor
+org.checkerframework:javacutil:3.0.0=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor
+org.codehaus.mojo:animal-sniffer-annotations:1.17=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor
+org.jacoco:org.jacoco.agent:0.8.7=jacocoAgent,jacocoAnt
+org.jacoco:org.jacoco.ant:0.8.7=jacocoAnt
+org.jacoco:org.jacoco.core:0.8.7=jacocoAnt
+org.jacoco:org.jacoco.report:0.8.7=jacocoAnt
+org.javassist:javassist:3.26.0-GA=checkstyle
+org.ow2.asm:asm-analysis:9.1=jacocoAnt
+org.ow2.asm:asm-commons:9.1=jacocoAnt
+org.ow2.asm:asm-tree:9.1=jacocoAnt
+org.ow2.asm:asm:9.1=jacocoAnt
+org.pcollections:pcollections:2.1.2=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor
+org.plumelib:plume-util:1.0.6=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor
+org.plumelib:reflection-util:0.0.2=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor
+org.plumelib:require-javadoc:0.1.0=annotationProcessor,errorprone,testAnnotationProcessor
+org.reflections:reflections:0.9.12=checkstyle
+empty=archives,compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,errorproneJavac,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
--- a/console-webapp/karma.conf.js
+++ b/console-webapp/karma.conf.js
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// Karma configuration file, see link for more information
+// https://karma-runner.github.io/1.0/config/configuration-file.html
+
+module.exports = function (config) {
+  config.set({
+    basePath: '',
+    frameworks: ['jasmine', '@angular-devkit/build-angular'],
+    plugins: [
+      require('karma-jasmine'),
+      require('karma-chrome-launcher'),
+      require('karma-jasmine-html-reporter'),
+      require('karma-coverage'),
+      require('@angular-devkit/build-angular/plugins/karma')
+    ],
+    client: {
+      jasmine: {
+        // you can add configuration options for Jasmine here
+        // the possible options are listed at https://jasmine.github.io/api/edge/Configuration.html
+        // for example, you can disable the random execution with `random: false`
+        // or set a specific seed with `seed: 4321`
+      },
+      clearContext: false // leave Jasmine Spec Runner output visible in browser
+    },
+    jasmineHtmlReporter: {
+      suppressAll: true // removes the duplicated traces
+    },
+    coverageReporter: {
+      dir: require('path').join(__dirname, './coverage/console-webapp'),
+      subdir: '.',
+      reporters: [
+        { type: 'html' },
+        { type: 'text-summary' }
+      ]
+    },
+    reporters: ['progress', 'kjhtml'],
+    port: 9876,
+    colors: true,
+    logLevel: config.LOG_INFO,
+    autoWatch: true,
+    browsers: ['Chrome'],
+    singleRun: false,
+    restartOnFileChange: true
+  });
+};
--- a/console-webapp/package-lock.json
+++ b/console-webapp/package-lock.json
--- a/console-webapp/package.json
+++ b/console-webapp/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+{
+  "name": "console-webapp",
+  "version": "0.0.0",
+  "scripts": {
+    "ng": "ng",
+    "start": "ng serve",
+    "build": "ng build --base-href=/console/",
+    "build:local": "ng build --base-href=/default/console/",
+    "watch": "ng build --watch --configuration development",
+    "test": "ng test --browsers=ChromeHeadless --watch=false",
+    "run:dev": "",
+    "start:dev": "concurrently \"./../gradlew :core:runTestServer\" \"ng serve --proxy-config dev-proxy.config.json\""
+  },
+  "private": true,
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@angular/animations": "^15.2.2",
+    "@angular/cdk": "^15.2.2",
+    "@angular/common": "^15.2.2",
+    "@angular/compiler": "^15.2.2",
+    "@angular/core": "^15.2.2",
+    "@angular/forms": "^15.2.2",
+    "@angular/material": "^15.2.2",
+    "@angular/platform-browser": "^15.2.2",
+    "@angular/platform-browser-dynamic": "^15.2.2",
+    "@angular/router": "^15.2.2",
+    "rxjs": "~7.5.0",
+    "tslib": "^2.3.0",
+    "zone.js": "~0.11.4"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "@angular-devkit/build-angular": "^15.2.4",
+    "@angular/cli": "~15.2.4",
+    "@angular/compiler-cli": "^15.2.2",
+    "@types/jasmine": "~4.0.0",
+    "@types/node": "^18.11.18",
+    "concurrently": "^7.6.0",
+    "jasmine-core": "~4.3.0",
+    "karma": "~6.4.0",
+    "karma-chrome-launcher": "~3.1.0",
+    "karma-coverage": "~2.2.0",
+    "karma-jasmine": "~5.1.0",
+    "karma-jasmine-html-reporter": "~2.0.0",
+    "typescript": "~4.9.4"
+  }
+}
--- a/console-webapp/src/app/app-routing.module.ts
+++ b/console-webapp/src/app/app-routing.module.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
+import { RouterModule, Routes } from '@angular/router';
+import {TldsComponent} from './tlds/tlds.component';
+import {HomeComponent} from './home/home.component';
+
+const routes: Routes = [
+  { path: 'home', component: HomeComponent },
+  { path: 'tlds', component: TldsComponent },
+];
+
+@NgModule({
+  imports: [RouterModule.forRoot(routes)],
+  exports: [RouterModule]
+})
+export class AppRoutingModule { }
--- a/console-webapp/src/app/app.component.html
+++ b/console-webapp/src/app/app.component.html
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<div class="toolbar" role="banner">
+  Nomulus Console
+</div>
+
+<div class="content" role="main">
+  <nav>
+    <ul>
+      <li><a routerLink="/home" routerLinkActive="active" ariaCurrentWhenActive="page">Home page</a></li>
+      <li><a routerLink="/tlds" routerLinkActive="active" ariaCurrentWhenActive="page">TLDs</a></li>
+    </ul>
+  </nav>
+</div>
+
+<router-outlet></router-outlet>
--- a/console-webapp/src/app/app.component.less
+++ b/console-webapp/src/app/app.component.less
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+:host {
+  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol";
+  font-size: 14px;
+  color: #333;
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
+  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
+}
+
+h1,
+h2,
+h3,
+h4,
+h5,
+h6 {
+  margin: 8px 0;
+}
+
+p {
+  margin: 0;
+}
--- a/console-webapp/src/app/app.component.spec.ts
+++ b/console-webapp/src/app/app.component.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+import { TestBed } from '@angular/core/testing';
+import { RouterTestingModule } from '@angular/router/testing';
+import { AppComponent } from './app.component';
+
+describe('AppComponent', () => {
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    await TestBed.configureTestingModule({
+      imports: [
+        RouterTestingModule
+      ],
+      declarations: [
+        AppComponent
+      ],
+    }).compileComponents();
+  });
+
+  it('should create the app', () => {
+    const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
+    const app = fixture.componentInstance;
+    expect(app).toBeTruthy();
+  });
+
+});
--- a/console-webapp/src/app/app.component.ts
+++ b/console-webapp/src/app/app.component.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+import { Component } from '@angular/core';
+
+@Component({
+  selector: 'app-root',
+  templateUrl: './app.component.html',
+  styleUrls: ['./app.component.less']
+})
+export class AppComponent {
+
+}
--- a/console-webapp/src/app/app.module.ts
+++ b/console-webapp/src/app/app.module.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
+import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
+
+import { AppRoutingModule } from './app-routing.module';
+import { AppComponent } from './app.component';
+import { BrowserAnimationsModule } from '@angular/platform-browser/animations';
+import {MaterialModule} from './material.module';
+
+import { HomeComponent } from './home/home.component';
+import { TldsComponent } from './tlds/tlds.component';
+
+@NgModule({
+  declarations: [
+    AppComponent,
+    HomeComponent,
+    TldsComponent,
+  ],
+  imports: [
+    MaterialModule,
+    BrowserModule,
+    AppRoutingModule,
+    BrowserAnimationsModule
+  ],
+  providers: [],
+  bootstrap: [AppComponent]
+})
+export class AppModule { }
--- a/console-webapp/src/app/home/home.component.html
+++ b/console-webapp/src/app/home/home.component.html
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<h3>Recent Activity</h3>
+<table mat-table [dataSource]="dataSource" class="mat-elevation-z8 console-home__activity">
+  <ng-container *ngFor="let column of columns" [matColumnDef]="column.columnDef">
+    <th mat-header-cell *matHeaderCellDef>
+      {{column.header}}
+    </th>
+    <td mat-cell *matCellDef="let row">
+      {{column.cell(row)}}
+    </td>
+  </ng-container>
+
+  <tr mat-header-row *matHeaderRowDef="displayedColumns"></tr>
+  <tr mat-row *matRowDef="let row; columns: displayedColumns;"></tr>
+</table>
--- a/console-webapp/src/app/home/home.component.less
+++ b/console-webapp/src/app/home/home.component.less
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
--- a/console-webapp/src/app/home/home.component.spec.ts
+++ b/console-webapp/src/app/home/home.component.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+import { ComponentFixture, TestBed } from '@angular/core/testing';
+
+import { HomeComponent } from './home.component';
+import {MaterialModule} from '../material.module';
+
+describe('HomeComponent', () => {
+  let component: HomeComponent;
+  let fixture: ComponentFixture<HomeComponent>;
+
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    await TestBed.configureTestingModule({
+      imports: [MaterialModule],
+      declarations: [ HomeComponent ]
+    })
+    .compileComponents();
+
+    fixture = TestBed.createComponent(HomeComponent);
+    component = fixture.componentInstance;
+    fixture.detectChanges();
+  });
+
+  it('should create', () => {
+    expect(component).toBeTruthy();
+  });
+});
--- a/console-webapp/src/app/home/home.component.ts
+++ b/console-webapp/src/app/home/home.component.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+import { Component } from '@angular/core';
+
+export interface ActivityRecord {
+  eventType: string;
+  userName: string;
+  registrarName: string;
+  timestamp: string;
+  details: string
+}
+
+const MOCK_DATA: ActivityRecord[] = [
+  {eventType: "Export DUMS", userName:"user3", registrarName: "registrar1", timestamp: "2022-03-15T19:46:39.007", details: "All Domains under management exported as .csv file" },
+  {eventType: "Update Contact", userName:"user3", registrarName: "registrar1", timestamp: "2022-03-15T19:46:39.007", details: "All Domains under management exported as .csv file" },
+  {eventType: "Delete Domain", userName:"user3", registrarName: "registrar1", timestamp: "2022-03-15T19:46:39.007", details: "All Domains under management exported as .csv file" },
+  {eventType: "Export DUMS", userName:"user3", registrarName: "registrar1", timestamp: "2022-03-15T19:46:39.007", details: "All Domains under management exported as .csv file" },
+  {eventType: "Update Contact", userName:"user3", registrarName: "registrar1", timestamp: "2022-03-15T19:46:39.007", details: "All Domains under management exported as .csv file" },
+  {eventType: "Delete Domain", userName:"user3", registrarName: "registrar1", timestamp: "2022-03-15T19:46:39.007", details: "All Domains under management exported as .csv file" },
+  {eventType: "Export DUMS", userName:"user3", registrarName: "registrar1", timestamp: "2022-03-15T19:46:39.007", details: "All Domains under management exported as .csv file" },
+  {eventType: "Update Contact", userName:"user3", registrarName: "registrar1", timestamp: "2022-03-15T19:46:39.007", details: "All Domains under management exported as .csv file" },
+  {eventType: "Delete Domain", userName:"user3", registrarName: "registrar1", timestamp: "2022-03-15T19:46:39.007", details: "All Domains under management exported as .csv file" },
+  {eventType: "Export DUMS", userName:"user3", registrarName: "registrar1", timestamp: "2022-03-15T19:46:39.007", details: "All Domains under management exported as .csv file" },
+  {eventType: "Update Contact", userName:"user3", registrarName: "registrar1", timestamp: "2022-03-15T19:46:39.007", details: "All Domains under management exported as .csv file" },
+  {eventType: "Delete Domain", userName:"user3", registrarName: "registrar1", timestamp: "2022-03-15T19:46:39.007", details: "All Domains under management exported as .csv file" },
+  {eventType: "Export DUMS", userName:"user3", registrarName: "registrar1", timestamp: "2022-03-15T19:46:39.007", details: "All Domains under management exported as .csv file" },
+  {eventType: "Update Contact", userName:"user3", registrarName: "registrar1", timestamp: "2022-03-15T19:46:39.007", details: "All Domains under management exported as .csv file" },
+  {eventType: "Delete Domain", userName:"user3", registrarName: "registrar1", timestamp: "2022-03-15T19:46:39.007", details: "All Domains under management exported as .csv file" },
+  {eventType: "Export DUMS", userName:"user3", registrarName: "registrar1", timestamp: "2022-03-15T19:46:39.007", details: "All Domains under management exported as .csv file" },
+  {eventType: "Update Contact", userName:"user3", registrarName: "registrar1", timestamp: "2022-03-15T19:46:39.007", details: "All Domains under management exported as .csv file" },
+  {eventType: "Delete Domain", userName:"user3", registrarName: "registrar1", timestamp: "2022-03-15T19:46:39.007", details: "All Domains under management exported as .csv file" },
+  {eventType: "Export DUMS", userName:"user3", registrarName: "registrar1", timestamp: "2022-03-15T19:46:39.007", details: "All Domains under management exported as .csv file" },
+  {eventType: "Update Contact", userName:"user3", registrarName: "registrar1", timestamp: "2022-03-15T19:46:39.007", details: "All Domains under management exported as .csv file" },
+  {eventType: "Delete Domain", userName:"user3", registrarName: "registrar1", timestamp: "2022-03-15T19:46:39.007", details: "All Domains under management exported as .csv file" },
+  {eventType: "Export DUMS", userName:"user3", registrarName: "registrar1", timestamp: "2022-03-15T19:46:39.007", details: "All Domains under management exported as .csv file" },
+  {eventType: "Update Contact", userName:"user3", registrarName: "registrar1", timestamp: "2022-03-15T19:46:39.007", details: "All Domains under management exported as .csv file" },
+  {eventType: "Delete Domain", userName:"user3", registrarName: "registrar1", timestamp: "2022-03-15T19:46:39.007", details: "All Domains under management exported as .csv file" },
+];
+
+
+@Component({
+  selector: 'app-home',
+  templateUrl: './home.component.html',
+  styleUrls: ['./home.component.less']
+})
+export class HomeComponent {
+
+  columns = [
+    {
+      columnDef: 'eventType',
+      header: 'Event Type',
+      cell:(record: ActivityRecord) => `${record.eventType}`,
+    },
+    {
+      columnDef: 'userName',
+      header: 'User',
+      cell: (record: ActivityRecord)  => `${record.userName}`,
+    },
+    {
+      columnDef: 'registrarName',
+      header: 'Registrar',
+      cell: (record: ActivityRecord)  => `${record.registrarName}`,
+    },
+    {
+      columnDef: 'timestamp',
+      header: 'Timestamp',
+      cell: (record: ActivityRecord)  => `${record.timestamp}`,
+    },
+    {
+      columnDef: 'details',
+      header: 'Details',
+      cell: (record: ActivityRecord)  => `${record.details}`,
+    },
+  ];
+  dataSource = MOCK_DATA;
+  displayedColumns = this.columns.map(c => c.columnDef);
+
+  constructor() {
+
+
+  }
+}
--- a/console-webapp/src/app/material.module.ts
+++ b/console-webapp/src/app/material.module.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+import {NgModule} from '@angular/core';
+import {MatCardModule} from '@angular/material/card';
+import {MatTableModule} from '@angular/material/table';
+
+const MATERIAL_MODULES = [
+  MatCardModule,
+  MatTableModule,
+];
+
+@NgModule({imports: MATERIAL_MODULES, exports: MATERIAL_MODULES})
+export class MaterialModule {
+}
--- a/console-webapp/src/app/tlds/tlds.component.html
+++ b/console-webapp/src/app/tlds/tlds.component.html
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+
+<div class="console-tlds__cards">
+  <mat-card class="console-tlds__card">
+    <mat-card-title>.how</mat-card-title>
+    <mat-card-subtitle>A place for thinkers, tinkerers, and knowledge seekers</mat-card-subtitle>
+    <mat-card-actions class="console-tlds__card-links">
+      <a title="Onboarding Now" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Onboarding Now</a>
+      <a title="Marketing Materials" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Marketing Materials</a>
+      <a title="Visit get.how for more information" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Visit get.how for more information</a>
+    </mat-card-actions>
+  </mat-card>
+</div>
+
+<div class="console-tlds__cards">
+  <mat-card class="console-tlds__card">
+    <mat-card-title>.soy</mat-card-title>
+    <mat-card-subtitle>A place for thinkers, tinkerers, and knowledge seekers</mat-card-subtitle>
+    <mat-card-actions class="console-tlds__card-links">
+      <a title="Onboarding Now" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Onboarding Now</a>
+      <a title="Marketing Materials" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Marketing Materials</a>
+      <a title="Visit get.how for more information" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Visit iam.soy for more information</a>
+    </mat-card-actions>
+  </mat-card>
+</div>
--- a/console-webapp/src/app/tlds/tlds.component.less
+++ b/console-webapp/src/app/tlds/tlds.component.less
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+.console-tlds {
+  &__cards {
+    display: flex;
+    border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+    padding: 1rem;
+  }
+  &__card {
+    max-width: 300px;
+  }
+  &__card-links {
+    display: flex;
+    flex-direction: column;
+  }
+}
--- a/console-webapp/src/app/tlds/tlds.component.spec.ts
+++ b/console-webapp/src/app/tlds/tlds.component.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+import { ComponentFixture, TestBed } from '@angular/core/testing';
+
+import { TldsComponent } from './tlds.component';
+import {MaterialModule} from '../material.module';
+
+describe('TldsComponent', () => {
+  let component: TldsComponent;
+  let fixture: ComponentFixture<TldsComponent>;
+
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    await TestBed.configureTestingModule({
+      imports: [MaterialModule],
+      declarations: [ TldsComponent ]
+    })
+    .compileComponents();
+
+    fixture = TestBed.createComponent(TldsComponent);
+    component = fixture.componentInstance;
+    fixture.detectChanges();
+  });
+
+  it('should create', () => {
+    expect(component).toBeTruthy();
+  });
+});
--- a/util/src/main/java/google/registry/util/RequestStatusChecker.java
+++ b/util/src/main/java/google/registry/util/RequestStatusChecker.java
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+// Copyright 2022 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -12,23 +12,18 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-package google.registry.util;
+import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';

-import java.io.Serializable;
+@Component({
+  selector: 'app-tlds',
+  templateUrl: './tlds.component.html',
+  styleUrls: ['./tlds.component.less']
+})
+export class TldsComponent implements OnInit {

-/** Used to query whether requests are still running. */
-public interface RequestStatusChecker extends Serializable {
+  constructor() { }

-  /**
-   * Returns the unique log identifier of the current request.
-   *
-   * <p>Multiple calls must return the same value during the same Request.
-   */
-  String getLogId();
+  ngOnInit(): void {
+  }

-  /**
-   * Returns true if the given request is currently running.
-   */
-  boolean isRunning(String requestLogId);
 }
-
--- a/core/src/test/resources/google/registry/tools/datastore-export/kind_AllocationToken/output-1
+++ b/core/src/test/resources/google/registry/tools/datastore-export/kind_AllocationToken/output-1
--- a/console-webapp/src/environments/environment.prod.ts
+++ b/console-webapp/src/environments/environment.prod.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+export const environment = {
+  production: true
+};
--- a/console-webapp/src/environments/environment.ts
+++ b/console-webapp/src/environments/environment.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// This file can be replaced during build by using the `fileReplacements` array.
+// `ng build` replaces `environment.ts` with `environment.prod.ts`.
+// The list of file replacements can be found in `angular.json`.
+
+export const environment = {
+  production: false
+};
+
+/*
+ * For easier debugging in development mode, you can import the following file
+ * to ignore zone related error stack frames such as `zone.run`, `zoneDelegate.invokeTask`.
+ *
+ * This import should be commented out in production mode because it will have a negative impact
+ * on performance if an error is thrown.
+ */
+// import 'zone.js/plugins/zone-error';  // Included with Angular CLI.
--- a/console-webapp/src/favicon.ico
+++ b/console-webapp/src/favicon.ico
--- a/console-webapp/src/index.html
+++ b/console-webapp/src/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <title>Nomulus Console</title>
+  <base href="/">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
+  <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="favicon.ico">
+  <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com">
+  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Roboto:wght@300;400;500&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
+  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons" rel="stylesheet">
+</head>
+<body class="mat-typography">
+  <app-root></app-root>
+</body>
+</html>
--- a/console-webapp/src/main.ts
+++ b/console-webapp/src/main.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+import { enableProdMode } from '@angular/core';
+import { platformBrowserDynamic } from '@angular/platform-browser-dynamic';
+
+import { AppModule } from './app/app.module';
+import { environment } from './environments/environment';
+
+if (environment.production) {
+  enableProdMode();
+}
+
+platformBrowserDynamic().bootstrapModule(AppModule)
+  .catch(err => console.error(err));
--- a/console-webapp/src/polyfills.ts
+++ b/console-webapp/src/polyfills.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/**
+ * This file includes polyfills needed by Angular and is loaded before the app.
+ * You can add your own extra polyfills to this file.
+ *
+ * This file is divided into 2 sections:
+ *   1. Browser polyfills. These are applied before loading ZoneJS and are sorted by browsers.
+ *   2. Application imports. Files imported after ZoneJS that should be loaded before your main
+ *      file.
+ *
+ * The current setup is for so-called "evergreen" browsers; the last versions of browsers that
+ * automatically update themselves. This includes recent versions of Safari, Chrome (including
+ * Opera), Edge on the desktop, and iOS and Chrome on mobile.
+ *
+ * Learn more in https://angular.io/guide/browser-support
+ */
+
+/***************************************************************************************************
+ * BROWSER POLYFILLS
+ */
+
+/**
+ * By default, zone.js will patch all possible macroTask and DomEvents
+ * user can disable parts of macroTask/DomEvents patch by setting following flags
+ * because those flags need to be set before `zone.js` being loaded, and webpack
+ * will put import in the top of bundle, so user need to create a separate file
+ * in this directory (for example: zone-flags.ts), and put the following flags
+ * into that file, and then add the following code before importing zone.js.
+ * import './zone-flags';
+ *
+ * The flags allowed in zone-flags.ts are listed here.
+ *
+ * The following flags will work for all browsers.
+ *
+ * (window as any).__Zone_disable_requestAnimationFrame = true; // disable patch requestAnimationFrame
+ * (window as any).__Zone_disable_on_property = true; // disable patch onProperty such as onclick
+ * (window as any).__zone_symbol__UNPATCHED_EVENTS = ['scroll', 'mousemove']; // disable patch specified eventNames
+ *
+ *  in IE/Edge developer tools, the addEventListener will also be wrapped by zone.js
+ *  with the following flag, it will bypass `zone.js` patch for IE/Edge
+ *
+ *  (window as any).__Zone_enable_cross_context_check = true;
+ *
+ */
+
+/***************************************************************************************************
+ * Zone JS is required by default for Angular itself.
+ */
+import 'zone.js';  // Included with Angular CLI.
+
+
+/***************************************************************************************************
+ * APPLICATION IMPORTS
+ */
--- a/console-webapp/src/styles.less
+++ b/console-webapp/src/styles.less
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+
+
+html, body { height: 100%; }
+body { margin: 0; font-family: Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; }
--- a/console-webapp/src/test.ts
+++ b/console-webapp/src/test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+// This file is required by karma.conf.js and loads recursively all the .spec and framework files
+
+import 'zone.js/testing';
+import { getTestBed } from '@angular/core/testing';
+import {
+  BrowserDynamicTestingModule,
+  platformBrowserDynamicTesting
+} from '@angular/platform-browser-dynamic/testing';
+
+// First, initialize the Angular testing environment.
+getTestBed().initTestEnvironment(
+  BrowserDynamicTestingModule,
+  platformBrowserDynamicTesting(),
+);
--- a/console-webapp/tsconfig.app.json
+++ b/console-webapp/tsconfig.app.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+/* To learn more about this file see: https://angular.io/config/tsconfig. */
+{
+  "extends": "./tsconfig.json",
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "outDir": "./out-tsc/app",
+    "types": []
+  },
+  "files": [
+    "src/main.ts",
+    "src/polyfills.ts"
+  ],
+  "include": [
+    "src/**/*.d.ts"
+  ]
+}
--- a/console-webapp/tsconfig.json
+++ b/console-webapp/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/* To learn more about this file see: https://angular.io/config/tsconfig. */
+{
+  "compileOnSave": false,
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "baseUrl": "./",
+    "outDir": "./dist/out-tsc",
+    "forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true,
+    "strict": true,
+    "noImplicitOverride": true,
+    "noPropertyAccessFromIndexSignature": true,
+    "noImplicitReturns": true,
+    "noFallthroughCasesInSwitch": true,
+    "sourceMap": true,
+    "declaration": false,
+    "downlevelIteration": true,
+    "experimentalDecorators": true,
+    "moduleResolution": "node",
+    "importHelpers": true,
+    "target": "ES2022",
+    "module": "es2020",
+    "lib": [
+      "es2020",
+      "dom"
+    ],
+    "useDefineForClassFields": false
+  },
+  "angularCompilerOptions": {
+    "enableI18nLegacyMessageIdFormat": false,
+    "strictInjectionParameters": true,
+    "strictInputAccessModifiers": true,
+    "strictTemplates": true
+  }
+}
--- a/console-webapp/tsconfig.spec.json
+++ b/console-webapp/tsconfig.spec.json
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/* To learn more about this file see: https://angular.io/config/tsconfig. */
+{
+  "extends": "./tsconfig.json",
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "outDir": "./out-tsc/spec",
+    "types": [
+      "jasmine"
+    ]
+  },
+  "files": [
+    "src/test.ts",
+    "src/polyfills.ts"
+  ],
+  "include": [
+    "src/**/*.spec.ts",
+    "src/**/*.d.ts"
+  ]
+}
--- a/core/build.gradle
+++ b/core/build.gradle
@@ -68,8 +68,6 @@ def dockerIncompatibleTestPatterns = [
 // Nomulus classes, e.g., threads and objects retained by frameworks.
 // TODO(weiminyu): identify cause and fix offending tests.
 def fragileTestPatterns = [
-    // Test Datastore inexplicably aborts transaction.
-    "google/registry/model/tmch/ClaimsListShardTest.*",
    // Changes cache timeouts and for some reason appears to have contention
    // with other tests.
    "google/registry/whois/WhoisCommandFactoryTest.*",
@@ -168,7 +166,6 @@ dependencies {
  implementation deps['com.beust:jcommander']
  implementation deps['com.github.ben-manes.caffeine:caffeine']
  implementation deps['com.google.api:gax']
-  implementation deps['com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-datastore-v1']
  implementation deps['com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos']
  implementation deps['com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-secretmanager-v1']
  implementation deps['com.google.api-client:google-api-client']
@@ -192,7 +189,6 @@ dependencies {
  implementation deps['com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials']
  implementation deps['com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http']
  implementation deps['com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:util']
-  implementation deps['com.google.cloud.datastore:datastore-v1-proto-client']
  implementation deps['com.google.cloud.sql:jdbc-socket-factory-core']
  runtimeOnly deps['com.google.cloud.sql:postgres-socket-factory']
  implementation deps['com.google.cloud:google-cloud-secretmanager']
@@ -270,6 +266,8 @@ dependencies {
  implementation deps['org.jsoup:jsoup']
  testImplementation deps['org.mortbay.jetty:jetty']
  implementation deps['org.postgresql:postgresql']
+  implementation "org.eclipse.jetty:jetty-server:9.4.49.v20220914"
+  implementation "org.eclipse.jetty:jetty-servlet:9.4.49.v20220914"
  testImplementation deps['org.seleniumhq.selenium:selenium-api']
  testImplementation deps['org.seleniumhq.selenium:selenium-chrome-driver']
  testImplementation deps['org.seleniumhq.selenium:selenium-java']
@@ -695,10 +693,6 @@ createToolTask(
    'google.registry.tools.DevTool',
    sourceSets.nonprod)

-createToolTask(
-    'createSyntheticDomainHistories',
-    'google.registry.tools.javascrap.CreateSyntheticDomainHistoriesPipeline')
-
 project.tasks.create('generateSqlSchema', JavaExec) {
  classpath = sourceSets.nonprod.runtimeClasspath
  main = 'google.registry.tools.DevTool'
@@ -750,9 +744,14 @@ if (environment == 'alpha') {
          ],
      invoicing          :
          [
-              mainClass: 'google.registry.beam.invoicing.InvoicingPipeline',
+              mainClass: 'google.registry.beam.billing.InvoicingPipeline',
              metaData : 'google/registry/beam/invoicing_pipeline_metadata.json'
          ],
+      expandBilling      :
+          [
+              mainClass: 'google.registry.beam.billing.ExpandBillingRecurrencesPipeline',
+              metaData : 'google/registry/beam/expand_billing_recurrences_pipeline_metadata.json'
+          ],
      rde                :
          [
              mainClass: 'google.registry.beam.rde.RdePipeline',
@@ -763,6 +762,11 @@ if (environment == 'alpha') {
              mainClass: 'google.registry.beam.resave.ResaveAllEppResourcesPipeline',
              metaData: 'google/registry/beam/resave_all_epp_resources_pipeline_metadata.json'
          ],
+      wipeOutContactHistoryPii:
+              [
+                      mainClass: 'google.registry.beam.wipeout.WipeOutContactHistoryPiiPipeline',
+                      metaData: 'google/registry/beam/wipe_out_contact_history_pii_pipeline_metadata.json'
+              ],
  ]
  project.tasks.create("stageBeamPipelines") {
    doLast {
@@ -1025,6 +1029,7 @@ test {
  // TODO(weiminyu): Remove dependency on sqlIntegrationTest
 }.dependsOn(fragileTest, outcastTest, standardTest, registryToolIntegrationTest, sqlIntegrationTest)

+
 // When we override tests, we also break the cleanTest command.
 cleanTest.dependsOn(cleanFragileTest, cleanOutcastTest, cleanStandardTest,
                    cleanRegistryToolIntegrationTest, cleanSqlIntegrationTest)
--- a/core/gradle.lockfile
+++ b/core/gradle.lockfile
@@ -22,13 +22,13 @@ com.github.ben-manes.caffeine:caffeine:2.9.3=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar
 com.github.docker-java:docker-java-api:3.2.13=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.github.docker-java:docker-java-transport-zerodep:3.2.13=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.github.docker-java:docker-java-transport:3.2.13=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.github.jnr:jffi:1.3.9=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.jnr:jffi:1.3.10=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.github.jnr:jnr-a64asm:1.0.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.github.jnr:jnr-constants:0.10.3=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.github.jnr:jnr-enxio:0.32.13=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.github.jnr:jnr-ffi:2.2.11=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.github.jnr:jnr-posix:3.1.15=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.github.jnr:jnr-unixsocket:0.38.17=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.jnr:jnr-constants:0.10.4=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.jnr:jnr-enxio:0.32.14=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.jnr:jnr-ffi:2.2.13=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.jnr:jnr-posix:3.1.16=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.jnr:jnr-unixsocket:0.38.19=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.github.jnr:jnr-x86asm:1.0.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.github.kevinstern:software-and-algorithms:1.0=annotationProcessor,errorprone,nonprodAnnotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
 com.google.android:annotations:4.1.1.4=default,deploy_jar,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
@@ -37,48 +37,47 @@ com.google.api-client:google-api-client-jackson2:1.32.2=compileClasspath,default
 com.google.api-client:google-api-client-java6:1.35.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.api-client:google-api-client-servlet:1.35.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.api-client:google-api-client:1.35.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:gapic-google-cloud-storage-v2:2.16.0-alpha=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-bigquerystorage-v1:2.23.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-bigquerystorage-v1beta1:0.147.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-bigquerystorage-v1beta2:0.147.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:gapic-google-cloud-storage-v2:2.17.2-alpha=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-bigquerystorage-v1:2.25.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-bigquerystorage-v1beta1:0.149.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-bigquerystorage-v1beta2:0.149.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-bigtable-admin-v2:1.27.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-bigtable-v2:2.14.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-pubsub-v1:1.102.20=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-pubsublite-v1:1.7.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-spanner-admin-database-v1:6.31.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-spanner-admin-instance-v1:6.31.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-spanner-v1:6.31.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-storage-v2:2.16.0-alpha=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-common-protos:2.9.6=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-iam-v1:1.6.22=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-bigquerystorage-v1:2.23.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-bigquerystorage-v1beta1:0.147.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-bigquerystorage-v1beta2:0.147.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-bigtable-admin-v2:2.14.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-bigtable-v2:2.14.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-datastore-v1:0.102.5=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-firestore-v1:3.6.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-bigtable-v2:2.16.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-pubsub-v1:1.103.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-pubsublite-v1:1.9.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-spanner-admin-database-v1:6.33.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-spanner-admin-instance-v1:6.33.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-spanner-v1:6.33.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-cloud-storage-v2:2.17.2-alpha=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:grpc-google-common-protos:2.10.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-bigquerystorage-v1:2.25.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-bigquerystorage-v1beta1:0.149.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-bigquerystorage-v1beta2:0.149.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-bigtable-admin-v2:2.16.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-bigtable-v2:2.16.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-datastore-v1:0.103.5=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-firestore-v1:3.7.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-monitoring-v3:1.64.0=compileClasspath,nonprodCompileClasspath,testCompileClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-monitoring-v3:3.4.6=default,deploy_jar,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-pubsub-v1:1.102.20=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-pubsublite-v1:1.7.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-secretmanager-v1:2.6.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-secretmanager-v1beta1:2.6.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-database-v1:6.31.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-instance-v1:6.31.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-v1:6.31.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-storage-v2:2.16.0-alpha=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2:2.6.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta2:0.96.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta3:0.96.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.11.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.6.22=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api:api-common:2.2.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api:gax-grpc:2.20.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.105.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.api:gax:2.20.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-monitoring-v3:3.6.0=default,deploy_jar,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-pubsub-v1:1.103.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-pubsublite-v1:1.9.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-secretmanager-v1:2.9.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-secretmanager-v1beta1:2.9.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-database-v1:6.33.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-admin-instance-v1:6.33.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-spanner-v1:6.33.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-storage-v2:2.17.2-alpha=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2:2.9.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta2:0.99.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-cloud-tasks-v2beta3:0.99.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-common-protos:2.13.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api.grpc:proto-google-iam-v1:1.8.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api:api-common:2.5.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api:gax-grpc:2.22.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api:gax-httpjson:0.107.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.api:gax:2.22.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-admin-directory:directory_v1-rev118-1.25.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.apis:google-api-services-appengine:v1-rev20221205-2.0.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.apis:google-api-services-appengine:v1-rev20230109-2.0.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-bigquery:v2-rev20220924-2.0.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-clouddebugger:v2-rev20220318-2.0.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-cloudresourcemanager:v1-rev20220828-2.0.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
@@ -88,22 +87,21 @@ com.google.apis:google-api-services-drive:v2-rev393-1.25.0=compileClasspath,defa
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-groupssettings:v1-rev20210624-2.0.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-healthcare:v1-rev20220818-2.0.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-iamcredentials:v1-rev20210326-1.32.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.apis:google-api-services-monitoring:v3-rev20221205-2.0.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.apis:google-api-services-monitoring:v3-rev20230123-2.0.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-pubsub:v1-rev20220904-2.0.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.apis:google-api-services-sheets:v4-rev20220927-2.0.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.apis:google-api-services-sqladmin:v1beta4-rev20221017-2.0.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.apis:google-api-services-sheets:v4-rev20221216-2.0.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.apis:google-api-services-sqladmin:v1beta4-rev20230111-2.0.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.apis:google-api-services-storage:v1-rev20220705-2.0.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.appengine:appengine-api-1.0-sdk:1.9.86=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath
 com.google.appengine:appengine-api-1.0-sdk:2.0.10=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.appengine:appengine-api-stubs:2.0.10=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.appengine:appengine-testing:1.9.86=default,deploy_jar,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:1.13.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:1.13.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-credentials:1.14.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.auth:google-auth-library-oauth2-http:1.14.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.auto.service:auto-service-annotations:1.0.1=annotationProcessor,compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.auto.service:auto-service:1.0.1=annotationProcessor
 com.google.auto.value:auto-value-annotations:1.10.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.auto.value:auto-value:1.10.1=annotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
-com.google.auto.value:auto-value:1.9=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.auto.value:auto-value:1.10.1=annotationProcessor,compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testAnnotationProcessor,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.auto:auto-common:0.10=errorprone,nonprodAnnotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
 com.google.auto:auto-common:1.2=annotationProcessor
 com.google.closure-stylesheets:closure-stylesheets:1.5.0=css
@@ -112,30 +110,30 @@ com.google.cloud.bigdataoss:util:2.2.6=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonpr
 com.google.cloud.bigtable:bigtable-client-core:1.26.3=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.cloud.bigtable:bigtable-metrics-api:1.26.3=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.cloud.datastore:datastore-v1-proto-client:2.9.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.cloud.sql:jdbc-socket-factory-core:1.7.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.cloud.sql:postgres-socket-factory:1.7.2=default,deploy_jar,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquerystorage:2.23.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigtable-stats:2.14.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigtable:2.14.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-grpc:2.9.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:2.9.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:2.9.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-firestore:3.6.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.cloud.sql:jdbc-socket-factory-core:1.9.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.cloud.sql:postgres-socket-factory:1.9.0=default,deploy_jar,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigquerystorage:2.25.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigtable-stats:2.16.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-bigtable:2.16.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-grpc:2.9.4=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core-http:2.9.4=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-core:2.9.4=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-firestore:3.7.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.cloud:google-cloud-monitoring:1.82.0=compileClasspath,nonprodCompileClasspath,testCompileClasspath
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-monitoring:3.4.6=default,deploy_jar,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-nio:0.125.0=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsub:1.120.20=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsublite:1.7.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-secretmanager:2.6.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-spanner:6.31.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-storage:2.16.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.cloud:google-cloud-tasks:2.6.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.cloud:grpc-gcp:1.2.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.cloud:proto-google-cloud-firestore-bundle-v1:3.6.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-monitoring:3.6.0=default,deploy_jar,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-nio:0.126.3=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsub:1.121.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-pubsublite:1.9.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-secretmanager:2.9.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-spanner:6.33.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-storage:2.17.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.cloud:google-cloud-tasks:2.9.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.cloud:grpc-gcp:1.3.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.cloud:proto-google-cloud-firestore-bundle-v1:3.7.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.code.findbugs:jFormatString:3.0.0=annotationProcessor,errorprone,nonprodAnnotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
 com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.1=css
 com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2=annotationProcessor,checkstyle,compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,errorprone,nonprodAnnotationProcessor,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntime,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtime,runtimeClasspath,soy,testAnnotationProcessor,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.code.gson:gson:2.10=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.code.gson:gson:2.10.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.code.gson:gson:2.7=css,soy
 com.google.common.html.types:types:1.0.6=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,soy,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.dagger:dagger-compiler:2.44.2=annotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
@@ -144,7 +142,7 @@ com.google.dagger:dagger-spi:2.44.2=annotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
 com.google.dagger:dagger:2.44.2=annotationProcessor,compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testAnnotationProcessor,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.devtools.ksp:symbol-processing-api:1.7.0-1.0.6=annotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotation:2.3.4=annotationProcessor,errorprone,nonprodAnnotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
-com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.16=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.18.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.3.4=checkstyle,errorprone,nonprodAnnotationProcessor,soy
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.7.1=annotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
 com.google.errorprone:error_prone_check_api:2.3.4=annotationProcessor,errorprone,nonprodAnnotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
@@ -191,9 +189,9 @@ com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-java6:1.34.1=compileClasspath,defaul
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-jetty:1.34.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client-servlet:1.34.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.oauth-client:google-oauth-client:1.34.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.21.10=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java-util:3.21.12=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:2.5.0=css
-com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.21.10=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.21.12=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.4.0=annotationProcessor,errorprone,nonprodAnnotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
 com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:4.0.0-rc-2=soy
 com.google.re2j:re2j:1.6=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
@@ -242,37 +240,37 @@ io.confluent:kafka-schema-registry-client:5.3.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_
 io.dropwizard.metrics:metrics-core:3.1.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 io.github.classgraph:classgraph:4.8.104=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 io.github.java-diff-utils:java-diff-utils:4.12=default,deploy_jar,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.51.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-api:1.51.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.51.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-census:1.49.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-context:1.51.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-core:1.51.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-googleapis:1.51.0=default,deploy_jar,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.51.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.51.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-netty:1.49.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.51.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.51.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-rls:1.49.2=default,deploy_jar,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-services:1.49.2=compileClasspath,nonprodCompileClasspath,testCompileClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-services:1.51.0=default,deploy_jar,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.51.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-xds:1.49.2=compileClasspath,nonprodCompileClasspath,testCompileClasspath
-io.grpc:grpc-xds:1.51.0=default,deploy_jar,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.netty:netty-buffer:4.1.77.Final=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.netty:netty-codec-http2:4.1.77.Final=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.netty:netty-codec-http:4.1.77.Final=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.netty:netty-codec-socks:4.1.77.Final=default,deploy_jar,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.netty:netty-codec:4.1.77.Final=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.netty:netty-common:4.1.77.Final=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.netty:netty-handler-proxy:4.1.77.Final=default,deploy_jar,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.netty:netty-handler:4.1.77.Final=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.netty:netty-resolver:4.1.77.Final=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-alts:1.52.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-api:1.52.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-auth:1.52.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-census:1.50.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-context:1.52.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-core:1.52.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-googleapis:1.52.1=default,deploy_jar,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-grpclb:1.52.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-netty-shaded:1.52.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-netty:1.50.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.52.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.52.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-rls:1.50.2=default,deploy_jar,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-services:1.50.2=compileClasspath,nonprodCompileClasspath,testCompileClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-services:1.52.1=default,deploy_jar,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.52.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-xds:1.50.2=compileClasspath,nonprodCompileClasspath,testCompileClasspath
+io.grpc:grpc-xds:1.52.1=default,deploy_jar,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.netty:netty-buffer:4.1.79.Final=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.netty:netty-codec-http2:4.1.79.Final=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.netty:netty-codec-http:4.1.79.Final=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.netty:netty-codec-socks:4.1.79.Final=default,deploy_jar,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.netty:netty-codec:4.1.79.Final=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.netty:netty-common:4.1.79.Final=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.netty:netty-handler-proxy:4.1.79.Final=default,deploy_jar,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.netty:netty-handler:4.1.79.Final=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.netty:netty-resolver:4.1.79.Final=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 io.netty:netty-tcnative-boringssl-static:2.0.52.Final=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 io.netty:netty-tcnative-classes:2.0.52.Final=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.netty:netty-transport-native-unix-common:4.1.77.Final=default,deploy_jar,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-io.netty:netty-transport:4.1.77.Final=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.netty:netty-transport-native-unix-common:4.1.79.Final=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+io.netty:netty-transport:4.1.79.Final=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 io.opencensus:opencensus-api:0.31.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 io.opencensus:opencensus-contrib-exemplar-util:0.31.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 io.opencensus:opencensus-contrib-grpc-metrics:0.31.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
@@ -304,8 +302,9 @@ jline:jline:1.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonp
 joda-time:joda-time:2.10.10=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 junit:junit:4.13.2=default,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 net.arnx:nashorn-promise:0.1.1=nonprodRuntime,runtime,testRuntimeClasspath
-net.bytebuddy:byte-buddy-agent:1.12.16=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-net.bytebuddy:byte-buddy:1.12.18=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+net.bytebuddy:byte-buddy-agent:1.12.22=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+net.bytebuddy:byte-buddy:1.12.18=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath
+net.bytebuddy:byte-buddy:1.12.22=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 net.java.dev.javacc:javacc:4.1=css
 net.java.dev.jna:jna:5.8.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 net.ltgt.gradle.incap:incap:0.2=annotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
@@ -315,22 +314,22 @@ org.apache.arrow:arrow-format:5.0.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodC
 org.apache.arrow:arrow-memory-core:5.0.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.apache.arrow:arrow-vector:5.0.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.apache.avro:avro:1.8.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.apache.beam:beam-model-fn-execution:2.43.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.apache.beam:beam-model-job-management:2.43.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.apache.beam:beam-model-pipeline:2.43.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.apache.beam:beam-runners-core-construction-java:2.43.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.apache.beam:beam-runners-core-java:2.43.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.apache.beam:beam-runners-direct-java:2.43.0=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.apache.beam:beam-runners-google-cloud-dataflow-java:2.43.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.apache.beam:beam-runners-java-fn-execution:2.43.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.apache.beam:beam-sdks-java-core:2.43.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.apache.beam:beam-sdks-java-expansion-service:2.43.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.apache.beam:beam-sdks-java-extensions-arrow:2.43.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.apache.beam:beam-sdks-java-extensions-google-cloud-platform-core:2.43.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.apache.beam:beam-sdks-java-extensions-protobuf:2.43.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.apache.beam:beam-sdks-java-fn-execution:2.43.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.apache.beam:beam-sdks-java-io-google-cloud-platform:2.43.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.apache.beam:beam-sdks-java-io-kafka:2.43.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.apache.beam:beam-model-fn-execution:2.44.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.apache.beam:beam-model-job-management:2.44.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.apache.beam:beam-model-pipeline:2.44.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.apache.beam:beam-runners-core-construction-java:2.44.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.apache.beam:beam-runners-core-java:2.44.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.apache.beam:beam-runners-direct-java:2.44.0=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.apache.beam:beam-runners-google-cloud-dataflow-java:2.44.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.apache.beam:beam-runners-java-fn-execution:2.44.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.apache.beam:beam-sdks-java-core:2.44.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.apache.beam:beam-sdks-java-expansion-service:2.44.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.apache.beam:beam-sdks-java-extensions-arrow:2.44.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.apache.beam:beam-sdks-java-extensions-google-cloud-platform-core:2.44.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.apache.beam:beam-sdks-java-extensions-protobuf:2.44.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.apache.beam:beam-sdks-java-fn-execution:2.44.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.apache.beam:beam-sdks-java-io-google-cloud-platform:2.44.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.apache.beam:beam-sdks-java-io-kafka:2.44.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.apache.beam:beam-vendor-grpc-1_48_1:0.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.apache.beam:beam-vendor-guava-26_0-jre:0.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.apache.commons:commons-compress:1.22=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
@@ -340,8 +339,8 @@ org.apache.commons:commons-lang3:3.12.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonp
 org.apache.commons:commons-text:1.10.0=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.apache.ftpserver:ftplet-api:1.2.0=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.apache.ftpserver:ftpserver-core:1.2.0=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.apache.httpcomponents:httpclient:4.5.13=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.apache.httpcomponents:httpcore:4.4.15=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.apache.httpcomponents:httpclient:4.5.14=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.apache.httpcomponents:httpcore:4.4.16=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.apache.mina:mina-core:2.1.6=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.apache.sshd:sshd-core:2.0.0=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.apache.sshd:sshd-scp:2.0.0=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
@@ -356,7 +355,7 @@ org.checkerframework:checker-compat-qual:2.5.5=annotationProcessor,compileClassp
 org.checkerframework:checker-qual:2.11.1=checkstyle
 org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.0.0=errorprone,nonprodAnnotationProcessor
 org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.12.0=annotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
-org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.28.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.29.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.5.0=nonprodRuntime,runtime,soy
 org.checkerframework:dataflow:3.0.0=annotationProcessor,errorprone,nonprodAnnotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
 org.checkerframework:javacutil:3.0.0=annotationProcessor,errorprone,nonprodAnnotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
@@ -367,7 +366,14 @@ org.codehaus.mojo:animal-sniffer-annotations:1.22=default,deploy_jar,nonprodRunt
 org.conscrypt:conscrypt-openjdk-uber:2.5.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.easymock:easymock:3.0=css
 org.eclipse.angus:angus-activation:1.0.0=nonprodRuntime,runtime
-org.flywaydb:flyway-core:9.10.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.eclipse.jetty:jetty-http:9.4.49.v20220914=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.eclipse.jetty:jetty-io:9.4.49.v20220914=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.eclipse.jetty:jetty-security:9.4.49.v20220914=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.eclipse.jetty:jetty-server:9.4.49.v20220914=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.eclipse.jetty:jetty-servlet:9.4.49.v20220914=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.eclipse.jetty:jetty-util-ajax:9.4.49.v20220914=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.eclipse.jetty:jetty-util:9.4.49.v20220914=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.flywaydb:flyway-core:9.12.0=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.glassfish.jaxb:jaxb-core:4.0.1=nonprodRuntime,runtime
 org.glassfish.jaxb:jaxb-runtime:2.3.1=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.glassfish.jaxb:jaxb-runtime:4.0.1=nonprodRuntime,runtime
@@ -383,10 +389,10 @@ org.hamcrest:hamcrest:2.2=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.hibernate.common:hibernate-commons-annotations:5.1.2.Final=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.hibernate:hibernate-core:5.6.14.Final=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.hibernate:hibernate-hikaricp:5.6.14.Final=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.jacoco:org.jacoco.agent:0.8.6=jacocoAgent,jacocoAnt
-org.jacoco:org.jacoco.ant:0.8.6=jacocoAnt
-org.jacoco:org.jacoco.core:0.8.6=jacocoAnt
-org.jacoco:org.jacoco.report:0.8.6=jacocoAnt
+org.jacoco:org.jacoco.agent:0.8.7=jacocoAgent,jacocoAnt
+org.jacoco:org.jacoco.ant:0.8.7=jacocoAnt
+org.jacoco:org.jacoco.core:0.8.7=jacocoAnt
+org.jacoco:org.jacoco.report:0.8.7=jacocoAnt
 org.javassist:javassist:3.26.0-GA=checkstyle
 org.jboss.logging:jboss-logging:3.4.3.Final=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.jboss.spec.javax.transaction:jboss-transaction-api_1.2_spec:1.1.1.Final=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
@@ -403,40 +409,40 @@ org.joda:joda-money:1.0.3=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClas
 org.json:json:20160212=soy
 org.json:json:20200518=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.jsoup:jsoup:1.15.3=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.junit-pioneer:junit-pioneer:1.9.1=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:5.9.1=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:5.9.1=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-migrationsupport:5.9.1=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-params:5.9.1=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.junit.platform:junit-platform-commons:1.9.1=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.junit.platform:junit-platform-engine:1.9.1=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.junit.platform:junit-platform-launcher:1.9.1=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.junit.platform:junit-platform-runner:1.9.1=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.junit.platform:junit-platform-suite-api:1.9.1=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.junit.platform:junit-platform-suite-commons:1.9.1=testRuntimeClasspath
-org.junit:junit-bom:5.9.1=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit-pioneer:junit-pioneer:2.0.0-RC1=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:5.9.2=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:5.9.2=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-migrationsupport:5.9.2=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-params:5.9.2=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit.platform:junit-platform-commons:1.9.2=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit.platform:junit-platform-engine:1.9.2=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit.platform:junit-platform-launcher:1.9.2=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit.platform:junit-platform-runner:1.9.2=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit.platform:junit-platform-suite-api:1.9.2=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit.platform:junit-platform-suite-commons:1.9.2=testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit:junit-bom:5.9.2=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.jvnet.staxex:stax-ex:1.8=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.mockito:mockito-core:1.10.19=css
-org.mockito:mockito-core:4.9.0=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.mockito:mockito-junit-jupiter:4.9.0=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.mockito:mockito-core:5.0.0=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.mockito:mockito-junit-jupiter:5.0.0=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.mortbay.jetty:jetty-util:6.1.26=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.mortbay.jetty:jetty:6.1.26=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.objenesis:objenesis:2.1=css
 org.objenesis:objenesis:3.3=testRuntimeClasspath
 org.opentest4j:opentest4j:1.2.0=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.ow2.asm:asm-analysis:7.0=soy
-org.ow2.asm:asm-analysis:8.0.1=jacocoAnt
+org.ow2.asm:asm-analysis:9.1=jacocoAnt
 org.ow2.asm:asm-analysis:9.4=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.ow2.asm:asm-commons:7.0=soy
-org.ow2.asm:asm-commons:8.0.1=jacocoAnt
+org.ow2.asm:asm-commons:9.1=jacocoAnt
 org.ow2.asm:asm-commons:9.2=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.ow2.asm:asm-tree:7.0=soy
-org.ow2.asm:asm-tree:8.0.1=jacocoAnt
+org.ow2.asm:asm-tree:9.1=jacocoAnt
 org.ow2.asm:asm-tree:9.4=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.ow2.asm:asm-util:7.0=soy
 org.ow2.asm:asm-util:9.4=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.ow2.asm:asm:7.0=soy
-org.ow2.asm:asm:8.0.1=jacocoAnt
+org.ow2.asm:asm:9.1=jacocoAnt
 org.ow2.asm:asm:9.4=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.pcollections:pcollections:2.1.2=annotationProcessor,errorprone,nonprodAnnotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
 org.plumelib:plume-util:1.0.6=annotationProcessor,errorprone,nonprodAnnotationProcessor,testAnnotationProcessor
@@ -459,8 +465,8 @@ org.slf4j:jcl-over-slf4j:1.7.30=nonprodRuntime,runtime,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.slf4j:jul-to-slf4j:1.7.30=nonprodRuntime,runtime,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.slf4j:slf4j-api:1.7.30=nonprodRuntime,runtime
 org.slf4j:slf4j-api:1.7.36=compileClasspath,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath
-org.slf4j:slf4j-api:2.0.5=default,deploy_jar,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.slf4j:slf4j-jdk14:2.0.5=default,deploy_jar,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.slf4j:slf4j-api:2.0.6=default,deploy_jar,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.slf4j:slf4j-jdk14:2.0.6=default,deploy_jar,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.springframework:spring-core:5.3.18=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.springframework:spring-expression:5.3.18=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.springframework:spring-jcl:5.3.18=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
@@ -470,7 +476,7 @@ org.testcontainers:junit-jupiter:1.17.6=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspat
 org.testcontainers:postgresql:1.17.6=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.testcontainers:selenium:1.17.6=testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.testcontainers:testcontainers:1.17.6=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-org.threeten:threetenbp:1.6.4=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.threeten:threetenbp:1.6.5=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.tukaani:xz:1.5=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.w3c.css:sac:1.3=compileClasspath,default,deploy_jar,nonprodCompileClasspath,nonprodRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.webjars.npm:viz.js-graphviz-java:2.1.3=nonprodRuntime,runtime,testRuntimeClasspath
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/AsyncTaskEnqueuer.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/AsyncTaskEnqueuer.java
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
 import google.registry.model.EppResource;
 import google.registry.persistence.VKey;
 import google.registry.request.Action.Service;
-import google.registry.util.CloudTasksUtils;
 import javax.inject.Inject;
 import org.joda.time.DateTime;
 import org.joda.time.Duration;
@@ -86,6 +85,6 @@ public final class AsyncTaskEnqueuer {
    cloudTasksUtils.enqueue(
        QUEUE_ASYNC_ACTIONS,
        cloudTasksUtils.createPostTaskWithDelay(
-            ResaveEntityAction.PATH, Service.BACKEND.toString(), params, etaDuration));
+            ResaveEntityAction.PATH, Service.BACKEND, params, etaDuration));
  }
 }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/BatchModule.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/BatchModule.java
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ package google.registry.batch;
 import static google.registry.batch.AsyncTaskEnqueuer.PARAM_REQUESTED_TIME;
 import static google.registry.batch.AsyncTaskEnqueuer.PARAM_RESAVE_TIMES;
 import static google.registry.batch.AsyncTaskEnqueuer.PARAM_RESOURCE_KEY;
-import static google.registry.batch.CannedScriptExecutionAction.SCRIPT_PARAM;
 import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.extractBooleanParameter;
 import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.extractIntParameter;
 import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.extractLongParameter;
@@ -105,10 +104,27 @@ public class BatchModule {
  }

  @Provides
-  @Parameter(ExpandRecurringBillingEventsAction.PARAM_CURSOR_TIME)
-  static Optional<DateTime> provideCursorTime(HttpServletRequest req) {
-    return extractOptionalDatetimeParameter(
-        req, ExpandRecurringBillingEventsAction.PARAM_CURSOR_TIME);
+  @Parameter(ExpandBillingRecurrencesAction.PARAM_START_TIME)
+  static Optional<DateTime> provideStartTime(HttpServletRequest req) {
+    return extractOptionalDatetimeParameter(req, ExpandBillingRecurrencesAction.PARAM_START_TIME);
+  }
+
+  @Provides
+  @Parameter(ExpandBillingRecurrencesAction.PARAM_END_TIME)
+  static Optional<DateTime> provideEndTime(HttpServletRequest req) {
+    return extractOptionalDatetimeParameter(req, ExpandBillingRecurrencesAction.PARAM_END_TIME);
+  }
+
+  @Provides
+  @Parameter(WipeOutContactHistoryPiiAction.PARAM_CUTOFF_TIME)
+  static Optional<DateTime> provideCutoffTime(HttpServletRequest req) {
+    return extractOptionalDatetimeParameter(req, WipeOutContactHistoryPiiAction.PARAM_CUTOFF_TIME);
+  }
+
+  @Provides
+  @Parameter(ExpandBillingRecurrencesAction.PARAM_ADVANCE_CURSOR)
+  static boolean provideAdvanceCursor(HttpServletRequest req) {
+    return extractBooleanParameter(req, ExpandBillingRecurrencesAction.PARAM_ADVANCE_CURSOR);
  }

  @Provides
@@ -122,11 +138,4 @@ public class BatchModule {
  static boolean provideIsDryRun(HttpServletRequest req) {
    return extractBooleanParameter(req, PARAM_DRY_RUN);
  }
-
-  // TODO(b/234424397): remove method after credential changes are rolled out.
-  @Provides
-  @Parameter(SCRIPT_PARAM)
-  static String provideScriptName(HttpServletRequest req) {
-    return extractRequiredParameter(req, SCRIPT_PARAM);
-  }
 }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/CannedScriptExecutionAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/CannedScriptExecutionAction.java
@@ -16,26 +16,23 @@ package google.registry.batch;

 import static google.registry.request.Action.Method.POST;

-import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
 import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
-import google.registry.batch.cannedscript.GroupsApiChecker;
 import google.registry.request.Action;
-import google.registry.request.Parameter;
 import google.registry.request.auth.Auth;
 import javax.inject.Inject;

 /**
 * Action that executes a canned script specified by the caller.
 *
- * <p>This class is introduced to help the safe rollout of credential changes. The delegated
- * credentials in particular, benefit from this: they require manual configuration of the peer
- * system in each environment, and may wait hours or even days after deployment until triggered by
- * user activities.
+ * <p>This class provides a hook for invoking hard-coded methods. The main use case is to verify in
+ * Sandbox and Production environments new features that depend on environment-specific
+ * configurations. For example, the {@code DelegatedCredential}, which requires correct GWorkspace
+ * configuration, has been tested this way. Since it is a hassle to add or remove endpoints, we keep
+ * this class all the time.
 *
 * <p>This action can be invoked using the Nomulus CLI command: {@code nomulus -e ${env} curl
- * --service BACKEND -X POST -u '/_dr/task/executeCannedScript?script=${script_name}'}
+ * --service BACKEND -X POST -u '/_dr/task/executeCannedScript}'}
 */
-// TODO(b/234424397): remove class after credential changes are rolled out.
@Action(
    service = Action.Service.BACKEND,
    path = "/_dr/task/executeCannedScript",
@@ -45,29 +42,18 @@ import javax.inject.Inject;
 public class CannedScriptExecutionAction implements Runnable {
  private static final FluentLogger logger = FluentLogger.forEnclosingClass();

-  static final String SCRIPT_PARAM = "script";
-
-  static final ImmutableMap<String, Runnable> SCRIPTS =
-      ImmutableMap.of("runGroupsApiChecks", GroupsApiChecker::runGroupsApiChecks);
-
-  private final String scriptName;
-
  @Inject
-  CannedScriptExecutionAction(@Parameter(SCRIPT_PARAM) String scriptName) {
-    logger.atInfo().log("Received request to run script %s", scriptName);
-    this.scriptName = scriptName;
+  CannedScriptExecutionAction() {
+    logger.atInfo().log("Received request to run scripts.");
  }

  @Override
  public void run() {
-    if (!SCRIPTS.containsKey(scriptName)) {
-      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Script not found:" + scriptName);
-    }
    try {
-      SCRIPTS.get(scriptName).run();
-      logger.atInfo().log("Finished running %s.", scriptName);
+      // Invoke canned scripts here.
+      logger.atInfo().log("Finished running scripts.");
    } catch (Throwable t) {
-      logger.atWarning().withCause(t).log("Error executing %s", scriptName);
+      logger.atWarning().withCause(t).log("Error executing scripts.");
      throw new RuntimeException("Execution failed.");
    }
  }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/CheckPackagesComplianceAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/CheckPackagesComplianceAction.java
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 package google.registry.batch;

-import static com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList.toImmutableList;
 import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.tm;
 import static google.registry.util.DateTimeUtils.END_OF_TIME;

 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
 import com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
 import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
 import com.google.common.primitives.Ints;
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
 import google.registry.model.domain.token.AllocationToken;
 import google.registry.model.domain.token.PackagePromotion;
 import google.registry.model.registrar.Registrar;
-import google.registry.model.registrar.RegistrarPoc;
 import google.registry.request.Action;
 import google.registry.request.Action.Service;
 import google.registry.request.auth.Auth;
@@ -88,10 +87,10 @@ public class CheckPackagesComplianceAction implements Runnable {

  private void checkPackages() {
    ImmutableList<PackagePromotion> packages = tm().loadAllOf(PackagePromotion.class);
-    ImmutableList.Builder<PackagePromotion> packagesOverCreateLimitBuilder =
-        new ImmutableList.Builder<>();
-    ImmutableList.Builder<PackagePromotion> packagesOverActiveDomainsLimitBuilder =
-        new ImmutableList.Builder<>();
+    ImmutableMap.Builder<PackagePromotion, Long> packagesOverCreateLimitBuilder =
+        new ImmutableMap.Builder<>();
+    ImmutableMap.Builder<PackagePromotion, Long> packagesOverActiveDomainsLimitBuilder =
+        new ImmutableMap.Builder<>();
    for (PackagePromotion packagePromo : packages) {
      Long creates =
          (Long)
@@ -103,12 +102,12 @@ public class CheckPackagesComplianceAction implements Runnable {
                  .setParameter("lastBilling", packagePromo.getNextBillingDate().minusYears(1))
                  .getSingleResult();
      if (creates > packagePromo.getMaxCreates()) {
-        int overage = Ints.saturatedCast(creates) - packagePromo.getMaxCreates();
+        long overage = creates - packagePromo.getMaxCreates();
        logger.atInfo().log(
            "Package with package token %s has exceeded their max domain creation limit"
                + " by %d name(s).",
            packagePromo.getToken().getKey(), overage);
-        packagesOverCreateLimitBuilder.add(packagePromo);
+        packagesOverCreateLimitBuilder.put(packagePromo, creates);
      }

      Long activeDomains =
@@ -125,20 +124,20 @@ public class CheckPackagesComplianceAction implements Runnable {
            "Package with package token %s has exceed their max active domains limit by"
                + " %d name(s).",
            packagePromo.getToken().getKey(), overage);
-        packagesOverActiveDomainsLimitBuilder.add(packagePromo);
+        packagesOverActiveDomainsLimitBuilder.put(packagePromo, activeDomains);
      }
    }
    handlePackageCreationOverage(packagesOverCreateLimitBuilder.build());
    handleActiveDomainOverage(packagesOverActiveDomainsLimitBuilder.build());
  }

-  private void handlePackageCreationOverage(ImmutableList<PackagePromotion> overageList) {
+  private void handlePackageCreationOverage(ImmutableMap<PackagePromotion, Long> overageList) {
    if (overageList.isEmpty()) {
      logger.atInfo().log("Found no packages over their create limit.");
      return;
    }
    logger.atInfo().log("Found %d packages over their create limit.", overageList.size());
-    for (PackagePromotion packagePromotion : overageList) {
+    for (PackagePromotion packagePromotion : overageList.keySet()) {
      AllocationToken packageToken = tm().loadByKey(packagePromotion.getToken());
      Optional<Registrar> registrar =
          Registrar.loadByRegistrarIdCached(
@@ -147,9 +146,11 @@ public class CheckPackagesComplianceAction implements Runnable {
        String body =
            String.format(
                packageCreateLimitEmailBody,
-                registrar.get().getRegistrarName(),
+                packagePromotion.getId(),
                packageToken.getToken(),
-                registrySupportEmail);
+                registrar.get().getRegistrarName(),
+                packagePromotion.getMaxCreates(),
+                overageList.get(packagePromotion));
        sendNotification(packageToken, packageCreateLimitEmailSubject, body, registrar.get());
      } else {
        throw new IllegalStateException(
@@ -158,13 +159,13 @@ public class CheckPackagesComplianceAction implements Runnable {
    }
  }

-  private void handleActiveDomainOverage(ImmutableList<PackagePromotion> overageList) {
+  private void handleActiveDomainOverage(ImmutableMap<PackagePromotion, Long> overageList) {
    if (overageList.isEmpty()) {
      logger.atInfo().log("Found no packages over their active domains limit.");
      return;
    }
    logger.atInfo().log("Found %d packages over their active domains limit.", overageList.size());
-    for (PackagePromotion packagePromotion : overageList) {
+    for (PackagePromotion packagePromotion : overageList.keySet()) {
      int daysSinceLastNotification =
          packagePromotion
              .getLastNotificationSent()
@@ -176,15 +177,18 @@ public class CheckPackagesComplianceAction implements Runnable {
        continue;
      } else if (daysSinceLastNotification < FORTY_DAYS) {
        // Send an upgrade email if last email was between 30 and 40 days ago
-        sendActiveDomainOverageEmail(/* warning= */ false, packagePromotion);
+        sendActiveDomainOverageEmail(
+            /* warning= */ false, packagePromotion, overageList.get(packagePromotion));
      } else {
        // Send a warning email
-        sendActiveDomainOverageEmail(/* warning= */ true, packagePromotion);
+        sendActiveDomainOverageEmail(
+            /* warning= */ true, packagePromotion, overageList.get(packagePromotion));
      }
    }
  }

-  private void sendActiveDomainOverageEmail(boolean warning, PackagePromotion packagePromotion) {
+  private void sendActiveDomainOverageEmail(
+      boolean warning, PackagePromotion packagePromotion, long activeDomains) {
    String emailSubject =
        warning ? packageDomainLimitWarningEmailSubject : packageDomainLimitUpgradeEmailSubject;
    String emailTemplate =
@@ -197,9 +201,11 @@ public class CheckPackagesComplianceAction implements Runnable {
      String body =
          String.format(
              emailTemplate,
-              registrar.get().getRegistrarName(),
+              packagePromotion.getId(),
              packageToken.getToken(),
-              registrySupportEmail);
+              registrar.get().getRegistrarName(),
+              packagePromotion.getMaxDomains(),
+              activeDomains);
      sendNotification(packageToken, emailSubject, body, registrar.get());
      tm().put(packagePromotion.asBuilder().setLastNotificationSent(clock.nowUtc()).build());
    } else {
@@ -212,15 +218,9 @@ public class CheckPackagesComplianceAction implements Runnable {
      AllocationToken packageToken, String subject, String body, Registrar registrar) {
    logger.atInfo().log(
        String.format(
-            "Compliance email sent to the %s registrar regarding the package with token" + " %s.",
+            "Compliance email sent to support regarding the %s registrar and the package with token"
+                + " %s.",
            registrar.getRegistrarName(), packageToken.getToken()));
-    sendEmailUtils.sendEmail(
-        subject,
-        body,
-        Optional.of(registrySupportEmail),
-        registrar.getContacts().stream()
-            .filter(c -> c.getTypes().contains(RegistrarPoc.Type.ADMIN))
-            .map(RegistrarPoc::getEmailAddress)
-            .collect(toImmutableList()));
+    sendEmailUtils.sendEmail(subject, body, ImmutableList.of(registrySupportEmail));
  }
 }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/CloudTasksUtils.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/CloudTasksUtils.java
@@ -12,10 +12,11 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-package google.registry.util;
+package google.registry.batch;

 import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
 import static com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList.toImmutableList;
+import static google.registry.tools.ServiceConnection.getServer;
 import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;

 import com.google.api.gax.rpc.ApiException;
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@ import com.google.cloud.tasks.v2.AppEngineHttpRequest;
 import com.google.cloud.tasks.v2.AppEngineRouting;
 import com.google.cloud.tasks.v2.CloudTasksClient;
 import com.google.cloud.tasks.v2.HttpMethod;
+import com.google.cloud.tasks.v2.HttpRequest;
+import com.google.cloud.tasks.v2.OidcToken;
 import com.google.cloud.tasks.v2.QueueName;
 import com.google.cloud.tasks.v2.Task;
 import com.google.common.base.Joiner;
@@ -36,12 +39,21 @@ import com.google.common.net.MediaType;
 import com.google.common.net.UrlEscapers;
 import com.google.protobuf.ByteString;
 import com.google.protobuf.util.Timestamps;
+import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
+import google.registry.request.Action.Service;
+import google.registry.util.Clock;
+import google.registry.util.CollectionUtils;
+import google.registry.util.Retrier;
 import java.io.Serializable;
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Optional;
 import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
+import java.util.function.Consumer;
 import java.util.function.Supplier;
+import javax.annotation.Nullable;
+import javax.inject.Inject;
 import org.joda.time.Duration;

 /** Utilities for dealing with Cloud Tasks. */
@@ -55,18 +67,26 @@ public class CloudTasksUtils implements Serializable {
  private final Clock clock;
  private final String projectId;
  private final String locationId;
+  // defaultServiceAccount and iapClientId are nullable because Optional isn't serializable
+  @Nullable private final String defaultServiceAccount;
+  @Nullable private final String iapClientId;
  private final SerializableCloudTasksClient client;

+  @Inject
  public CloudTasksUtils(
      Retrier retrier,
      Clock clock,
-      String projectId,
-      String locationId,
+      @Config("projectId") String projectId,
+      @Config("locationId") String locationId,
+      @Config("defaultServiceAccount") Optional<String> defaultServiceAccount,
+      @Config("iapClientId") Optional<String> iapClientId,
      SerializableCloudTasksClient client) {
    this.retrier = retrier;
    this.clock = clock;
    this.projectId = projectId;
    this.locationId = locationId;
+    this.defaultServiceAccount = defaultServiceAccount.orElse(null);
+    this.iapClientId = iapClientId.orElse(null);
    this.client = client;
  }

@@ -91,6 +111,74 @@ public class CloudTasksUtils implements Serializable {
    return enqueue(queue, Arrays.asList(tasks));
  }

+  /**
+   * Converts a (possible) set of params into an HTTP request via the appropriate method.
+   *
+   * <p>For GET requests we add them on to the URL, and for POST requests we add them in the body of
+   * the request.
+   *
+   * <p>The parameters {@code putHeadersFunction} and {@code setBodyFunction} are used so that this
+   * method can be called with either an AppEngine HTTP request or a standard non-AppEngine HTTP
+   * request. The two objects do not have the same methods, but both have ways of setting headers /
+   * body.
+   *
+   * @return the resulting path (unchanged for POST requests, with params added for GET requests)
+   */
+  private String processRequestParameters(
+      String path,
+      HttpMethod method,
+      Multimap<String, String> params,
+      BiConsumer<String, String> putHeadersFunction,
+      Consumer<ByteString> setBodyFunction) {
+    if (CollectionUtils.isNullOrEmpty(params)) {
+      return path;
+    }
+    Escaper escaper = UrlEscapers.urlPathSegmentEscaper();
+    String encodedParams =
+        Joiner.on("&")
+            .join(
+                params.entries().stream()
+                    .map(
+                        entry ->
+                            String.format(
+                                "%s=%s",
+                                escaper.escape(entry.getKey()), escaper.escape(entry.getValue())))
+                    .collect(toImmutableList()));
+    if (method.equals(HttpMethod.GET)) {
+      return String.format("%s?%s", path, encodedParams);
+    }
+    putHeadersFunction.accept(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_TYPE, MediaType.FORM_DATA.toString());
+    setBodyFunction.accept(ByteString.copyFrom(encodedParams, StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+    return path;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a {@link Task} that does not use AppEngine for submission.
+   *
+   * <p>This uses the standard Cloud Tasks auth format to create and send an OIDC ID token set to
+   * the default service account. That account must have permission to submit tasks to Cloud Tasks.
+   */
+  private Task createNonAppEngineTask(
+      String path, HttpMethod method, Service service, Multimap<String, String> params) {
+    HttpRequest.Builder requestBuilder = HttpRequest.newBuilder().setHttpMethod(method);
+    path =
+        processRequestParameters(
+            path, method, params, requestBuilder::putHeaders, requestBuilder::setBody);
+    OidcToken.Builder oidcTokenBuilder =
+        OidcToken.newBuilder().setServiceAccountEmail(defaultServiceAccount);
+    // If the service is using IAP, add that as the audience for the token so the request can be
+    // appropriately authed. Otherwise, use the project name.
+    if (iapClientId != null) {
+      oidcTokenBuilder.setAudience(iapClientId);
+    } else {
+      oidcTokenBuilder.setAudience(projectId);
+    }
+    requestBuilder.setOidcToken(oidcTokenBuilder.build());
+    String totalPath = String.format("%s%s", getServer(service), path);
+    requestBuilder.setUrl(totalPath);
+    return Task.newBuilder().setHttpRequest(requestBuilder.build()).build();
+  }
+
  /**
   * Create a {@link Task} to be enqueued.
   *
@@ -108,7 +196,7 @@ public class CloudTasksUtils implements Serializable {
   *     the worker service</a>
   */
  private Task createTask(
-      String path, HttpMethod method, String service, Multimap<String, String> params) {
+      String path, HttpMethod method, Service service, Multimap<String, String> params) {
    checkArgument(
        path != null && !path.isEmpty() && path.charAt(0) == '/',
        "The path must start with a '/'.");
@@ -116,33 +204,21 @@ public class CloudTasksUtils implements Serializable {
        method.equals(HttpMethod.GET) || method.equals(HttpMethod.POST),
        "HTTP method %s is used. Only GET and POST are allowed.",
        method);
-    AppEngineHttpRequest.Builder requestBuilder =
-        AppEngineHttpRequest.newBuilder()
-            .setHttpMethod(method)
-            .setAppEngineRouting(AppEngineRouting.newBuilder().setService(service).build());
-
-    if (!CollectionUtils.isNullOrEmpty(params)) {
-      Escaper escaper = UrlEscapers.urlPathSegmentEscaper();
-      String encodedParams =
-          Joiner.on("&")
-              .join(
-                  params.entries().stream()
-                      .map(
-                          entry ->
-                              String.format(
-                                  "%s=%s",
-                                  escaper.escape(entry.getKey()), escaper.escape(entry.getValue())))
-                      .collect(toImmutableList()));
-      if (method == HttpMethod.GET) {
-        path = String.format("%s?%s", path, encodedParams);
-      } else {
-        requestBuilder
-            .putHeaders(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_TYPE, MediaType.FORM_DATA.toString())
-            .setBody(ByteString.copyFrom(encodedParams, StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
-      }
+    // If the default service account is configured, send a standard non-AppEngine HTTP request
+    if (defaultServiceAccount != null) {
+      return createNonAppEngineTask(path, method, service, params);
+    } else {
+      AppEngineHttpRequest.Builder requestBuilder =
+          AppEngineHttpRequest.newBuilder()
+              .setHttpMethod(method)
+              .setAppEngineRouting(
+                  AppEngineRouting.newBuilder().setService(service.toString()).build());
+      path =
+          processRequestParameters(
+              path, method, params, requestBuilder::putHeaders, requestBuilder::setBody);
+      requestBuilder.setRelativeUri(path);
+      return Task.newBuilder().setAppEngineHttpRequest(requestBuilder.build()).build();
    }
-    requestBuilder.setRelativeUri(path);
-    return Task.newBuilder().setAppEngineHttpRequest(requestBuilder.build()).build();
  }

  /**
@@ -165,7 +241,7 @@ public class CloudTasksUtils implements Serializable {
  private Task createTaskWithJitter(
      String path,
      HttpMethod method,
-      String service,
+      Service service,
      Multimap<String, String> params,
      Optional<Integer> jitterSeconds) {
    if (!jitterSeconds.isPresent() || jitterSeconds.get() <= 0) {
@@ -199,7 +275,7 @@ public class CloudTasksUtils implements Serializable {
  private Task createTaskWithDelay(
      String path,
      HttpMethod method,
-      String service,
+      Service service,
      Multimap<String, String> params,
      Duration delay) {
    if (delay.isEqual(Duration.ZERO)) {
@@ -211,11 +287,11 @@ public class CloudTasksUtils implements Serializable {
        .build();
  }

-  public Task createPostTask(String path, String service, Multimap<String, String> params) {
+  public Task createPostTask(String path, Service service, Multimap<String, String> params) {
    return createTask(path, HttpMethod.POST, service, params);
  }

-  public Task createGetTask(String path, String service, Multimap<String, String> params) {
+  public Task createGetTask(String path, Service service, Multimap<String, String> params) {
    return createTask(path, HttpMethod.GET, service, params);
  }

@@ -224,7 +300,7 @@ public class CloudTasksUtils implements Serializable {
   */
  public Task createPostTaskWithJitter(
      String path,
-      String service,
+      Service service,
      Multimap<String, String> params,
      Optional<Integer> jitterSeconds) {
    return createTaskWithJitter(path, HttpMethod.POST, service, params, jitterSeconds);
@@ -235,7 +311,7 @@ public class CloudTasksUtils implements Serializable {
   */
  public Task createGetTaskWithJitter(
      String path,
-      String service,
+      Service service,
      Multimap<String, String> params,
      Optional<Integer> jitterSeconds) {
    return createTaskWithJitter(path, HttpMethod.GET, service, params, jitterSeconds);
@@ -243,13 +319,13 @@ public class CloudTasksUtils implements Serializable {

  /** Create a {@link Task} via HTTP.POST that will be delayed for {@code delay}. */
  public Task createPostTaskWithDelay(
-      String path, String service, Multimap<String, String> params, Duration delay) {
+      String path, Service service, Multimap<String, String> params, Duration delay) {
    return createTaskWithDelay(path, HttpMethod.POST, service, params, delay);
  }

  /** Create a {@link Task} via HTTP.GET that will be delayed for {@code delay}. */
  public Task createGetTaskWithDelay(
-      String path, String service, Multimap<String, String> params, Duration delay) {
+      String path, Service service, Multimap<String, String> params, Duration delay) {
    return createTaskWithDelay(path, HttpMethod.GET, service, params, delay);
  }

--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/DeleteProberDataAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/DeleteProberDataAction.java
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkState;
 import static com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet.toImmutableSet;
 import static google.registry.batch.BatchModule.PARAM_DRY_RUN;
 import static google.registry.config.RegistryEnvironment.PRODUCTION;
+import static google.registry.dns.DnsUtils.requestDomainDnsRefresh;
 import static google.registry.model.reporting.HistoryEntry.Type.DOMAIN_DELETE;
 import static google.registry.model.tld.Registries.getTldsOfType;
 import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.tm;
@@ -32,12 +33,11 @@ import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
 import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
 import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
 import google.registry.config.RegistryEnvironment;
-import google.registry.dns.DnsQueue;
 import google.registry.model.CreateAutoTimestamp;
 import google.registry.model.EppResourceUtils;
 import google.registry.model.domain.Domain;
 import google.registry.model.domain.DomainHistory;
-import google.registry.model.tld.Registry.TldType;
+import google.registry.model.tld.Tld.TldType;
 import google.registry.request.Action;
 import google.registry.request.Parameter;
 import google.registry.request.auth.Auth;
@@ -98,8 +98,6 @@ public class DeleteProberDataAction implements Runnable {
  /** Number of domains to retrieve and delete per SQL transaction. */
  private static final int BATCH_SIZE = 1000;

-  @Inject DnsQueue dnsQueue;
-
  @Inject
  @Parameter(PARAM_DRY_RUN)
  boolean isDryRun;
@@ -222,7 +220,7 @@ public class DeleteProberDataAction implements Runnable {
    }
  }

-  private void hardDeleteDomainsAndHosts(
+  private static void hardDeleteDomainsAndHosts(
      ImmutableList<String> domainRepoIds, ImmutableList<String> hostNames) {
    tm().query("DELETE FROM Host WHERE hostName IN :hostNames")
        .setParameter("hostNames", hostNames)
@@ -264,6 +262,6 @@ public class DeleteProberDataAction implements Runnable {
    // messages, or auto-renews because those will all be hard-deleted the next time the job runs
    // anyway.
    tm().putAll(ImmutableList.of(deletedDomain, historyEntry));
-    dnsQueue.addDomainRefreshTask(deletedDomain.getDomainName());
+    requestDomainDnsRefresh(deletedDomain.getDomainName());
  }
 }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/ExpandBillingRecurrencesAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/ExpandBillingRecurrencesAction.java
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package google.registry.batch;
+
+import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
+import static google.registry.batch.BatchModule.PARAM_DRY_RUN;
+import static google.registry.beam.BeamUtils.createJobName;
+import static google.registry.model.common.Cursor.CursorType.RECURRING_BILLING;
+import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.tm;
+import static google.registry.util.DateTimeUtils.START_OF_TIME;
+import static javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR;
+import static javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse.SC_OK;
+
+import com.google.api.services.dataflow.Dataflow;
+import com.google.api.services.dataflow.model.LaunchFlexTemplateParameter;
+import com.google.api.services.dataflow.model.LaunchFlexTemplateRequest;
+import com.google.api.services.dataflow.model.LaunchFlexTemplateResponse;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
+import google.registry.beam.billing.ExpandBillingRecurrencesPipeline;
+import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
+import google.registry.config.RegistryEnvironment;
+import google.registry.model.billing.BillingEvent;
+import google.registry.model.billing.BillingRecurrence;
+import google.registry.model.common.Cursor;
+import google.registry.request.Action;
+import google.registry.request.Parameter;
+import google.registry.request.Response;
+import google.registry.request.auth.Auth;
+import google.registry.util.Clock;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import javax.inject.Inject;
+import org.joda.time.DateTime;
+
+/**
+ * An action that kicks off a {@link ExpandBillingRecurrencesPipeline} dataflow job to expand {@link
+ * BillingRecurrence} billing events into synthetic {@link BillingEvent} events.
+ */
+@Action(
+    service = Action.Service.BACKEND,
+    path = "/_dr/task/expandBillingRecurrences",
+    auth = Auth.AUTH_INTERNAL_OR_ADMIN)
+public class ExpandBillingRecurrencesAction implements Runnable {
+
+  public static final String PARAM_START_TIME = "startTime";
+  public static final String PARAM_END_TIME = "endTime";
+  public static final String PARAM_ADVANCE_CURSOR = "advanceCursor";
+
+  private static final String PIPELINE_NAME = "expand_billing_recurrences_pipeline";
+  private static final FluentLogger logger = FluentLogger.forEnclosingClass();
+
+  @Inject Clock clock;
+
+  @Inject
+  @Parameter(PARAM_DRY_RUN)
+  boolean isDryRun;
+
+  @Inject
+  @Parameter(PARAM_ADVANCE_CURSOR)
+  boolean advanceCursor;
+
+  @Inject
+  @Parameter(PARAM_START_TIME)
+  Optional<DateTime> startTimeParam;
+
+  @Inject
+  @Parameter(PARAM_END_TIME)
+  Optional<DateTime> endTimeParam;
+
+  @Inject
+  @Config("projectId")
+  String projectId;
+
+  @Inject
+  @Config("defaultJobRegion")
+  String jobRegion;
+
+  @Inject
+  @Config("beamStagingBucketUrl")
+  String stagingBucketUrl;
+
+  @Inject Dataflow dataflow;
+
+  @Inject Response response;
+
+  @Inject
+  ExpandBillingRecurrencesAction() {}
+
+  @Override
+  public void run() {
+    checkArgument(!(isDryRun && advanceCursor), "Cannot advance the cursor in a dry run.");
+    DateTime endTime = endTimeParam.orElse(clock.nowUtc());
+    checkArgument(
+        !endTime.isAfter(clock.nowUtc()), "End time (%s) must be at or before now", endTime);
+    DateTime startTime =
+        startTimeParam.orElse(
+            tm().transact(
+                    () ->
+                        tm().loadByKeyIfPresent(Cursor.createGlobalVKey(RECURRING_BILLING))
+                            .orElse(Cursor.createGlobal(RECURRING_BILLING, START_OF_TIME))
+                            .getCursorTime()));
+    checkArgument(
+        startTime.isBefore(endTime),
+        String.format("Start time (%s) must be before end time (%s)", startTime, endTime));
+    LaunchFlexTemplateParameter launchParameter =
+        new LaunchFlexTemplateParameter()
+            .setJobName(
+                createJobName(
+                    String.format(
+                        "expand-billing-%s", startTime.toString("yyyy-MM-dd't'HH-mm-ss'z'")),
+                    clock))
+            .setContainerSpecGcsPath(
+                String.format("%s/%s_metadata.json", stagingBucketUrl, PIPELINE_NAME))
+            .setParameters(
+                new ImmutableMap.Builder<String, String>()
+                    .put("registryEnvironment", RegistryEnvironment.get().name())
+                    .put("startTime", startTime.toString("yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSS'Z'"))
+                    .put("endTime", endTime.toString("yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSS'Z'"))
+                    .put("isDryRun", Boolean.toString(isDryRun))
+                    .put("advanceCursor", Boolean.toString(advanceCursor))
+                    .build());
+    logger.atInfo().log(
+        "Launching billing recurrence expansion pipeline for event time range [%s, %s)%s.",
+        startTime,
+        endTime,
+        isDryRun ? " in dry run mode" : advanceCursor ? "" : " without advancing the cursor");
+    try {
+      LaunchFlexTemplateResponse launchResponse =
+          dataflow
+              .projects()
+              .locations()
+              .flexTemplates()
+              .launch(
+                  projectId,
+                  jobRegion,
+                  new LaunchFlexTemplateRequest().setLaunchParameter(launchParameter))
+              .execute();
+      logger.atInfo().log("Got response: %s", launchResponse.getJob().toPrettyString());
+      response.setStatus(SC_OK);
+      response.setPayload(
+          String.format(
+              "Launched billing recurrence expansion pipeline: %s",
+              launchResponse.getJob().getId()));
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      logger.atWarning().withCause(e).log("Pipeline Launch failed");
+      response.setStatus(SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
+      response.setPayload(String.format("Pipeline launch failed: %s", e.getMessage()));
+    }
+  }
+}
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/ExpandRecurringBillingEventsAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/ExpandRecurringBillingEventsAction.java
@@ -1,376 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package google.registry.batch;
-
-import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
-import static com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet.toImmutableSet;
-import static com.google.common.collect.Sets.difference;
-import static com.google.common.collect.Sets.newHashSet;
-import static google.registry.batch.BatchModule.PARAM_DRY_RUN;
-import static google.registry.model.common.Cursor.CursorType.RECURRING_BILLING;
-import static google.registry.model.domain.Period.Unit.YEARS;
-import static google.registry.model.reporting.HistoryEntry.Type.DOMAIN_AUTORENEW;
-import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.QueryComposer.Comparator.EQ;
-import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.tm;
-import static google.registry.util.CollectionUtils.union;
-import static google.registry.util.DateTimeUtils.START_OF_TIME;
-import static google.registry.util.DateTimeUtils.earliestOf;
-import static google.registry.util.DomainNameUtils.getTldFromDomainName;
-
-import com.google.auto.value.AutoValue;
-import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
-import com.google.common.collect.Range;
-import com.google.common.collect.Streams;
-import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
-import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
-import google.registry.flows.domain.DomainPricingLogic;
-import google.registry.model.ImmutableObject;
-import google.registry.model.billing.BillingEvent;
-import google.registry.model.billing.BillingEvent.Flag;
-import google.registry.model.billing.BillingEvent.OneTime;
-import google.registry.model.billing.BillingEvent.Recurring;
-import google.registry.model.common.Cursor;
-import google.registry.model.domain.Domain;
-import google.registry.model.domain.DomainHistory;
-import google.registry.model.domain.Period;
-import google.registry.model.reporting.DomainTransactionRecord;
-import google.registry.model.reporting.DomainTransactionRecord.TransactionReportField;
-import google.registry.model.tld.Registry;
-import google.registry.persistence.VKey;
-import google.registry.request.Action;
-import google.registry.request.Parameter;
-import google.registry.request.Response;
-import google.registry.request.auth.Auth;
-import google.registry.util.Clock;
-import java.util.List;
-import java.util.Optional;
-import java.util.Set;
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
-import javax.inject.Inject;
-import org.joda.time.DateTime;
-
-/**
- * An action that expands {@link Recurring} billing events into synthetic {@link OneTime} events.
- *
- * <p>The cursor used throughout this action (overridden if necessary using the parameter {@code
- * cursorTime}) represents the inclusive lower bound on the range of billing times that will be
- * expanded as a result of the job (the exclusive upper bound being the execution time of the job).
- */
-@Action(
-    service = Action.Service.BACKEND,
-    path = "/_dr/task/expandRecurringBillingEvents",
-    auth = Auth.AUTH_INTERNAL_OR_ADMIN)
-public class ExpandRecurringBillingEventsAction implements Runnable {
-
-  public static final String PARAM_CURSOR_TIME = "cursorTime";
-  private static final FluentLogger logger = FluentLogger.forEnclosingClass();
-
-  @Inject Clock clock;
-
-  @Inject
-  @Config("jdbcBatchSize")
-  int batchSize;
-
-  @Inject @Parameter(PARAM_DRY_RUN) boolean isDryRun;
-  @Inject @Parameter(PARAM_CURSOR_TIME) Optional<DateTime> cursorTimeParam;
-
-  @Inject DomainPricingLogic domainPricingLogic;
-  @Inject Response response;
-  @Inject ExpandRecurringBillingEventsAction() {}
-
-  @Override
-  public void run() {
-    DateTime executeTime = clock.nowUtc();
-    DateTime persistedCursorTime =
-        tm().transact(
-                () ->
-                    tm().loadByKeyIfPresent(Cursor.createGlobalVKey(RECURRING_BILLING))
-                        .orElse(Cursor.createGlobal(RECURRING_BILLING, START_OF_TIME))
-                        .getCursorTime());
-    DateTime cursorTime = cursorTimeParam.orElse(persistedCursorTime);
-    checkArgument(
-        cursorTime.isBefore(executeTime), "Cursor time must be earlier than execution time.");
-    logger.atInfo().log(
-        "Running Recurring billing event expansion for billing time range [%s, %s).",
-        cursorTime, executeTime);
-    expandSqlBillingEventsInBatches(executeTime, cursorTime, persistedCursorTime);
-  }
-
-  private void expandSqlBillingEventsInBatches(
-      DateTime executeTime, DateTime cursorTime, DateTime persistedCursorTime) {
-    int totalBillingEventsSaved = 0;
-    long maxProcessedRecurrenceId = 0;
-    SqlBatchResults sqlBatchResults;
-
-    do {
-      final long prevMaxProcessedRecurrenceId = maxProcessedRecurrenceId;
-      sqlBatchResults =
-          tm().transact(
-                  () -> {
-                    Set<String> expandedDomains = newHashSet();
-                    int batchBillingEventsSaved = 0;
-                    long maxRecurrenceId = prevMaxProcessedRecurrenceId;
-                    List<Recurring> recurrings =
-                        tm().query(
-                                "FROM BillingRecurrence "
-                                    + "WHERE eventTime <= :executeTime "
-                                    + "AND eventTime < recurrenceEndTime "
-                                    + "AND id > :maxProcessedRecurrenceId "
-                                    + "AND recurrenceEndTime > :adjustedCursorTime "
-                                    + "ORDER BY id ASC",
-                                Recurring.class)
-                            .setParameter("executeTime", executeTime)
-                            .setParameter("maxProcessedRecurrenceId", prevMaxProcessedRecurrenceId)
-                            .setParameter(
-                                "adjustedCursorTime",
-                                cursorTime.minus(Registry.DEFAULT_AUTO_RENEW_GRACE_PERIOD))
-                            .setMaxResults(batchSize)
-                            .getResultList();
-                    for (Recurring recurring : recurrings) {
-                      if (expandedDomains.contains(recurring.getTargetId())) {
-                        // On the off chance this batch contains multiple recurrences for the same
-                        // domain (which is actually possible if a given domain is quickly renewed
-                        // multiple times in a row), then short-circuit after the first one is
-                        // processed that involves actually expanding a billing event. This is
-                        // necessary because otherwise we get an "Inserted/updated object reloaded"
-                        // error from Hibernate when those billing events would be loaded
-                        // inside a transaction where they were already written. Note, there is no
-                        // actual further work to be done in this case anyway, not unless it has
-                        // somehow been over a year since this action last ran successfully (and if
-                        // that were somehow true, the remaining billing events would still be
-                        // expanded on subsequent runs).
-                        continue;
-                      }
-                      int billingEventsSaved =
-                          expandBillingEvent(
-                              recurring, executeTime, cursorTime, isDryRun, domainPricingLogic);
-                      batchBillingEventsSaved += billingEventsSaved;
-                      if (billingEventsSaved > 0) {
-                        expandedDomains.add(recurring.getTargetId());
-                      }
-                      maxRecurrenceId = Math.max(maxRecurrenceId, recurring.getId());
-                    }
-                    return SqlBatchResults.create(
-                        batchBillingEventsSaved,
-                        maxRecurrenceId,
-                        maxRecurrenceId > prevMaxProcessedRecurrenceId);
-                  });
-      totalBillingEventsSaved += sqlBatchResults.batchBillingEventsSaved();
-      maxProcessedRecurrenceId = sqlBatchResults.maxProcessedRecurrenceId();
-      if (sqlBatchResults.batchBillingEventsSaved() > 0) {
-        logger.atInfo().log(
-            "Saved %d billing events in batch (%d total) with max recurrence id %d.",
-            sqlBatchResults.batchBillingEventsSaved(),
-            totalBillingEventsSaved,
-            maxProcessedRecurrenceId);
-      } else {
-        // If we're churning through a lot of no-op recurrences that don't need expanding (yet?),
-        // then only log one no-op every so often as a good balance between letting the user track
-        // that the action is still running while also not spamming the logs incessantly.
-        logger.atInfo().atMostEvery(3, TimeUnit.MINUTES).log(
-            "Processed up to max recurrence id %d (no billing events saved recently).",
-            maxProcessedRecurrenceId);
-      }
-    } while (sqlBatchResults.shouldContinue());
-
-    if (!isDryRun) {
-      logger.atInfo().log("Saved %d total OneTime billing events.", totalBillingEventsSaved);
-    } else {
-      logger.atInfo().log(
-          "Generated %d total OneTime billing events (dry run).", totalBillingEventsSaved);
-    }
-    logger.atInfo().log(
-        "Recurring event expansion %s complete for billing event range [%s, %s).",
-        isDryRun ? "(dry run) " : "", cursorTime, executeTime);
-    tm().transact(
-            () -> {
-              // Check for the unlikely scenario where the cursor has been altered during the
-              // expansion.
-              DateTime currentCursorTime =
-                  tm().loadByKeyIfPresent(Cursor.createGlobalVKey(RECURRING_BILLING))
-                      .orElse(Cursor.createGlobal(RECURRING_BILLING, START_OF_TIME))
-                      .getCursorTime();
-              if (!currentCursorTime.equals(persistedCursorTime)) {
-                throw new IllegalStateException(
-                    String.format(
-                        "Current cursor position %s does not match persisted cursor position %s.",
-                        currentCursorTime, persistedCursorTime));
-              }
-              if (!isDryRun) {
-                tm().put(Cursor.createGlobal(RECURRING_BILLING, executeTime));
-              }
-            });
-  }
-
-  @AutoValue
-  abstract static class SqlBatchResults {
-    abstract int batchBillingEventsSaved();
-
-    abstract long maxProcessedRecurrenceId();
-
-    abstract boolean shouldContinue();
-
-    static SqlBatchResults create(
-        int batchBillingEventsSaved, long maxProcessedRecurrenceId, boolean shouldContinue) {
-      return new AutoValue_ExpandRecurringBillingEventsAction_SqlBatchResults(
-          batchBillingEventsSaved, maxProcessedRecurrenceId, shouldContinue);
-    }
-  }
-
-  private static int expandBillingEvent(
-      Recurring recurring,
-      DateTime executeTime,
-      DateTime cursorTime,
-      boolean isDryRun,
-      DomainPricingLogic domainPricingLogic) {
-    ImmutableSet.Builder<OneTime> syntheticOneTimesBuilder = new ImmutableSet.Builder<>();
-    final Registry tld = Registry.get(getTldFromDomainName(recurring.getTargetId()));
-
-    // Determine the complete set of times at which this recurring event should
-    // occur (up to and including the runtime of the action).
-    Iterable<DateTime> eventTimes =
-        recurring
-            .getRecurrenceTimeOfYear()
-            .getInstancesInRange(
-                Range.closed(
-                    recurring.getEventTime(),
-                    earliestOf(recurring.getRecurrenceEndTime(), executeTime)));
-
-    // Convert these event times to billing times
-    final ImmutableSet<DateTime> billingTimes =
-        getBillingTimesInScope(eventTimes, cursorTime, executeTime, tld);
-
-    VKey<Domain> domainKey = VKey.create(Domain.class, recurring.getDomainRepoId());
-    Iterable<OneTime> oneTimesForDomain;
-    oneTimesForDomain =
-        tm().createQueryComposer(OneTime.class)
-            .where("domainRepoId", EQ, recurring.getDomainRepoId())
-            .list();
-
-    // Determine the billing times that already have OneTime events persisted.
-    ImmutableSet<DateTime> existingBillingTimes =
-        getExistingBillingTimes(oneTimesForDomain, recurring);
-
-    ImmutableSet.Builder<DomainHistory> historyEntriesBuilder = new ImmutableSet.Builder<>();
-    // Create synthetic OneTime events for all billing times that do not yet have
-    // an event persisted.
-    for (DateTime billingTime : difference(billingTimes, existingBillingTimes)) {
-      // Construct a new HistoryEntry that parents over the OneTime
-      DomainHistory historyEntry =
-          new DomainHistory.Builder()
-              .setBySuperuser(false)
-              .setRegistrarId(recurring.getRegistrarId())
-              .setModificationTime(tm().getTransactionTime())
-              .setDomain(tm().loadByKey(domainKey))
-              .setPeriod(Period.create(1, YEARS))
-              .setReason("Domain autorenewal by ExpandRecurringBillingEventsAction")
-              .setRequestedByRegistrar(false)
-              .setType(DOMAIN_AUTORENEW)
-              // Note: the following statement seems to not be entirely correct as manual renewal
-              // during the autorenew grace period also closes out the existing recurrence, but in
-              // that instance the autorenew history entry should still have the transaction records
-              // for obvious reasons. It can be argued the history entry should always have the
-              // transaction record, regardless of what happens afterward. If the domain is deleted
-              // later during the autorenew grace period, another history entry for the delete would
-              // record that mutation separately, but the previous autorenew should not have its
-              // history entry retroactively altered, or in this case have the transaction records
-              // omitted when its created belatedly (when billing time is in scope). However, since
-              // we will be rewriting this action and only want to do the absolute minimum change to
-              // fix it for now, we will leave the current logic in place to avoid any unnecessary
-              // complications.
-              //
-              // Don't write a domain transaction record if the recurrence was
-              // ended prior to the billing time (i.e. a domain was deleted
-              // during the autorenew grace period).
-              .setDomainTransactionRecords(
-                  recurring.getRecurrenceEndTime().isBefore(billingTime)
-                      ? ImmutableSet.of()
-                      : ImmutableSet.of(
-                          DomainTransactionRecord.create(
-                              tld.getTldStr(),
-                              // We report this when the autorenew grace period
-                              // ends
-                              billingTime,
-                              TransactionReportField.netRenewsFieldFromYears(1),
-                              1)))
-              .build();
-      historyEntriesBuilder.add(historyEntry);
-
-      DateTime eventTime = billingTime.minus(tld.getAutoRenewGracePeriodLength());
-
-      syntheticOneTimesBuilder.add(
-          new OneTime.Builder()
-              .setBillingTime(billingTime)
-              .setRegistrarId(recurring.getRegistrarId())
-              // Determine the cost for a one-year renewal.
-              .setCost(
-                  domainPricingLogic
-                      .getRenewPrice(tld, recurring.getTargetId(), eventTime, 1, recurring)
-                      .getRenewCost())
-              .setEventTime(eventTime)
-              .setFlags(union(recurring.getFlags(), Flag.SYNTHETIC))
-              .setDomainHistory(historyEntry)
-              .setPeriodYears(1)
-              .setReason(recurring.getReason())
-              .setSyntheticCreationTime(executeTime)
-              .setCancellationMatchingBillingEvent(recurring)
-              .setTargetId(recurring.getTargetId())
-              .build());
-    }
-    Set<DomainHistory> historyEntries = historyEntriesBuilder.build();
-    Set<OneTime> syntheticOneTimes = syntheticOneTimesBuilder.build();
-    if (!isDryRun) {
-      ImmutableSet<ImmutableObject> entitiesToSave =
-          new ImmutableSet.Builder<ImmutableObject>()
-              .addAll(historyEntries)
-              .addAll(syntheticOneTimes)
-              .build();
-      tm().putAll(entitiesToSave);
-    }
-    return syntheticOneTimes.size();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Filters a set of {@link DateTime}s down to event times that are in scope for a particular
-   * action run, given the cursor time and the action execution time.
-   */
-  protected static ImmutableSet<DateTime> getBillingTimesInScope(
-      Iterable<DateTime> eventTimes,
-      DateTime cursorTime,
-      DateTime executeTime,
-      final Registry tld) {
-    return Streams.stream(eventTimes)
-        .map(eventTime -> eventTime.plus(tld.getAutoRenewGracePeriodLength()))
-        .filter(Range.closedOpen(cursorTime, executeTime))
-        .collect(toImmutableSet());
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Determines an {@link ImmutableSet} of {@link DateTime}s that have already been persisted for a
-   * given recurring billing event.
-   */
-  private static ImmutableSet<DateTime> getExistingBillingTimes(
-      Iterable<BillingEvent.OneTime> oneTimesForDomain,
-      final BillingEvent.Recurring recurringEvent) {
-    return Streams.stream(oneTimesForDomain)
-        .filter(
-            billingEvent ->
-                recurringEvent
-                    .createVKey()
-                    .equals(billingEvent.getCancellationMatchingBillingEvent()))
-        .map(OneTime::getBillingTime)
-        .collect(toImmutableSet());
-  }
-}
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/WipeOutContactHistoryPiiAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/WipeOutContactHistoryPiiAction.java
@@ -14,31 +14,39 @@

 package google.registry.batch;

-import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.tm;
-import static org.apache.http.HttpStatus.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR;
-import static org.apache.http.HttpStatus.SC_OK;
+import static google.registry.batch.BatchModule.PARAM_DRY_RUN;
+import static google.registry.beam.BeamUtils.createJobName;
+import static javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR;
+import static javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse.SC_OK;

-import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.google.api.services.dataflow.Dataflow;
+import com.google.api.services.dataflow.model.LaunchFlexTemplateParameter;
+import com.google.api.services.dataflow.model.LaunchFlexTemplateRequest;
+import com.google.api.services.dataflow.model.LaunchFlexTemplateResponse;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
 import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
 import com.google.common.net.MediaType;
+import google.registry.beam.wipeout.WipeOutContactHistoryPiiPipeline;
 import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
+import google.registry.config.RegistryEnvironment;
 import google.registry.model.contact.ContactHistory;
 import google.registry.request.Action;
 import google.registry.request.Action.Service;
+import google.registry.request.Parameter;
 import google.registry.request.Response;
 import google.registry.request.auth.Auth;
 import google.registry.util.Clock;
-import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
-import java.util.stream.Stream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Optional;
 import javax.inject.Inject;
 import org.joda.time.DateTime;

 /**
- * An action that wipes out Personal Identifiable Information (PII) fields of {@link ContactHistory}
- * entities.
+ * An action that launches {@link WipeOutContactHistoryPiiPipeline} to wipe out Personal
+ * Identifiable Information (PII) fields of {@link ContactHistory} entities.
 *
- * <p>ContactHistory entities should be retained in the database for only certain amount of time.
- * This periodic wipe out action only applies to SQL.
+ * <p>{@link ContactHistory} entities should be retained in the database for only certain amount of
+ * time.
 */
@Action(
    service = Service.BACKEND,
@@ -47,90 +55,89 @@ import org.joda.time.DateTime;
 public class WipeOutContactHistoryPiiAction implements Runnable {

  public static final String PATH = "/_dr/task/wipeOutContactHistoryPii";
+  public static final String PARAM_CUTOFF_TIME = "wipeoutTime";
  private static final FluentLogger logger = FluentLogger.forEnclosingClass();
+  private static final String PIPELINE_NAME = "wipe_out_contact_history_pii_pipeline";
+
  private final Clock clock;
-  private final Response response;
+  private final boolean isDryRun;
+  private final Optional<DateTime> maybeCutoffTime;
  private final int minMonthsBeforeWipeOut;
-  private final int wipeOutQueryBatchSize;
+  private final String stagingBucketUrl;
+  private final String projectId;
+  private final String jobRegion;
+  private final Dataflow dataflow;
+  private final Response response;

  @Inject
  public WipeOutContactHistoryPiiAction(
      Clock clock,
+      @Parameter(PARAM_DRY_RUN) boolean isDryRun,
+      @Parameter(PARAM_CUTOFF_TIME) Optional<DateTime> maybeCutoffTime,
      @Config("minMonthsBeforeWipeOut") int minMonthsBeforeWipeOut,
-      @Config("wipeOutQueryBatchSize") int wipeOutQueryBatchSize,
+      @Config("beamStagingBucketUrl") String stagingBucketUrl,
+      @Config("projectId") String projectId,
+      @Config("defaultJobRegion") String jobRegion,
+      Dataflow dataflow,
      Response response) {
    this.clock = clock;
-    this.response = response;
+    this.isDryRun = isDryRun;
+    this.maybeCutoffTime = maybeCutoffTime;
    this.minMonthsBeforeWipeOut = minMonthsBeforeWipeOut;
-    this.wipeOutQueryBatchSize = wipeOutQueryBatchSize;
+    this.stagingBucketUrl = stagingBucketUrl;
+    this.projectId = projectId;
+    this.jobRegion = jobRegion;
+    this.dataflow = dataflow;
+    this.response = response;
  }

  @Override
  public void run() {
    response.setContentType(MediaType.PLAIN_TEXT_UTF_8);
+    DateTime cutoffTime =
+        maybeCutoffTime.orElse(clock.nowUtc().minusMonths(minMonthsBeforeWipeOut));
+    LaunchFlexTemplateParameter launchParameter =
+        new LaunchFlexTemplateParameter()
+            .setJobName(
+                createJobName(
+                    String.format(
+                        "contact-history-pii-wipeout-%s",
+                        cutoffTime.toString("yyyy-MM-dd't'HH-mm-ss'z'")),
+                    clock))
+            .setContainerSpecGcsPath(
+                String.format("%s/%s_metadata.json", stagingBucketUrl, PIPELINE_NAME))
+            .setParameters(
+                ImmutableMap.of(
+                    "registryEnvironment",
+                    RegistryEnvironment.get().name(),
+                    "cutoffTime",
+                    cutoffTime.toString("yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSS'Z'"),
+                    "isDryRun",
+                    Boolean.toString(isDryRun)));
+    logger.atInfo().log(
+        "Launching Beam pipeline to wipe out all PII of contact history entities prior to %s%s.",
+        cutoffTime, " in dry run mode");
    try {
-      int totalNumOfWipedEntities = 0;
-      DateTime wipeOutTime = clock.nowUtc().minusMonths(minMonthsBeforeWipeOut);
-      logger.atInfo().log(
-          "About to wipe out all PII of contact history entities prior to %s.", wipeOutTime);
-
-      int numOfWipedEntities = 0;
-      do {
-        numOfWipedEntities =
-            tm().transact(
-                    () ->
-                        wipeOutContactHistoryData(
-                            getNextContactHistoryEntitiesWithPiiBatch(wipeOutTime)));
-        totalNumOfWipedEntities += numOfWipedEntities;
-      } while (numOfWipedEntities > 0);
-      String msg =
-          String.format(
-              "Done. Wiped out PII of %d ContactHistory entities in total.",
-              totalNumOfWipedEntities);
-      logger.atInfo().log(msg);
-      response.setPayload(msg);
+      LaunchFlexTemplateResponse launchResponse =
+          dataflow
+              .projects()
+              .locations()
+              .flexTemplates()
+              .launch(
+                  projectId,
+                  jobRegion,
+                  new LaunchFlexTemplateRequest().setLaunchParameter(launchParameter))
+              .execute();
+      logger.atInfo().log("Got response: %s", launchResponse.getJob().toPrettyString());
      response.setStatus(SC_OK);
-
-    } catch (Exception e) {
-      logger.atSevere().withCause(e).log(
-          "Exception thrown during the process of wiping out contact history PII.");
-      response.setStatus(SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
      response.setPayload(
          String.format(
-              "Exception thrown during the process of wiping out contact history PII with cause"
-                  + ": %s",
-              e));
+              "Launched contact history PII wipeout pipeline: %s",
+              launchResponse.getJob().getId()));
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      logger.atWarning().withCause(e).log("Pipeline Launch failed");
+      response.setStatus(SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
+      response.setPayload(String.format("Pipeline launch failed: %s", e.getMessage()));
    }
  }
-
-  /**
-   * Returns a stream of up to {@link #wipeOutQueryBatchSize} {@link ContactHistory} entities
-   * containing PII that are prior to @param wipeOutTime.
-   */
-  @VisibleForTesting
-  Stream<ContactHistory> getNextContactHistoryEntitiesWithPiiBatch(DateTime wipeOutTime) {
-    // email is one of the required fields in EPP, meaning it's initially not null.
-    // Therefore, checking if it's null is one way to avoid processing contact history entities
-    // that have been processed previously. Refer to RFC 5733 for more information.
-    return tm().query(
-            "FROM ContactHistory WHERE modificationTime < :wipeOutTime " + "AND email IS NOT NULL",
-            ContactHistory.class)
-        .setParameter("wipeOutTime", wipeOutTime)
-        .setMaxResults(wipeOutQueryBatchSize)
-        .getResultStream();
-  }
-
-  /** Wipes out the PII of each of the {@link ContactHistory} entities in the stream. */
-  @VisibleForTesting
-  int wipeOutContactHistoryData(Stream<ContactHistory> contactHistoryEntities) {
-    AtomicInteger numOfEntities = new AtomicInteger(0);
-    contactHistoryEntities.forEach(
-        contactHistoryEntity -> {
-          tm().update(contactHistoryEntity.asBuilder().wipeOutPii().build());
-          numOfEntities.incrementAndGet();
-        });
-    logger.atInfo().log(
-        "Wiped out all PII fields of %d ContactHistory entities.", numOfEntities.get());
-    return numOfEntities.get();
-  }
 }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/cannedscript/GroupsApiChecker.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/cannedscript/GroupsApiChecker.java
@@ -1,122 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2022 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package google.registry.batch.cannedscript;
-
-import static com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList.toImmutableList;
-import static google.registry.util.RegistrarUtils.normalizeRegistrarId;
-
-import com.google.api.services.admin.directory.Directory;
-import com.google.api.services.groupssettings.Groupssettings;
-import com.google.common.base.Supplier;
-import com.google.common.base.Suppliers;
-import com.google.common.base.Throwables;
-import com.google.common.collect.Streams;
-import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
-import dagger.Component;
-import dagger.Module;
-import dagger.Provides;
-import google.registry.config.CredentialModule;
-import google.registry.config.CredentialModule.AdcDelegatedCredential;
-import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
-import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.ConfigModule;
-import google.registry.groups.DirectoryGroupsConnection;
-import google.registry.model.registrar.Registrar;
-import google.registry.model.registrar.RegistrarPoc;
-import google.registry.util.GoogleCredentialsBundle;
-import google.registry.util.UtilsModule;
-import java.util.List;
-import java.util.Set;
-import javax.inject.Singleton;
-
-/**
- * Verifies that the credential with the {@link AdcDelegatedCredential} annotation can be used to
- * access the Google Workspace Groups API.
- */
-// TODO(b/234424397): remove class after credential changes are rolled out.
-public class GroupsApiChecker {
-  private static final FluentLogger logger = FluentLogger.forEnclosingClass();
-
-  private static final Supplier<GroupsConnectionComponent> COMPONENT_SUPPLIER =
-      Suppliers.memoize(DaggerGroupsApiChecker_GroupsConnectionComponent::create);
-
-  public static void runGroupsApiChecks() {
-    GroupsConnectionComponent component = COMPONENT_SUPPLIER.get();
-    DirectoryGroupsConnection groupsConnection = component.groupsConnection();
-
-    List<Registrar> registrars =
-        Streams.stream(Registrar.loadAllCached())
-            .filter(registrar -> registrar.isLive() && registrar.getType() == Registrar.Type.REAL)
-            .collect(toImmutableList());
-    for (Registrar registrar : registrars) {
-      for (final RegistrarPoc.Type type : RegistrarPoc.Type.values()) {
-        String groupKey =
-            String.format(
-                "%s-%s-contacts@%s",
-                normalizeRegistrarId(registrar.getRegistrarId()),
-                type.getDisplayName(),
-                component.gSuiteDomainName());
-        try {
-          Set<String> currentMembers = groupsConnection.getMembersOfGroup(groupKey);
-          logger.atInfo().log("Found %s members for %s.", currentMembers.size(), groupKey);
-        } catch (Exception e) {
-          Throwables.throwIfUnchecked(e);
-          throw new RuntimeException(e);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  @Singleton
-  @Component(
-      modules = {
-        ConfigModule.class,
-        CredentialModule.class,
-        GroupsApiModule.class,
-        UtilsModule.class
-      })
-  interface GroupsConnectionComponent {
-    DirectoryGroupsConnection groupsConnection();
-
-    @Config("gSuiteDomainName")
-    String gSuiteDomainName();
-  }
-
-  @Module
-  static class GroupsApiModule {
-    @Provides
-    static Directory provideDirectory(
-        @AdcDelegatedCredential GoogleCredentialsBundle credentialsBundle,
-        @Config("projectId") String projectId) {
-      return new Directory.Builder(
-              credentialsBundle.getHttpTransport(),
-              credentialsBundle.getJsonFactory(),
-              credentialsBundle.getHttpRequestInitializer())
-          .setApplicationName(projectId)
-          .build();
-    }
-
-    @Provides
-    static Groupssettings provideGroupsSettings(
-        @AdcDelegatedCredential GoogleCredentialsBundle credentialsBundle,
-        @Config("projectId") String projectId) {
-      return new Groupssettings.Builder(
-              credentialsBundle.getHttpTransport(),
-              credentialsBundle.getJsonFactory(),
-              credentialsBundle.getHttpRequestInitializer())
-          .setApplicationName(projectId)
-          .build();
-    }
-  }
-}
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/invoicing/BillingEvent.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/invoicing/BillingEvent.java
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-package google.registry.beam.invoicing;
+package google.registry.beam.billing;

 import com.google.auto.value.AutoValue;
 import com.google.common.base.Joiner;
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ public abstract class BillingEvent implements Serializable {
          "amount",
          "flags");

-  /** Returns the unique ID for the {@code OneTime} associated with this event. */
+  /** Returns the unique ID for the {@code BillingEvent} associated with this event. */
  abstract long id();

  /** Returns the UTC DateTime this event becomes billable. */
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ public abstract class BillingEvent implements Serializable {
                .minusDays(1)
                .toString(),
        billingId(),
-        String.format("%s - %s", registrarId(), tld()),
+        registrarId(),
        String.format("%s | TLD: %s | TERM: %d-year", action(), tld(), years()),
        amount(),
        currency(),
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ public abstract class BillingEvent implements Serializable {
    /** Returns the billing account id, which is the {@code BillingEvent.billingId}. */
    abstract String productAccountKey();

-    /** Returns the invoice grouping key, which is in the format "registrarId - tld". */
+    /** Returns the invoice grouping key, which is the registrar ID. */
    abstract String usageGroupingKey();

    /** Returns a description of the item, formatted as "action | TLD: tld | TERM: n-year." */
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/billing/ExpandBillingRecurrencesPipeline.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/billing/ExpandBillingRecurrencesPipeline.java
@@ -0,0 +1,508 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package google.registry.beam.billing;
+
+import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
+import static com.google.common.collect.Sets.difference;
+import static google.registry.model.common.Cursor.CursorType.RECURRING_BILLING;
+import static google.registry.model.domain.Period.Unit.YEARS;
+import static google.registry.model.reporting.HistoryEntry.Type.DOMAIN_AUTORENEW;
+import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.tm;
+import static google.registry.util.CollectionUtils.union;
+import static google.registry.util.DateTimeUtils.START_OF_TIME;
+import static google.registry.util.DateTimeUtils.earliestOf;
+import static google.registry.util.DateTimeUtils.latestOf;
+import static org.apache.beam.sdk.values.TypeDescriptors.voids;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
+import com.google.common.collect.Range;
+import dagger.Component;
+import google.registry.beam.common.RegistryJpaIO;
+import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
+import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.ConfigModule;
+import google.registry.flows.custom.CustomLogicFactoryModule;
+import google.registry.flows.custom.CustomLogicModule;
+import google.registry.flows.domain.DomainPricingLogic;
+import google.registry.flows.domain.DomainPricingLogic.AllocationTokenInvalidForPremiumNameException;
+import google.registry.model.ImmutableObject;
+import google.registry.model.billing.BillingBase.Flag;
+import google.registry.model.billing.BillingCancellation;
+import google.registry.model.billing.BillingEvent;
+import google.registry.model.billing.BillingRecurrence;
+import google.registry.model.common.Cursor;
+import google.registry.model.domain.Domain;
+import google.registry.model.domain.DomainHistory;
+import google.registry.model.domain.Period;
+import google.registry.model.reporting.DomainTransactionRecord;
+import google.registry.model.reporting.DomainTransactionRecord.TransactionReportField;
+import google.registry.model.tld.Tld;
+import google.registry.persistence.PersistenceModule.TransactionIsolationLevel;
+import google.registry.util.Clock;
+import google.registry.util.SystemClock;
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.Set;
+import javax.inject.Singleton;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.Pipeline;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.PipelineResult;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.coders.KvCoder;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.coders.VarIntCoder;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.coders.VarLongCoder;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.metrics.Counter;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.metrics.Metrics;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.options.PipelineOptionsFactory;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.Create;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.DoFn;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.GroupIntoBatches;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.MapElements;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.ParDo;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.Wait;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.KV;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.PCollection;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.PDone;
+import org.joda.time.DateTime;
+
+/**
+ * Definition of a Dataflow Flex pipeline template, which expands {@link BillingRecurrence} to
+ * {@link BillingEvent} when an autorenew occurs within the given time frame.
+ *
+ * <p>This pipeline works in three stages:
+ *
+ * <ul>
+ *   <li>Gather the {@link BillingRecurrence}s that are in scope for expansion. The exact condition
+ *       of {@link BillingRecurrence}s to include can be found in {@link
+ *       #getRecurrencesInScope(Pipeline)}.
+ *   <li>Expand the {@link BillingRecurrence}s to {@link BillingEvent} (and corresponding {@link
+ *       DomainHistory}) that fall within the [{@link #startTime}, {@link #endTime}) window,
+ *       excluding those that are already present (to make this pipeline idempotent when running
+ *       with the same parameters multiple times, either in parallel or in sequence). The {@link
+ *       BillingRecurrence} is also updated with the information on when it was last expanded, so it
+ *       would not be in scope for expansion until at least a year later.
+ *   <li>If the cursor for billing events should be advanced, advance it to {@link #endTime} after
+ *       all of the expansions in the previous step is done, only when it is currently at {@link
+ *       #startTime}.
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * <p>Note that the creation of new {@link BillingEvent} and {@link DomainHistory} is done
+ * speculatively as soon as its event time is in scope for expansion (i.e. within the window of
+ * operation). If a domain is subsequently cancelled during the autorenew grace period, a {@link
+ * BillingCancellation} would have been created to cancel the {@link BillingEvent} out. Similarly, a
+ * {@link DomainHistory} for the delete will be created which negates the effect of the
+ * speculatively created {@link DomainHistory}, specifically for the transaction records. Both the
+ * {@link BillingEvent} and {@link DomainHistory} will only be used (and cancelled out) when the
+ * billing time becomes effective, which is after the grace period, when the cancellations would
+ * have been written, if need be. This is no different from what we do with manual renewals or
+ * normal creates, where entities are always created for the action regardless of whether their
+ * effects will be negated later due to subsequent actions within respective grace periods.
+ *
+ * <p>To stage this template locally, run {@code ./nom_build :core:sBP --environment=alpha \
+ * --pipeline=expandBilling}.
+ *
+ * <p>Then, you can run the staged template via the API client library, gCloud or a raw REST call.
+ *
+ * @see BillingCancellation#forGracePeriod
+ * @see google.registry.flows.domain.DomainFlowUtils#createCancelingRecords
+ * @see <a href="https://cloud.google.com/dataflow/docs/guides/templates/using-flex-templates">Using
+ *     Flex Templates</a>
+ */
+public class ExpandBillingRecurrencesPipeline implements Serializable {
+
+  private static final long serialVersionUID = -5827984301386630194L;
+
+  private static final DomainPricingLogic domainPricingLogic;
+
+  private static final int batchSize;
+
+  static {
+    PipelineComponent pipelineComponent =
+        DaggerExpandBillingRecurrencesPipeline_PipelineComponent.create();
+    domainPricingLogic = pipelineComponent.domainPricingLogic();
+    batchSize = pipelineComponent.batchSize();
+  }
+
+  // Inclusive lower bound of the expansion window.
+  private final DateTime startTime;
+  // Exclusive lower bound of the expansion window.
+  private final DateTime endTime;
+  private final boolean isDryRun;
+  private final boolean advanceCursor;
+  private final Counter recurrencesInScopeCounter =
+      Metrics.counter("ExpandBilling", "Recurrences in scope for expansion");
+  // Note that this counter is only accurate when running in dry run mode. Because SQL persistence
+  // is a side effect and not idempotent, a transaction to save OneTimes could be successful but the
+  // transform that contains it could be still be retried, rolling back the counter increment. The
+  // same transform, when retried, would skip the already expanded OneTime, causing this counter to
+  // be lower than it should be when not in dry run mode.
+  // See: https://beam.apache.org/documentation/programming-guide/#user-code-idempotence
+  private final Counter oneTimesToExpandCounter =
+      Metrics.counter("ExpandBilling", "OneTimes that would be expanded");
+
+  ExpandBillingRecurrencesPipeline(ExpandBillingRecurrencesPipelineOptions options, Clock clock) {
+    startTime = DateTime.parse(options.getStartTime());
+    endTime = DateTime.parse(options.getEndTime());
+    checkArgument(
+        !endTime.isAfter(clock.nowUtc()),
+        String.format("End time %s must be at or before now.", endTime));
+    checkArgument(
+        startTime.isBefore(endTime),
+        String.format("[%s, %s) is not a valid window of operation.", startTime, endTime));
+    isDryRun = options.getIsDryRun();
+    advanceCursor = options.getAdvanceCursor();
+  }
+
+  private PipelineResult run(Pipeline pipeline) {
+    setupPipeline(pipeline);
+    return pipeline.run();
+  }
+
+  void setupPipeline(Pipeline pipeline) {
+    PCollection<KV<Integer, Long>> recurrenceIds = getRecurrencesInScope(pipeline);
+    PCollection<Void> expanded = expandRecurrences(recurrenceIds);
+    if (!isDryRun && advanceCursor) {
+      advanceCursor(expanded);
+    }
+  }
+
+  PCollection<KV<Integer, Long>> getRecurrencesInScope(Pipeline pipeline) {
+    return pipeline.apply(
+        "Read all Recurrences in scope",
+        // Use native query because JPQL does not support timestamp arithmetics.
+        RegistryJpaIO.read(
+                "SELECT billing_recurrence_id "
+                    + "FROM \"BillingRecurrence\" "
+                    // Recurrence should not close before the first event time.
+                    + "WHERE event_time < recurrence_end_time "
+                    // First event time should be before end time.
+                    + "AND event_Time < :endTime "
+                    // Recurrence should not close before start time.
+                    + "AND :startTime < recurrence_end_time "
+                    // Last expansion should happen at least one year before end time.
+                    + "AND recurrence_last_expansion < :oneYearAgo "
+                    // The recurrence should not close before next expansion time.
+                    + "AND recurrence_last_expansion + INTERVAL '1 YEAR' < recurrence_end_time",
+                ImmutableMap.of(
+                    "endTime",
+                    endTime,
+                    "startTime",
+                    startTime,
+                    "oneYearAgo",
+                    endTime.minusYears(1)),
+                true,
+                (BigInteger id) -> {
+                  recurrencesInScopeCounter.inc();
+                  // Note that because all elements are mapped to the same dummy key, the next
+                  // batching transform will effectively be serial. This however does not matter for
+                  // our use case because the elements were obtained from a SQL read query, which
+                  // are returned sequentially already. Therefore, having a sequential step to group
+                  // them does not reduce overall parallelism of the pipeline, and the batches can
+                  // then be distributed to all available workers for further processing, where the
+                  // main benefit of parallelism shows. In benchmarking, turning the distribution
+                  // of elements in this step resulted in marginal improvement in overall
+                  // performance at best without clear indication on why or to which degree. If the
+                  // runtime becomes a concern later on, we could consider fine-tuning the sharding
+                  // of output elements in this step.
+                  //
+                  // See: https://stackoverflow.com/a/44956702/791306
+                  return KV.of(0, id.longValue());
+                })
+            .withCoder(KvCoder.of(VarIntCoder.of(), VarLongCoder.of())));
+  }
+
+  private PCollection<Void> expandRecurrences(PCollection<KV<Integer, Long>> recurrenceIds) {
+    return recurrenceIds
+        .apply(
+            "Group into batches",
+            GroupIntoBatches.<Integer, Long>ofSize(batchSize).withShardedKey())
+        .apply(
+            "Expand and save Recurrences into OneTimes and corresponding DomainHistories",
+            MapElements.into(voids())
+                .via(
+                    element -> {
+                      Iterable<Long> ids = element.getValue();
+                      tm().transact(
+                              () -> {
+                                ImmutableSet.Builder<ImmutableObject> results =
+                                    new ImmutableSet.Builder<>();
+                                ids.forEach(id -> expandOneRecurrence(id, results));
+                                if (!isDryRun) {
+                                  tm().putAll(results.build());
+                                }
+                              });
+                      return null;
+                    }));
+  }
+
+  private void expandOneRecurrence(
+      Long recurrenceId, ImmutableSet.Builder<ImmutableObject> results) {
+    BillingRecurrence billingRecurrence =
+        tm().loadByKey(BillingRecurrence.createVKey(recurrenceId));
+
+    // Determine the complete set of EventTimes this recurrence event should expand to within
+    // [max(recurrenceLastExpansion + 1 yr, startTime), min(recurrenceEndTime, endTime)).
+    //
+    // This range should always be legal for recurrences that are returned from the query. However,
+    // it is possible that the recurrence has changed between when the read transformation occurred
+    // and now. This could be caused by some out-of-process mutations (such as a domain deletion
+    // closing out a previously open-ended recurrence), or more subtly, Beam could execute the same
+    // work multiple times due to transient communication issues between workers and the scheduler.
+    // Such opportunistic retries are OK for pure functional transformations, but can cause
+    // unexpected behavior when side effects are executed more than once. For example, the
+    // recurrence_last_expansion field could be updated by a worker after a success expansion, which
+    // failed to report the status to the scheduler in time, which in turn scheduled another worker
+    // to work on the same batch. The second worker would see a new recurrence_last_expansion that
+    // causes the range to be illegal.
+    //
+    // The best way to handle any unexpected behavior is to simply drop the recurrence from
+    // expansion, if its new state still calls for an expansion, it would be picked up the next time
+    // the pipeline runs.
+    ImmutableSet<DateTime> eventTimes;
+    try {
+      eventTimes =
+          ImmutableSet.copyOf(
+              billingRecurrence
+                  .getRecurrenceTimeOfYear()
+                  .getInstancesInRange(
+                      Range.closedOpen(
+                          latestOf(
+                              billingRecurrence.getRecurrenceLastExpansion().plusYears(1),
+                              startTime),
+                          earliestOf(billingRecurrence.getRecurrenceEndTime(), endTime))));
+    } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+      return;
+    }
+    Domain domain = tm().loadByKey(Domain.createVKey(billingRecurrence.getDomainRepoId()));
+    Tld tld = Tld.get(domain.getTld());
+
+    // Find the times for which the OneTime billing event are already created, making this expansion
+    // idempotent. There is no need to match to the domain repo ID as the cancellation matching
+    // billing event itself can only be for a single domain.
+    ImmutableSet<DateTime> existingEventTimes =
+        ImmutableSet.copyOf(
+            tm().query(
+                    "SELECT eventTime FROM BillingEvent WHERE cancellationMatchingBillingEvent ="
+                        + " :key",
+                    DateTime.class)
+                .setParameter("key", billingRecurrence.createVKey())
+                .getResultList());
+
+    Set<DateTime> eventTimesToExpand = difference(eventTimes, existingEventTimes);
+
+    if (eventTimesToExpand.isEmpty()) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    DateTime recurrenceLastExpansionTime = billingRecurrence.getRecurrenceLastExpansion();
+
+    // Create new OneTime and DomainHistory for EventTimes that needs to be expanded.
+    for (DateTime eventTime : eventTimesToExpand) {
+      recurrenceLastExpansionTime = latestOf(recurrenceLastExpansionTime, eventTime);
+      oneTimesToExpandCounter.inc();
+      DateTime billingTime = eventTime.plus(tld.getAutoRenewGracePeriodLength());
+      // Note that the DomainHistory is created as of transaction time, as opposed to event time.
+      // This might be counterintuitive because other DomainHistories are created at the time
+      // mutation events occur, such as in DomainDeleteFlow or DomainRenewFlow. Therefore, it is
+      // possible to have a DomainHistory for a delete during the autorenew grace period with a
+      // modification time before that of the DomainHistory for the autorenew itself. This is not
+      // ideal, but necessary because we save the **current** state of the domain (as of transaction
+      // time) to the DomainHistory , instead of the state of the domain as of event time (which
+      // would required loading the domain from DomainHistory at event time).
+      //
+      // Even though doing the loading is seemly possible, it generally is a bad idea to create
+      // DomainHistories retroactively and in all instances that we create a HistoryEntry we always
+      // set the modification time to the transaction time. It would also violate the invariance
+      // that a DomainHistory with a higher revision ID (which is always allocated with monotonic
+      // increase) always has a later modification time.
+      //
+      // Lastly because the domain entity itself did not change as part of the expansion, we should
+      // not project it to transaction time before saving it in the history, which would require us
+      // to save the projected domain as well. Any changes to the domain itself are handled when
+      // the domain is actually used or explicitly projected and saved. The DomainHistory created
+      // here does not actually affect anything materially (e.g. RDE). We can understand it in such
+      // a way that this history represents not when the domain is autorenewed (at event time), but
+      // when its autorenew billing event is created (at transaction time).
+      DomainHistory historyEntry =
+          new DomainHistory.Builder()
+              .setBySuperuser(false)
+              .setRegistrarId(billingRecurrence.getRegistrarId())
+              .setModificationTime(tm().getTransactionTime())
+              .setDomain(domain)
+              .setPeriod(Period.create(1, YEARS))
+              .setReason("Domain autorenewal by ExpandRecurringBillingEventsPipeline")
+              .setRequestedByRegistrar(false)
+              .setType(DOMAIN_AUTORENEW)
+              .setDomainTransactionRecords(
+                  // Don't write a domain transaction record if the domain is deleted before billing
+                  // time (i.e. within the autorenew grace period). We cannot rely on a negating
+                  // DomainHistory created by DomainDeleteFlow because it only cancels transaction
+                  // records already present. In this case the domain was deleted before this
+                  // pipeline runs to expand the OneTime (which should be rare because this pipeline
+                  // should run every day), and no negating transaction records would have been
+                  // created when the deletion occurred. Again, there is no need to project the
+                  // domain, because if it were deleted before this transaction, its updated delete
+                  // time would have already been loaded here.
+                  //
+                  // We don't compare recurrence end time with billing time because the recurrence
+                  // could be caused for other reasons during the grace period, like a manual
+                  // renewal, in which case we still want to write the transaction record. Also,
+                  // the expansion happens when event time is in scope, which means the billing time
+                  // is still 45 days in the future, and the recurrence could have been closed
+                  // between now and then.
+                  //
+                  // A side effect of this logic is that if a transfer occurs within the ARGP, it
+                  // would have recorded both a TRANSFER_SUCCESSFUL and a NET_RENEWS_1_YEAR, even
+                  // though the transfer would have subsumed the autorenew. There is no perfect
+                  // solution for this because even if we expand the recurrence when the billing
+                  // event is in scope (as was the case in the old action), we still cannot use
+                  // recurrence end time < billing time as an indicator for if a transfer had
+                  // occurred during ARGP (see last paragraph, renewals during ARGP also close the
+                  // recurrence),therefore we still cannot always be correct when constructing the
+                  // transaction records that way (either we miss transfers, or we miss renewals
+                  // during ARGP).
+                  //
+                  // See: DomainFlowUtils#createCancellingRecords
+                  domain.getDeletionTime().isBefore(billingTime)
+                      ? ImmutableSet.of()
+                      : ImmutableSet.of(
+                          DomainTransactionRecord.create(
+                              tld.getTldStr(),
+                              // We report this when the autorenew grace period ends.
+                              billingTime,
+                              TransactionReportField.netRenewsFieldFromYears(1),
+                              1)))
+              .build();
+      results.add(historyEntry);
+
+      // It is OK to always create a OneTime, even though the domain might be deleted or transferred
+      // later during autorenew grace period, as a cancellation will always be written out in those
+      // instances.
+      BillingEvent billingEvent = null;
+      try {
+        billingEvent =
+            new BillingEvent.Builder()
+                .setBillingTime(billingTime)
+                .setRegistrarId(billingRecurrence.getRegistrarId())
+                // Determine the cost for a one-year renewal.
+                .setCost(
+                    domainPricingLogic
+                        .getRenewPrice(
+                            tld,
+                            billingRecurrence.getTargetId(),
+                            eventTime,
+                            1,
+                            billingRecurrence,
+                            Optional.empty())
+                        .getRenewCost())
+                .setEventTime(eventTime)
+                .setFlags(union(billingRecurrence.getFlags(), Flag.SYNTHETIC))
+                .setDomainHistory(historyEntry)
+                .setPeriodYears(1)
+                .setReason(billingRecurrence.getReason())
+                .setSyntheticCreationTime(endTime)
+                .setCancellationMatchingBillingEvent(billingRecurrence)
+                .setTargetId(billingRecurrence.getTargetId())
+                .build();
+      } catch (AllocationTokenInvalidForPremiumNameException e) {
+        // This should not be reached since we are not using an allocation token
+        return;
+      }
+      results.add(billingEvent);
+    }
+    results.add(
+        billingRecurrence
+            .asBuilder()
+            .setRecurrenceLastExpansion(recurrenceLastExpansionTime)
+            .build());
+  }
+
+  private PDone advanceCursor(PCollection<Void> persisted) {
+    return PDone.in(
+        persisted
+            .getPipeline()
+            .apply("Create one dummy element", Create.of((Void) null))
+            .apply("Wait for all saves to finish", Wait.on(persisted))
+            // Because only one dummy element is created in the start PCollection, this
+            // transform is guaranteed to only process one element and therefore only run once.
+            // Because the previous step waits for all emissions of voids from the expansion step to
+            // finish, this transform is guaranteed to run only after all expansions are done and
+            // persisted.
+            .apply(
+                "Advance cursor",
+                ParDo.of(
+                    new DoFn<Void, Void>() {
+                      @ProcessElement
+                      public void processElement() {
+                        tm().transact(
+                                () -> {
+                                  DateTime currentCursorTime =
+                                      tm().loadByKeyIfPresent(
+                                              Cursor.createGlobalVKey(RECURRING_BILLING))
+                                          .orElse(
+                                              Cursor.createGlobal(RECURRING_BILLING, START_OF_TIME))
+                                          .getCursorTime();
+                                  if (!currentCursorTime.equals(startTime)) {
+                                    throw new IllegalStateException(
+                                        String.format(
+                                            "Current cursor position %s does not match start time"
+                                                + " %s.",
+                                            currentCursorTime, startTime));
+                                  }
+                                  tm().put(Cursor.createGlobal(RECURRING_BILLING, endTime));
+                                });
+                      }
+                    }))
+            .getPipeline());
+  }
+
+  public static void main(String[] args) {
+    PipelineOptionsFactory.register(ExpandBillingRecurrencesPipelineOptions.class);
+    ExpandBillingRecurrencesPipelineOptions options =
+        PipelineOptionsFactory.fromArgs(args)
+            .withValidation()
+            .as(ExpandBillingRecurrencesPipelineOptions.class);
+    // Hardcode the transaction level to be at serializable we do not want concurrent runs of the
+    // pipeline for the same window to create duplicate OneTimes. This ensures that the set of
+    // existing OneTimes do not change by the time new OneTimes are inserted within a transaction.
+    //
+    // Per PostgreSQL, serializable isolation level does not introduce any blocking beyond that
+    // present in  repeatable read other than some overhead related to monitoring possible
+    // serializable anomalies. Therefore, in most cases, since each worker of the same job works on
+    // a different set of recurrences, it is not possible for their execution order to affect
+    // serialization outcome, and the performance penalty should be minimum when using serializable
+    // compared to using repeatable read.
+    //
+    // We should pay some attention to the runtime of the job and logs when we run this job daily on
+    // production to check the actual performance impact for using this isolation level (i.e. check
+    // the frequency of occurrence of retried transactions due to serialization errors) to assess
+    // the actual parallelism of the job.
+    //
+    // See: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/transaction-iso.html
+    options.setIsolationOverride(TransactionIsolationLevel.TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE);
+    Pipeline pipeline = Pipeline.create(options);
+    new ExpandBillingRecurrencesPipeline(options, new SystemClock()).run(pipeline);
+  }
+
+  @Singleton
+  @Component(
+      modules = {CustomLogicModule.class, CustomLogicFactoryModule.class, ConfigModule.class})
+  interface PipelineComponent {
+
+    DomainPricingLogic domainPricingLogic();
+
+    @Config("jdbcBatchSize")
+    int batchSize();
+  }
+}
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/billing/ExpandBillingRecurrencesPipelineOptions.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/billing/ExpandBillingRecurrencesPipelineOptions.java
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package google.registry.beam.billing;
+
+import google.registry.beam.common.RegistryPipelineOptions;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.options.Default;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.options.Description;
+
+public interface ExpandBillingRecurrencesPipelineOptions extends RegistryPipelineOptions {
+  @Description(
+      "The inclusive lower bound of on the range of event times that will be expanded, in ISO 8601"
+          + " format")
+  String getStartTime();
+
+  void setStartTime(String startTime);
+
+  @Description(
+      "The exclusive upper bound of on the range of event times that will be expanded, in ISO 8601"
+          + " format")
+  String getEndTime();
+
+  void setEndTime(String endTime);
+
+  @Description("If true, the expanded billing events and history entries will not be saved.")
+  @Default.Boolean(false)
+  boolean getIsDryRun();
+
+  void setIsDryRun(boolean isDryRun);
+
+  @Description(
+      "If true, set the RECURRING_BILLING global cursor to endTime after saving all expanded"
+          + " billing events and history entries.")
+  @Default.Boolean(true)
+  boolean getAdvanceCursor();
+
+  void setAdvanceCursor(boolean advanceCursor);
+}
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/invoicing/InvoicingPipeline.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/invoicing/InvoicingPipeline.java
@@ -12,18 +12,18 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-package google.registry.beam.invoicing;
+package google.registry.beam.billing;

 import static com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet.toImmutableSet;
 import static org.apache.beam.sdk.values.TypeDescriptors.strings;

 import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
+import google.registry.beam.billing.BillingEvent.InvoiceGroupingKey;
+import google.registry.beam.billing.BillingEvent.InvoiceGroupingKey.InvoiceGroupingKeyCoder;
 import google.registry.beam.common.RegistryJpaIO;
 import google.registry.beam.common.RegistryJpaIO.Read;
-import google.registry.beam.invoicing.BillingEvent.InvoiceGroupingKey;
-import google.registry.beam.invoicing.BillingEvent.InvoiceGroupingKey.InvoiceGroupingKeyCoder;
-import google.registry.model.billing.BillingEvent.Flag;
-import google.registry.model.billing.BillingEvent.OneTime;
+import google.registry.model.billing.BillingBase.Flag;
+import google.registry.model.billing.BillingEvent;
 import google.registry.model.registrar.Registrar;
 import google.registry.persistence.PersistenceModule.TransactionIsolationLevel;
 import google.registry.reporting.billing.BillingModule;
@@ -86,29 +86,30 @@ public class InvoicingPipeline implements Serializable {

  void setupPipeline(Pipeline pipeline) {
    options.setIsolationOverride(TransactionIsolationLevel.TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED);
-    PCollection<BillingEvent> billingEvents = readFromCloudSql(options, pipeline);
+    PCollection<google.registry.beam.billing.BillingEvent> billingEvents =
+        readFromCloudSql(options, pipeline);
    saveInvoiceCsv(billingEvents, options);
    saveDetailedCsv(billingEvents, options);
  }

-  static PCollection<BillingEvent> readFromCloudSql(
+  static PCollection<google.registry.beam.billing.BillingEvent> readFromCloudSql(
      InvoicingPipelineOptions options, Pipeline pipeline) {
-    Read<Object[], BillingEvent> read =
-        RegistryJpaIO.<Object[], BillingEvent>read(
+    Read<Object[], google.registry.beam.billing.BillingEvent> read =
+        RegistryJpaIO.<Object[], google.registry.beam.billing.BillingEvent>read(
                makeCloudSqlQuery(options.getYearMonth()), false, row -> parseRow(row).orElse(null))
-            .withCoder(SerializableCoder.of(BillingEvent.class));
+            .withCoder(SerializableCoder.of(google.registry.beam.billing.BillingEvent.class));

-    PCollection<BillingEvent> billingEventsWithNulls =
+    PCollection<google.registry.beam.billing.BillingEvent> billingEventsWithNulls =
        pipeline.apply("Read BillingEvents from Cloud SQL", read);

    // Remove null billing events
    return billingEventsWithNulls.apply(Filter.by(Objects::nonNull));
  }

-  private static Optional<BillingEvent> parseRow(Object[] row) {
-    OneTime oneTime = (OneTime) row[0];
+  private static Optional<google.registry.beam.billing.BillingEvent> parseRow(Object[] row) {
+    BillingEvent billingEvent = (BillingEvent) row[0];
    Registrar registrar = (Registrar) row[1];
-    CurrencyUnit currency = oneTime.getCost().getCurrencyUnit();
+    CurrencyUnit currency = billingEvent.getCost().getCurrencyUnit();
    if (!registrar.getBillingAccountMap().containsKey(currency)) {
      logger.atSevere().log(
          "Registrar %s does not have a product account key for the currency unit: %s",
@@ -117,37 +118,40 @@ public class InvoicingPipeline implements Serializable {
    }

    return Optional.of(
-        BillingEvent.create(
-            oneTime.getId(),
-            oneTime.getBillingTime(),
-            oneTime.getEventTime(),
+        google.registry.beam.billing.BillingEvent.create(
+            billingEvent.getId(),
+            billingEvent.getBillingTime(),
+            billingEvent.getEventTime(),
            registrar.getRegistrarId(),
            registrar.getBillingAccountMap().get(currency),
            registrar.getPoNumber().orElse(""),
-            DomainNameUtils.getTldFromDomainName(oneTime.getTargetId()),
-            oneTime.getReason().toString(),
-            oneTime.getTargetId(),
-            oneTime.getDomainRepoId(),
-            Optional.ofNullable(oneTime.getPeriodYears()).orElse(0),
-            oneTime.getCost().getCurrencyUnit().toString(),
-            oneTime.getCost().getAmount().doubleValue(),
+            DomainNameUtils.getTldFromDomainName(billingEvent.getTargetId()),
+            billingEvent.getReason().toString(),
+            billingEvent.getTargetId(),
+            billingEvent.getDomainRepoId(),
+            Optional.ofNullable(billingEvent.getPeriodYears()).orElse(0),
+            billingEvent.getCost().getCurrencyUnit().toString(),
+            billingEvent.getCost().getAmount().doubleValue(),
            String.join(
-                " ", oneTime.getFlags().stream().map(Flag::toString).collect(toImmutableSet()))));
+                " ",
+                billingEvent.getFlags().stream().map(Flag::toString).collect(toImmutableSet()))));
  }

  /** Transform that converts a {@code BillingEvent} into an invoice CSV row. */
  private static class GenerateInvoiceRows
-      extends PTransform<PCollection<BillingEvent>, PCollection<String>> {
+      extends PTransform<
+          PCollection<google.registry.beam.billing.BillingEvent>, PCollection<String>> {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = -8090619008258393728L;

    @Override
-    public PCollection<String> expand(PCollection<BillingEvent> input) {
+    public PCollection<String> expand(
+        PCollection<google.registry.beam.billing.BillingEvent> input) {
      return input
          .apply(
              "Map to invoicing key",
              MapElements.into(TypeDescriptor.of(InvoiceGroupingKey.class))
-                  .via(BillingEvent::getInvoiceGroupingKey))
+                  .via(google.registry.beam.billing.BillingEvent::getInvoiceGroupingKey))
          .apply(
              "Filter out free events", Filter.by((InvoiceGroupingKey key) -> key.unitPrice() != 0))
          .setCoder(new InvoiceGroupingKeyCoder())
@@ -161,7 +165,8 @@ public class InvoicingPipeline implements Serializable {

  /** Saves the billing events to a single overall invoice CSV file. */
  static void saveInvoiceCsv(
-      PCollection<BillingEvent> billingEvents, InvoicingPipelineOptions options) {
+      PCollection<google.registry.beam.billing.BillingEvent> billingEvents,
+      InvoicingPipelineOptions options) {
    billingEvents
        .apply("Generate overall invoice rows", new GenerateInvoiceRows())
        .apply(
@@ -182,16 +187,17 @@ public class InvoicingPipeline implements Serializable {

  /** Saves the billing events to detailed report CSV files keyed by registrar-tld pairs. */
  static void saveDetailedCsv(
-      PCollection<BillingEvent> billingEvents, InvoicingPipelineOptions options) {
+      PCollection<google.registry.beam.billing.BillingEvent> billingEvents,
+      InvoicingPipelineOptions options) {
    String yearMonth = options.getYearMonth();
    billingEvents.apply(
        "Write detailed report for each registrar-tld pair",
-        FileIO.<String, BillingEvent>writeDynamic()
+        FileIO.<String, google.registry.beam.billing.BillingEvent>writeDynamic()
            .to(
                String.format(
                    "%s/%s/%s",
                    options.getBillingBucketUrl(), BillingModule.INVOICES_DIRECTORY, yearMonth))
-            .by(BillingEvent::getDetailedReportGroupingKey)
+            .by(google.registry.beam.billing.BillingEvent::getDetailedReportGroupingKey)
            .withNumShards(1)
            .withDestinationCoder(StringUtf8Coder.of())
            .withNaming(
@@ -200,8 +206,8 @@ public class InvoicingPipeline implements Serializable {
                        String.format(
                            "%s_%s_%s.csv", BillingModule.DETAIL_REPORT_PREFIX, yearMonth, key))
            .via(
-                Contextful.fn(BillingEvent::toCsv),
-                TextIO.sink().withHeader(BillingEvent.getHeader())));
+                Contextful.fn(google.registry.beam.billing.BillingEvent::toCsv),
+                TextIO.sink().withHeader(google.registry.beam.billing.BillingEvent.getHeader())));
  }

  /** Create the Cloud SQL query for a given yearMonth at runtime. */
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/invoicing/InvoicingPipelineOptions.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/invoicing/InvoicingPipelineOptions.java
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

-package google.registry.beam.invoicing;
+package google.registry.beam.billing;

 import google.registry.beam.common.RegistryPipelineOptions;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.options.Description;
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/common/RegistryJpaIO.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/common/RegistryJpaIO.java
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ public final class RegistryJpaIO {
  }

  /**
-   * Returns a {@link Read} connector based on the given {@code jpql} query string.
+   * Returns a {@link Read} connector based on the given native or {@code jpql} query string.
   *
   * <p>User should take care to prevent sql-injection attacks.
   */
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/common/RegistryPipelineOptions.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/common/RegistryPipelineOptions.java
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 package google.registry.beam.common;

 import google.registry.config.RegistryEnvironment;
-import google.registry.model.annotations.DeleteAfterMigration;
 import google.registry.persistence.PersistenceModule.JpaTransactionManagerType;
 import google.registry.persistence.PersistenceModule.TransactionIsolationLevel;
 import java.util.Objects;
@@ -57,17 +56,6 @@ public interface RegistryPipelineOptions extends GcpOptions {

  void setSqlWriteBatchSize(int sqlWriteBatchSize);

-  @DeleteAfterMigration
-  @Description(
-      "Whether to use self allocated primary IDs when building entities. This should only be used"
-          + " when the IDs are not significant and the resulting entities are not persisted back to"
-          + " the database. Use with caution as self allocated IDs are not unique across workers,"
-          + " and persisting entities with these IDs can be dangerous.")
-  @Default.Boolean(false)
-  boolean getUseSelfAllocatedId();
-
-  void setUseSelfAllocatedId(boolean useSelfAllocatedId);
-
  static RegistryPipelineComponent toRegistryPipelineComponent(RegistryPipelineOptions options) {
    return DaggerRegistryPipelineComponent.builder()
        .isolationOverride(options.getIsolationOverride())
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/common/RegistryPipelineWorkerInitializer.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/common/RegistryPipelineWorkerInitializer.java
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
 import dagger.Lazy;
 import google.registry.config.RegistryEnvironment;
 import google.registry.config.SystemPropertySetter;
-import google.registry.model.IdService;
 import google.registry.persistence.transaction.JpaTransactionManager;
 import google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.harness.JvmInitializer;
@@ -63,15 +62,5 @@ public class RegistryPipelineWorkerInitializer implements JvmInitializer {
    }
    TransactionManagerFactory.setJpaTmOnBeamWorker(transactionManagerLazy::get);
    SystemPropertySetter.PRODUCTION_IMPL.setProperty(PROPERTY, "true");
-    // Use self-allocated IDs if requested. Note that this inevitably results in duplicate IDs from
-    // multiple workers, which can also collide with existing IDs in the database. So they cannot be
-    // dependent upon for comparison or anything significant. The resulting entities can never be
-    // persisted back into the database. This is a stop-gap measure that should only be used when
-    // you need to create Buildables in Beam, but do not have control over how the IDs are
-    // allocated, and you don't care about the generated IDs as long
-    // as you can build the entities.
-    if (registryOptions.getUseSelfAllocatedId()) {
-      IdService.setForceUseSelfAllocatedId();
-    }
  }
 }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/common/RegistryQuery.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/common/RegistryQuery.java
@@ -24,8 +24,10 @@ import java.util.stream.Stream;
 import javax.annotation.Nullable;
 import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
 import javax.persistence.Query;
+import javax.persistence.TemporalType;
 import javax.persistence.TypedQuery;
 import javax.persistence.criteria.CriteriaQuery;
+import org.joda.time.DateTime;

 /** Interface for query instances used by {@link RegistryJpaIO.Read}. */
 public interface RegistryQuery<T> extends Serializable {
@@ -57,7 +59,14 @@ public interface RegistryQuery<T> extends Serializable {
      Query query =
          nativeQuery ? entityManager.createNativeQuery(sql) : entityManager.createQuery(sql);
      if (parameters != null) {
-        parameters.forEach(query::setParameter);
+        parameters.forEach(
+            (key, value) -> {
+              if (value instanceof DateTime) {
+                query.setParameter(key, ((DateTime) value).toDate(), TemporalType.TIMESTAMP);
+              } else {
+                query.setParameter(key, value);
+              }
+            });
      }
      JpaTransactionManager.setQueryFetchSize(query, QUERY_FETCH_SIZE);
      @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/rde/RdeIO.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/rde/RdeIO.java
@@ -26,13 +26,14 @@ import com.google.auto.value.AutoValue;
 import com.google.cloud.storage.BlobId;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMultimap;
 import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
+import google.registry.batch.CloudTasksUtils;
 import google.registry.gcs.GcsUtils;
 import google.registry.keyring.api.PgpHelper;
 import google.registry.model.common.Cursor;
 import google.registry.model.rde.RdeMode;
 import google.registry.model.rde.RdeNamingUtils;
 import google.registry.model.rde.RdeRevision;
-import google.registry.model.tld.Registry;
+import google.registry.model.tld.Tld;
 import google.registry.rde.BrdaCopyAction;
 import google.registry.rde.DepositFragment;
 import google.registry.rde.Ghostryde;
@@ -46,7 +47,6 @@ import google.registry.rde.RdeUtil;
 import google.registry.request.Action.Service;
 import google.registry.request.RequestParameters;
 import google.registry.tldconfig.idn.IdnTableEnum;
-import google.registry.util.CloudTasksUtils;
 import google.registry.xjc.rdeheader.XjcRdeHeader;
 import google.registry.xjc.rdeheader.XjcRdeHeaderElement;
 import google.registry.xml.ValidationMode;
@@ -272,12 +272,12 @@ public class RdeIO {
      tm().transact(
              () -> {
                PendingDeposit key = input.getKey();
-                Registry registry = Registry.get(key.tld());
+                Tld tld = Tld.get(key.tld());
                Optional<Cursor> cursor =
                    tm().transact(
                            () ->
                                tm().loadByKeyIfPresent(
-                                        Cursor.createScopedVKey(key.cursor(), registry)));
+                                        Cursor.createScopedVKey(key.cursor(), tld)));
                DateTime position = getCursorTimeOrStartOfTime(cursor);
                checkState(key.interval() != null, "Interval must be present");
                DateTime newPosition = key.watermark().plus(key.interval());
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ public class RdeIO {
                    "Partial ordering of RDE deposits broken: %s %s",
                    position,
                    key);
-                tm().put(Cursor.createScoped(key.cursor(), newPosition, registry));
+                tm().put(Cursor.createScoped(key.cursor(), newPosition, tld));
                logger.atInfo().log(
                    "Rolled forward %s on %s cursor to %s.", key.cursor(), key.tld(), newPosition);
                RdeRevision.saveRevision(key.tld(), key.watermark(), key.mode(), input.getValue());
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ public class RdeIO {
                      RDE_UPLOAD_QUEUE,
                      cloudTasksUtils.createPostTaskWithDelay(
                          RdeUploadAction.PATH,
-                          Service.BACKEND.getServiceId(),
+                          Service.BACKEND,
                          ImmutableMultimap.of(
                              RequestParameters.PARAM_TLD,
                              key.tld(),
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ public class RdeIO {
                      BRDA_QUEUE,
                      cloudTasksUtils.createPostTaskWithDelay(
                          BrdaCopyAction.PATH,
-                          Service.BACKEND.getServiceId(),
+                          Service.BACKEND,
                          ImmutableMultimap.of(
                              RequestParameters.PARAM_TLD,
                              key.tld(),
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/rde/RdePipeline.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/rde/RdePipeline.java
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
 import com.google.common.io.BaseEncoding;
 import dagger.BindsInstance;
 import dagger.Component;
+import google.registry.batch.CloudTasksUtils;
 import google.registry.beam.common.RegistryJpaIO;
 import google.registry.beam.common.RegistryPipelineOptions;
 import google.registry.config.CloudTasksUtilsModule;
@@ -62,7 +63,6 @@ import google.registry.rde.DepositFragment;
 import google.registry.rde.PendingDeposit;
 import google.registry.rde.PendingDeposit.PendingDepositCoder;
 import google.registry.rde.RdeMarshaller;
-import google.registry.util.CloudTasksUtils;
 import google.registry.util.UtilsModule;
 import google.registry.xml.ValidationMode;
 import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
@@ -170,7 +170,6 @@ import org.joda.time.DateTime;
 * @see <a href="https://cloud.google.com/dataflow/docs/guides/templates/using-flex-templates">Using
 *     Flex Templates</a>
 */
-@SuppressWarnings("ALL")
@Singleton
 public class RdePipeline implements Serializable {

@@ -688,13 +687,6 @@ public class RdePipeline implements Serializable {
    RdePipelineOptions options =
        PipelineOptionsFactory.fromArgs(args).withValidation().as(RdePipelineOptions.class);

-    // We need to self allocate the IDs because the pipeline creates EPP resources from history
-    // entries and projects them to watermark. These buildable entities would otherwise request an
-    // ID from datastore, which Beam does not have access to. The IDs are not included in the
-    // deposits or are these entities persisted back to the database, so it is OK to use a self
-    // allocated ID to get around the limitations of beam.
-    options.setUseSelfAllocatedId(true);
-
    RegistryPipelineOptions.validateRegistryPipelineOptions(options);
    options.setIsolationOverride(TransactionIsolationLevel.TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED);
    DaggerRdePipeline_RdePipelineComponent.builder().options(options).build().rdePipeline().run();
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/spec11/Spec11Pipeline.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/spec11/Spec11Pipeline.java
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ import google.registry.beam.common.RegistryJpaIO;
 import google.registry.beam.common.RegistryJpaIO.Read;
 import google.registry.beam.spec11.SafeBrowsingTransforms.EvaluateSafeBrowsingFn;
 import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.ConfigModule;
-import google.registry.model.IdService;
 import google.registry.model.domain.Domain;
 import google.registry.model.reporting.Spec11ThreatMatch;
 import google.registry.model.reporting.Spec11ThreatMatch.ThreatType;
@@ -175,7 +174,7 @@ public class Spec11Pipeline implements Serializable {
                            .setDomainName(input.getKey().domainName())
                            .setDomainRepoId(input.getKey().domainRepoId())
                            .setRegistrarId(input.getKey().registrarId())
-                            .setId(IdService.allocateId())
+                            // TODO(b/264416932) Assign id to prevent duplicate inserts.
                            .build();
                    output.output(spec11ThreatMatch);
                  }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/wipeout/WipeOutContactHistoryPiiPipeline.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/wipeout/WipeOutContactHistoryPiiPipeline.java
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package google.registry.beam.wipeout;
+
+import static com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList.toImmutableList;
+import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.tm;
+import static org.apache.beam.sdk.values.TypeDescriptors.voids;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+import com.google.common.collect.Streams;
+import google.registry.beam.common.RegistryJpaIO;
+import google.registry.model.contact.ContactHistory;
+import google.registry.model.reporting.HistoryEntry.HistoryEntryId;
+import google.registry.persistence.PersistenceModule.TransactionIsolationLevel;
+import google.registry.persistence.VKey;
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.Pipeline;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.PipelineResult;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.coders.KvCoder;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.coders.StringUtf8Coder;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.coders.VarLongCoder;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.metrics.Counter;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.metrics.Metrics;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.options.PipelineOptionsFactory;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.MapElements;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.join.CoGroupByKey;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.join.KeyedPCollectionTuple;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.KV;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.PCollection;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.TupleTag;
+import org.joda.time.DateTime;
+
+/**
+ * Definition of a Dataflow Flex pipeline template, which finds out {@link ContactHistory} entries
+ * that are older than a given age (excluding the most recent one, even if it falls with the range)
+ * and wipe out PII information in them.
+ *
+ * <p>To stage this template locally, run {@code ./nom_build :core:sBP --environment=alpha \
+ * --pipeline=wipeOutContactHistoryPii}.
+ *
+ * <p>Then, you can run the staged template via the API client library, gCloud or a raw REST call.
+ */
+public class WipeOutContactHistoryPiiPipeline implements Serializable {
+
+  private static final long serialVersionUID = -4111052675715913820L;
+  private static final TupleTag<Long> REVISIONS_TO_WIPE = new TupleTag<>();
+  private static final TupleTag<Long> MOST_RECENT_REVISION = new TupleTag<>();
+
+  private final DateTime cutoffTime;
+  private final boolean dryRun;
+  private final Counter contactsInScope =
+      Metrics.counter("WipeOutContactHistoryPii", "contacts in scope");
+  private final Counter historiesToWipe =
+      Metrics.counter("WipeOutContactHistoryPii", "contact histories to wipe PII from");
+  private final Counter historiesWiped =
+      Metrics.counter("WipeOutContactHistoryPii", "contact histories actually updated");
+
+  WipeOutContactHistoryPiiPipeline(WipeOutContactHistoryPiiPipelineOptions options) {
+    dryRun = options.getIsDryRun();
+    cutoffTime = DateTime.parse(options.getCutoffTime());
+  }
+
+  void setup(Pipeline pipeline) {
+    KeyedPCollectionTuple.of(REVISIONS_TO_WIPE, getHistoryEntriesToWipe(pipeline))
+        .and(MOST_RECENT_REVISION, getMostRecentHistoryEntries(pipeline))
+        .apply("Group by contact", CoGroupByKey.create())
+        .apply(
+            "Wipe out PII",
+            MapElements.into(voids())
+                .via(
+                    kv -> {
+                      String repoId = kv.getKey();
+                      long mostRecentRevision = kv.getValue().getOnly(MOST_RECENT_REVISION);
+                      ImmutableList<Long> revisionsToWipe =
+                          Streams.stream(kv.getValue().getAll(REVISIONS_TO_WIPE))
+                              .filter(e -> e != mostRecentRevision)
+                              .collect(toImmutableList());
+                      if (revisionsToWipe.isEmpty()) {
+                        return null;
+                      }
+                      contactsInScope.inc();
+                      tm().transact(
+                              () -> {
+                                for (long revisionId : revisionsToWipe) {
+                                  historiesToWipe.inc();
+                                  ContactHistory history =
+                                      tm().loadByKey(
+                                              VKey.create(
+                                                  ContactHistory.class,
+                                                  new HistoryEntryId(repoId, revisionId)));
+                                  // In the unlikely case where multiple pipelines run at the
+                                  // same time, or where the runner decides to rerun a particular
+                                  // transform, we might have a history entry that has already been
+                                  // wiped at this point. There's no need to wipe it again.
+                                  if (!dryRun
+                                      && history.getContactBase().isPresent()
+                                      && history.getContactBase().get().getEmailAddress() != null) {
+                                    historiesWiped.inc();
+                                    tm().update(history.asBuilder().wipeOutPii().build());
+                                  }
+                                }
+                              });
+                      return null;
+                    }));
+  }
+
+  PCollection<KV<String, Long>> getHistoryEntriesToWipe(Pipeline pipeline) {
+    return pipeline.apply(
+        "Find contact histories to wipee",
+        // Email is one of the required fields in EPP, meaning it's initially not null when it
+        // is set by EPP flows (even though it is nullalbe in the SQL schema). Therefore,
+        // checking if it's null is one way to avoid processing contact history entities that
+        // have been processed previously. Refer to RFC 5733 for more information.
+        RegistryJpaIO.read(
+                "SELECT repoId, revisionId FROM ContactHistory WHERE email IS NOT NULL AND"
+                    + " modificationTime < :cutoffTime",
+                ImmutableMap.of("cutoffTime", cutoffTime),
+                Object[].class,
+                row -> KV.of((String) row[0], (long) row[1]))
+            .withCoder(KvCoder.of(StringUtf8Coder.of(), VarLongCoder.of())));
+  }
+
+  PCollection<KV<String, Long>> getMostRecentHistoryEntries(Pipeline pipeline) {
+    return pipeline.apply(
+        "Find the most recent historiy entry for each contact",
+        RegistryJpaIO.read(
+                "SELECT repoId, revisionId FROM ContactHistory"
+                    + " WHERE (repoId, modificationTime) IN"
+                    + " (SELECT repoId, MAX(modificationTime) FROM ContactHistory GROUP BY repoId)",
+                ImmutableMap.of(),
+                Object[].class,
+                row -> KV.of((String) row[0], (long) row[1]))
+            .withCoder(KvCoder.of(StringUtf8Coder.of(), VarLongCoder.of())));
+  }
+
+  PipelineResult run(Pipeline pipeline) {
+    setup(pipeline);
+    return pipeline.run();
+  }
+
+  public static void main(String[] args) {
+    PipelineOptionsFactory.register(WipeOutContactHistoryPiiPipelineOptions.class);
+    WipeOutContactHistoryPiiPipelineOptions options =
+        PipelineOptionsFactory.fromArgs(args)
+            .withValidation()
+            .as(WipeOutContactHistoryPiiPipelineOptions.class);
+    // Repeatable read should be more than enough since we are dealing with old history entries that
+    // are otherwise immutable.
+    options.setIsolationOverride(TransactionIsolationLevel.TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ);
+    Pipeline pipeline = Pipeline.create(options);
+    new WipeOutContactHistoryPiiPipeline(options).run(pipeline);
+  }
+}
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/wipeout/WipeOutContactHistoryPiiPipelineOptions.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/beam/wipeout/WipeOutContactHistoryPiiPipelineOptions.java
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package google.registry.beam.wipeout;
+
+import google.registry.beam.common.RegistryPipelineOptions;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.options.Default;
+import org.apache.beam.sdk.options.Description;
+
+public interface WipeOutContactHistoryPiiPipelineOptions extends RegistryPipelineOptions {
+
+  @Description(
+      "A contact history entry with a history modification time before this time will have its PII"
+          + " wiped, unless it is the most entry for the contact.")
+  String getCutoffTime();
+
+  void setCutoffTime(String value);
+
+  @Description(
+      "If true, the wiped out billing events will not be saved but the pipeline metrics counter"
+          + " will still be updated.")
+  @Default.Boolean(false)
+  boolean getIsDryRun();
+
+  void setIsDryRun(boolean value);
+}
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/bigquery/BigqueryConnection.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/bigquery/BigqueryConnection.java
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ import com.google.api.services.bigquery.model.GetQueryResultsResponse;
 import com.google.api.services.bigquery.model.Job;
 import com.google.api.services.bigquery.model.JobConfiguration;
 import com.google.api.services.bigquery.model.JobConfigurationExtract;
-import com.google.api.services.bigquery.model.JobConfigurationLoad;
 import com.google.api.services.bigquery.model.JobConfigurationQuery;
 import com.google.api.services.bigquery.model.JobReference;
 import com.google.api.services.bigquery.model.JobStatistics;
@@ -57,7 +56,6 @@ import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListenableFuture;
 import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListeningExecutorService;
 import com.google.common.util.concurrent.MoreExecutors;
 import google.registry.bigquery.BigqueryUtils.DestinationFormat;
-import google.registry.bigquery.BigqueryUtils.SourceFormat;
 import google.registry.bigquery.BigqueryUtils.TableType;
 import google.registry.bigquery.BigqueryUtils.WriteDisposition;
 import google.registry.util.NonFinalForTesting;
@@ -375,23 +373,6 @@ public class BigqueryConnection implements AutoCloseable {
    }
  }

-  /**
-   * Starts an asynchronous load job to populate the specified destination table with the given
-   * source URIs and source format. Returns a ListenableFuture that holds the same destination table
-   * object on success.
-   */
-  public ListenableFuture<DestinationTable> startLoad(
-      DestinationTable dest, SourceFormat sourceFormat, Iterable<String> sourceUris) {
-    Job job = new Job()
-        .setConfiguration(new JobConfiguration()
-            .setLoad(new JobConfigurationLoad()
-                .setWriteDisposition(dest.getWriteDisposition().toString())
-                .setSourceFormat(sourceFormat.toString())
-                .setSourceUris(ImmutableList.copyOf(sourceUris))
-                .setDestinationTable(dest.getTableReference())));
-    return transform(runJobToCompletion(job, dest), this::updateTable, directExecutor());
-  }
-
  /**
   * Starts an asynchronous query job to populate the specified destination table with the results
   * of the specified query, or if the table is a view, to update the view to reflect that query.
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/bigquery/BigqueryModule.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/bigquery/BigqueryModule.java
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
 import dagger.Module;
 import dagger.Provides;
 import dagger.multibindings.Multibinds;
-import google.registry.config.CredentialModule.DefaultCredential;
+import google.registry.config.CredentialModule.ApplicationDefaultCredential;
 import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
 import google.registry.util.GoogleCredentialsBundle;
 import java.util.Map;
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ public abstract class BigqueryModule {

  @Provides
  static Bigquery provideBigquery(
-      @DefaultCredential GoogleCredentialsBundle credentialsBundle,
+      @ApplicationDefaultCredential GoogleCredentialsBundle credentialsBundle,
      @Config("projectId") String projectId) {
    return new Bigquery.Builder(
            credentialsBundle.getHttpTransport(),
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/bigquery/BigqueryUtils.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/bigquery/BigqueryUtils.java
@@ -25,18 +25,6 @@ import org.joda.time.format.ISODateTimeFormat;
 /** Utilities related to Bigquery. */
 public class BigqueryUtils {

-  /** Bigquery modes for schema fields. */
-  public enum FieldMode {
-    NULLABLE,
-    REQUIRED,
-    REPEATED;
-
-    /** Return the name of the field mode as it should appear in the Bigquery schema. */
-    public String schemaName() {
-      return name();
-    }
-  }
-
  /** Bigquery schema field types. */
  public enum FieldType {
    STRING,
@@ -44,19 +32,7 @@ public class BigqueryUtils {
    FLOAT,
    TIMESTAMP,
    RECORD,
-    BOOLEAN;
-
-    /** Return the name of the field type as it should appear in the Bigquery schema. */
-    public String schemaName() {
-      return name();
-    }
-  }
-
-  /** Source formats for Bigquery load jobs. */
-  public enum SourceFormat {
-    CSV,
-    NEWLINE_DELIMITED_JSON,
-    DATASTORE_BACKUP
+    BOOLEAN
  }

  /** Destination formats for Bigquery extract jobs. */
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/config/CloudTasksUtilsModule.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/config/CloudTasksUtilsModule.java
@@ -19,18 +19,15 @@ import com.google.cloud.tasks.v2.CloudTasksClient;
 import com.google.cloud.tasks.v2.CloudTasksSettings;
 import dagger.Module;
 import dagger.Provides;
-import google.registry.config.CredentialModule.DefaultCredential;
+import google.registry.batch.CloudTasksUtils;
+import google.registry.batch.CloudTasksUtils.GcpCloudTasksClient;
+import google.registry.batch.CloudTasksUtils.SerializableCloudTasksClient;
+import google.registry.config.CredentialModule.ApplicationDefaultCredential;
 import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
-import google.registry.util.Clock;
-import google.registry.util.CloudTasksUtils;
-import google.registry.util.CloudTasksUtils.GcpCloudTasksClient;
-import google.registry.util.CloudTasksUtils.SerializableCloudTasksClient;
 import google.registry.util.GoogleCredentialsBundle;
-import google.registry.util.Retrier;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.Serializable;
 import java.util.function.Supplier;
-import javax.inject.Singleton;

 /**
 * A {@link Module} that provides {@link CloudTasksUtils}.
@@ -41,21 +38,10 @@ import javax.inject.Singleton;
@Module
 public abstract class CloudTasksUtilsModule {

-  @Singleton
-  @Provides
-  public static CloudTasksUtils provideCloudTasksUtils(
-      @Config("projectId") String projectId,
-      @Config("locationId") String locationId,
-      SerializableCloudTasksClient client,
-      Retrier retrier,
-      Clock clock) {
-    return new CloudTasksUtils(retrier, clock, projectId, locationId, client);
-  }
-
  // Provides a supplier instead of using a Dagger @Provider because the latter is not serializable.
  @Provides
  public static Supplier<CloudTasksClient> provideCloudTasksClientSupplier(
-      @DefaultCredential GoogleCredentialsBundle credentials) {
+      @ApplicationDefaultCredential GoogleCredentialsBundle credentials) {
    return (Supplier<CloudTasksClient> & Serializable)
        () -> {
          CloudTasksClient client;
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/config/CredentialModule.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/config/CredentialModule.java
@@ -66,38 +66,6 @@ public abstract class CredentialModule {
    return GoogleCredentialsBundle.create(credential);
  }

-  /**
-   * Provides the default {@link GoogleCredentialsBundle} from the Google Cloud runtime.
-   *
-   * <p>The credential returned depends on the runtime environment:
-   *
-   * <ul>
-   *   <li>On AppEngine, returns the service account credential for
-   *       PROJECT_ID@appspot.gserviceaccount.com
-   *   <li>On Compute Engine, returns the service account credential for
-   *       PROJECT_NUMBER-compute@developer.gserviceaccount.com
-   *   <li>On end user host, this returns the credential downloaded by gcloud. Please refer to <a
-   *       href="https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud/reference/auth/application-default/login">Cloud
-   *       SDK documentation</a> for details.
-   * </ul>
-   */
-  @DefaultCredential
-  @Provides
-  @Singleton
-  public static GoogleCredentialsBundle provideDefaultCredential(
-      @Config("defaultCredentialOauthScopes") ImmutableList<String> requiredScopes) {
-    GoogleCredentials credential;
-    try {
-      credential = GoogleCredentials.getApplicationDefault();
-    } catch (IOException e) {
-      throw new RuntimeException(e);
-    }
-    if (credential.createScopedRequired()) {
-      credential = credential.createScoped(requiredScopes);
-    }
-    return GoogleCredentialsBundle.create(credential);
-  }
-
  /**
   * Provides a {@link GoogleCredentialsBundle} for accessing Google Workspace APIs, such as Drive
   * and Sheets.
@@ -162,13 +130,6 @@ public abstract class CredentialModule {
  @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
  public @interface ApplicationDefaultCredential {}

-  /** Dagger qualifier for the Application Default Credential. */
-  @Qualifier
-  @Documented
-  @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
-  @Deprecated // Switching to @ApplicationDefaultCredential
-  public @interface DefaultCredential {}
-
  /** Dagger qualifier for the credential for Google Workspace APIs. */
  @Qualifier
  @Documented
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/config/RegistryConfig.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/config/RegistryConfig.java
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSortedMap;
 import dagger.Module;
 import dagger.Provides;
+import google.registry.dns.ReadDnsRefreshRequestsAction;
+import google.registry.model.common.DnsRefreshRequest;
 import google.registry.persistence.transaction.JpaTransactionManager;
 import google.registry.util.YamlUtils;
 import java.lang.annotation.Documented;
@@ -60,8 +62,8 @@ import org.joda.time.Duration;
 *
 * <p>This class does not represent the total configuration of the Nomulus service. It's <b>only
 * meant for settings that need to be configured <i>once</i></b>. Settings which may be subject to
- * change in the future, should instead be retrieved from Datastore. The {@link
- * google.registry.model.tld.Registry Registry} class is one such example of this.
+ * change in the future, should instead be retrieved from the database. The {@link
+ * google.registry.model.tld.Tld Tld} class is one such example of this.
 *
 * <p>Note: Only settings that are actually configurable belong in this file. It's not a catch-all
 * for anything widely used throughout the code base.
@@ -118,6 +120,18 @@ public final class RegistryConfig {
      return config.gcpProject.locationId;
    }

+    @Provides
+    @Config("serviceAccountEmails")
+    public static ImmutableList<String> provideServiceAccountEmails(RegistryConfigSettings config) {
+      return ImmutableList.copyOf(config.gcpProject.serviceAccountEmails);
+    }
+
+    @Provides
+    @Config("defaultServiceAccount")
+    public static Optional<String> provideDefaultServiceAccount(RegistryConfigSettings config) {
+      return Optional.ofNullable(config.gcpProject.defaultServiceAccount);
+    }
+
    /**
     * The filename of the logo to be displayed in the header of the registrar console.
     *
@@ -288,9 +302,9 @@ public final class RegistryConfig {

    /**
     * The maximum number of domain and host updates to batch together to send to
-     * PublishDnsUpdatesAction, to avoid exceeding AppEngine's limits.
+     * PublishDnsUpdatesAction, to avoid exceeding HTTP request timeout limits.
     *
-     * @see google.registry.dns.ReadDnsQueueAction
+     * @see google.registry.dns.ReadDnsRefreshRequestsAction
     */
    @Provides
    @Config("dnsTldUpdateBatchSize")
@@ -321,23 +335,30 @@ public final class RegistryConfig {
    }

    /**
-     * The requested maximum duration for ReadDnsQueueAction.
+     * The requested maximum duration for {@link ReadDnsRefreshRequestsAction}.
     *
-     * <p>ReadDnsQueueAction reads update tasks from the dns-pull queue. It will continue reading
-     * tasks until either the queue is empty, or this duration has passed.
+     * <p>{@link ReadDnsRefreshRequestsAction} reads refresh requests from {@link DnsRefreshRequest}
+     * It will continue reading requests until either no requests exist that matche the condition,
+     * or this duration has passed.
     *
-     * <p>This time is the maximum duration between the first and last attempt to lease tasks from
-     * the dns-pull queue. The actual running time might be slightly longer, as we process the
-     * tasks.
+     * <p>This time is the maximum duration between the first and last attempt to read requests from
+     * {@link DnsRefreshRequest}. The actual running time might be slightly longer, as we process
+     * the requests.
     *
-     * <p>This value should be less than the cron-job repeat rate for ReadDnsQueueAction, to make
-     * sure we don't have multiple ReadDnsActions leasing tasks simultaneously.
+     * <p>The requests that are read will not be read again by any action until after this period
+     * has passed, so concurrent runs (or runs that are very close to each other) of {@link
+     * ReadDnsRefreshRequestsAction} will not keep reading the same requests with the earliest
+     * request time.
     *
-     * @see google.registry.dns.ReadDnsQueueAction
+     * <p>Still, this value should ideally be less than the cloud scheduler job repeat rate for
+     * {@link ReadDnsRefreshRequestsAction}, to not waste resources on multiple actions running at
+     * the same time.
+     *
+     * <p>see google.registry.dns.ReadDnsRefreshRequestsAction
     */
    @Provides
-    @Config("readDnsQueueActionRuntime")
-    public static Duration provideReadDnsQueueRuntime() {
+    @Config("readDnsRefreshRequestsActionRuntime")
+    public static Duration provideReadDnsRefreshRequestsRuntime() {
      return Duration.standardSeconds(45);
    }

@@ -575,9 +596,9 @@ public final class RegistryConfig {
    /**
     * Returns the default job region to run Apache Beam (Cloud Dataflow) jobs in.
     *
-     * @see google.registry.beam.invoicing.InvoicingPipeline
+     * @see google.registry.beam.billing.InvoicingPipeline
     * @see google.registry.beam.spec11.Spec11Pipeline
-     * @see google.registry.beam.invoicing.InvoicingPipeline
+     * @see google.registry.beam.billing.InvoicingPipeline
     */
    @Provides
    @Config("defaultJobRegion")
@@ -655,7 +676,7 @@ public final class RegistryConfig {
    /**
     * Returns the URL of the GCS bucket we store invoices and detail reports in.
     *
-     * @see google.registry.beam.invoicing.InvoicingPipeline
+     * @see google.registry.beam.billing.InvoicingPipeline
     */
    @Provides
    @Config("billingBucketUrl")
@@ -691,7 +712,7 @@ public final class RegistryConfig {
    /**
     * Returns the file prefix for the invoice CSV file.
     *
-     * @see google.registry.beam.invoicing.InvoicingPipeline
+     * @see google.registry.beam.billing.InvoicingPipeline
     * @see google.registry.reporting.billing.BillingEmailUtils
     */
    @Provides
@@ -924,7 +945,7 @@ public final class RegistryConfig {
     * <p>Note that this uses {@code @Named} instead of {@code @Config} so that it can be used from
     * the low-level util package, which cannot have a dependency on the config package.
     *
-     * @see google.registry.util.CloudTasksUtils
+     * @see google.registry.batch.CloudTasksUtils
     */
    @Provides
    @Named("transientFailureRetries")
@@ -1153,6 +1174,12 @@ public final class RegistryConfig {
      return ImmutableSet.copyOf(config.oAuth.allowedOauthClientIds);
    }

+    @Provides
+    @Config("iapClientId")
+    public static Optional<String> provideIapClientId(RegistryConfigSettings config) {
+      return Optional.ofNullable(config.oAuth.iapClientId);
+    }
+
    /**
     * Provides the OAuth scopes required for accessing Google APIs using the default credential.
     */
@@ -1304,12 +1331,6 @@ public final class RegistryConfig {
      return config.contactHistory.minMonthsBeforeWipeOut;
    }

-    @Provides
-    @Config("wipeOutQueryBatchSize")
-    public static int provideWipeOutQueryBatchSize(RegistryConfigSettings config) {
-      return config.contactHistory.wipeOutQueryBatchSize;
-    }
-
    @Provides
    @Config("jdbcBatchSize")
    public static int provideHibernateJdbcBatchSize(RegistryConfigSettings config) {
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/config/RegistryConfigSettings.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/config/RegistryConfigSettings.java
@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@ public class RegistryConfigSettings {
    public String backendServiceUrl;
    public String toolsServiceUrl;
    public String pubapiServiceUrl;
+    public List<String> serviceAccountEmails;
+    public String defaultServiceAccount;
  }

  /** Configuration options for OAuth settings for authenticating users. */
@@ -61,6 +63,7 @@ public class RegistryConfigSettings {
    public List<String> availableOauthScopes;
    public List<String> requiredOauthScopes;
    public List<String> allowedOauthClientIds;
+    public String iapClientId;
  }

  /** Configuration options for accessing Google APIs. */
@@ -241,7 +244,6 @@ public class RegistryConfigSettings {
  /** Configuration for contact history. */
  public static class ContactHistory {
    public int minMonthsBeforeWipeOut;
-    public int wipeOutQueryBatchSize;
  }

  /** Configuration for dns update. */
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/config/files/default-config.yaml
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/config/files/default-config.yaml
@@ -22,6 +22,14 @@ gcpProject:
  backendServiceUrl: https://localhost
  toolsServiceUrl: https://localhost
  pubapiServiceUrl: https://localhost
+  # Service accounts eligible for authorization (e.g. default service account,
+  # account used by Cloud Scheduler) to send authenticated requests.
+  serviceAccountEmails:
+  - default-service-account-email@email.com
+  - cloud-scheduler-email@email.com
+  # The default service account with which the service is running. For example,
+  # on GAE this would be {project-id}@appspot.gserviceaccount.com
+  defaultServiceAccount: null

 gSuite:
  # Publicly accessible domain name of the running G Suite instance.
@@ -306,6 +314,9 @@ oAuth:
  # in this list. Client IDs are typically of the format
  # numbers-alphanumerics.apps.googleusercontent.com
  allowedOauthClientIds: []
+  # GCP Identity-Aware Proxy client ID, if set up (note: this requires manual setup
+  # of User objects in the database for Nomulus tool users)
+  iapClientId: null

 credentialOAuth:
  # OAuth scopes required for accessing Google APIs using the default
@@ -424,7 +435,7 @@ misc:

 beam:
  # The default region to run Apache Beam (Cloud Dataflow) jobs in.
-  defaultJobRegion: us-east1
+  defaultJobRegion: us-central1
  # The GCE machine type to use when a job is CPU-intensive (e. g. RDE). Be sure
  # to check the VM CPU quota for the job region. In a massively parallel
  # pipeline this quota can be easily reached and needs to be raised, otherwise
@@ -466,8 +477,6 @@ registryTool:
 contactHistory:
  # The number of months that a ContactHistory entity should be stored in the database.
  minMonthsBeforeWipeOut: 18
-  # The batch size for querying ContactHistory table in the database.
-  wipeOutQueryBatchSize: 500

 # Configuration options relevant to the DNS update functionality.
 dnsUpdate:
@@ -535,52 +544,53 @@ sslCertificateValidation:

 # Configuration options for the package compliance monitoring
 packageMonitoring:
-  # Email subject text to notify partners their package has exceeded the limit for domain creates
-  packageCreateLimitEmailSubject: "NOTICE: Your package is being upgraded"
-  # Email body text template notify partners their package has exceeded the limit for domain creates
+  # Email subject text to notify tech support that a package has exceeded the limit for domain creates
+  packageCreateLimitEmailSubject: "ACTION REQUIRED: Package needs to be upgraded"
+  # Email body text template notify support that a package has exceeded the limit for domain creates
  packageCreateLimitEmailBody: >
-    Dear %1$s,
+    Dear Support,
    
-    We are contacting you to inform you that your package with the package token 
-    %2$s has exceeded its limit for annual domain creations.
-    Your package will now be upgraded to the next tier. 
+    A package has exceeded its max create limit and needs to be upgraded to the 
+    next tier.
    
-    If you have any questions or require additional support, please contact us
-    at %3$s.
-    
-    Regards,
-    Example Registry
+    Package ID: %1$s
+    Package Token: %2$s
+    Registrar: %3$s
+    Current Max Create Limit: %4$s
+    Creates Completed: %5$s

-  # Email subject text to notify partners their package has exceeded the limit for current active domains and warn them their package will be upgraded in 30 days
-  packageDomainLimitWarningEmailSubject: "WARNING: Your package has exceeded the domain limit"
-  # Email body text template to warn partners their package has exceeded the limit for active domains and will be upgraded in 30 days
+  # Email subject text to notify support that a package has exceeded the limit
+  # for current active domains and a warning needs to be sent
+  packageDomainLimitWarningEmailSubject: "ACTION REQUIRED: Package has exceeded the domain limit - send warning"
+  # Email body text template to inform support that a package has exceeded the
+  # limit for active domains and a warning needs to be sent that the package
+  # will be upgraded in 30 days
  packageDomainLimitWarningEmailBody: >
-    Dear %1$s,
-      
-    We are contacting you to inform you that your package with the package token 
-    %2$s has exceeded its limit for active domains.
-    Your package will be upgraded to the next tier in 30 days if the number of active domains does not return below the limit. 
-
-    If you have any questions or require additional support, please contact us
-    at %3$s.
-
-    Regards,
-    Example Registry
-
-  # Email subject text to notify partners their package has exceeded the limit
-  # for current active domains for more than 30 days and will be upgraded
-  packageDomainLimitUpgradeEmailSubject: "NOTICE: Your package is being upgraded"
-  # Email body text template to warn partners their package has exceeded the
-  # limit for active domains for more than 30 days and will be upgraded
-  packageDomainLimitUpgradeEmailBody: >
-    Dear %1$s,
+    Dear Support,
    
-    We are contacting you to inform you that your package with the package token 
-    %2$s has exceeded its limit for active domains.
-    Your package will now be upgraded to the next tier. 
+    A package has exceeded its max domain limit. Please send a warning to the 
+    registrar that their package will be upgraded to the next tier in 30 days if 
+    the number of active domains does not return below the limit.
+    
+    Package ID: %1$s
+    Package Token: %2$s
+    Registrar: %3$s
+    Active Domain Limit: %4$s
+    Current Active Domains: %5$s

-    If you have any questions or require additional support, please contact us
-    at %3$s.
-
-    Regards,
-    Example Registry
+  # Email subject text to notify support that a package has exceeded the limit
+  # for current active domains for more than 30 days and needs to be upgraded
+  packageDomainLimitUpgradeEmailSubject: "ACTION REQUIRED: Package has exceeded the domain limit - upgrade package"
+  # Email body text template to inform support that a package has exceeded the
+  # limit for active domains for more than 30 days and needs to be upgraded
+  packageDomainLimitUpgradeEmailBody: >
+    Dear Support,
+    
+    A package has exceeded its max domain limit for over 30 days and needs to be 
+    upgraded to the next tier.
+    
+    Package ID: %1$s
+    Package Token: %2$s
+    Registrar: %3$s
+    Active Domain Limit: %4$s
+    Current Active Domains: %5$s
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/cron/TldFanoutAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/cron/TldFanoutAction.java
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ import static google.registry.cron.CronModule.JITTER_SECONDS_PARAM;
 import static google.registry.cron.CronModule.QUEUE_PARAM;
 import static google.registry.cron.CronModule.RUN_IN_EMPTY_PARAM;
 import static google.registry.model.tld.Registries.getTldsOfType;
-import static google.registry.model.tld.Registry.TldType.REAL;
-import static google.registry.model.tld.Registry.TldType.TEST;
+import static google.registry.model.tld.Tld.TldType.REAL;
+import static google.registry.model.tld.Tld.TldType.TEST;

 import com.google.cloud.tasks.v2.Task;
 import com.google.common.collect.ArrayListMultimap;
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import com.google.common.collect.Multimap;
 import com.google.common.collect.Streams;
 import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
+import google.registry.batch.CloudTasksUtils;
 import google.registry.request.Action;
 import google.registry.request.Action.Service;
 import google.registry.request.Parameter;
@@ -45,7 +46,6 @@ import google.registry.request.ParameterMap;
 import google.registry.request.RequestParameters;
 import google.registry.request.Response;
 import google.registry.request.auth.Auth;
-import google.registry.util.CloudTasksUtils;
 import java.util.Optional;
 import java.util.stream.Stream;
 import javax.inject.Inject;
@@ -140,13 +140,25 @@ public final class TldFanoutAction implements Runnable {
    for (String tld : tlds) {
      Task task = createTask(tld, flowThruParams);
      Task createdTask = cloudTasksUtils.enqueue(queue, task);
-      outputPayload.append(
-          String.format(
-              "- Task: '%s', tld: '%s', endpoint: '%s'\n",
-              createdTask.getName(), tld, createdTask.getAppEngineHttpRequest().getRelativeUri()));
-      logger.atInfo().log(
-          "Task: '%s', tld: '%s', endpoint: '%s'.",
-          createdTask.getName(), tld, createdTask.getAppEngineHttpRequest().getRelativeUri());
+      if (createdTask.hasAppEngineHttpRequest()) {
+        outputPayload.append(
+            String.format(
+                "- Task: '%s', tld: '%s', endpoint: '%s'\n",
+                createdTask.getName(),
+                tld,
+                createdTask.getAppEngineHttpRequest().getRelativeUri()));
+        logger.atInfo().log(
+            "Task: '%s', tld: '%s', endpoint: '%s'.",
+            createdTask.getName(), tld, createdTask.getAppEngineHttpRequest().getRelativeUri());
+      } else {
+        outputPayload.append(
+            String.format(
+                "- Task: '%s', tld: '%s', endpoint: '%s'\n",
+                createdTask.getName(), tld, createdTask.getHttpRequest().getUrl()));
+        logger.atInfo().log(
+            "Task: '%s', tld: '%s', endpoint: '%s'.",
+            createdTask.getName(), tld, createdTask.getHttpRequest().getUrl());
+      }
    }
    response.setContentType(PLAIN_TEXT_UTF_8);
    response.setPayload(outputPayload.toString());
@@ -158,6 +170,6 @@ public final class TldFanoutAction implements Runnable {
      params.put(RequestParameters.PARAM_TLD, tld);
    }
    return cloudTasksUtils.createPostTaskWithJitter(
-        endpoint, Service.BACKEND.toString(), params, jitterSeconds);
+        endpoint, Service.BACKEND, params, jitterSeconds);
  }
 }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/DnsConstants.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/DnsConstants.java
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package google.registry.dns;
-
-/** Static class for DNS-related constants. */
-public class DnsConstants {
-  private DnsConstants() {}
-
-  /** The name of the DNS pull queue. */
-  public static final String DNS_PULL_QUEUE_NAME = "dns-pull";  // See queue.xml.
-
-  /** The name of the DNS publish push queue. */
-  public static final String DNS_PUBLISH_PUSH_QUEUE_NAME = "dns-publish";  // See queue.xml.
-
-  /** The parameter to use for storing the target type ("domain" or "host" or "zone"). */
-  public static final String DNS_TARGET_TYPE_PARAM = "Target-Type";
-
-  /** The parameter to use for storing the target name (domain or host name) with the task. */
-  public static final String DNS_TARGET_NAME_PARAM = "Target-Name";
-
-  /** The parameter to use for storing the creation time with the task. */
-  public static final String DNS_TARGET_CREATE_TIME_PARAM = "Create-Time";
-
-  /** The possible values of the {@code DNS_TARGET_TYPE_PARAM} parameter. */
-  public enum TargetType { DOMAIN, HOST, ZONE }
-}
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/DnsModule.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/DnsModule.java
@@ -14,27 +14,25 @@

 package google.registry.dns;

-import static google.registry.dns.DnsConstants.DNS_PUBLISH_PUSH_QUEUE_NAME;
-import static google.registry.dns.DnsConstants.DNS_PULL_QUEUE_NAME;
 import static google.registry.dns.RefreshDnsOnHostRenameAction.PARAM_HOST_KEY;
 import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.extractEnumParameter;
 import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.extractIntParameter;
+import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.extractOptionalIntParameter;
+import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.extractOptionalParameter;
 import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.extractRequiredParameter;
 import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.extractSetOfParameters;

-import com.google.appengine.api.taskqueue.Queue;
-import com.google.appengine.api.taskqueue.QueueFactory;
 import com.google.common.hash.HashFunction;
 import com.google.common.hash.Hashing;
 import dagger.Binds;
 import dagger.Module;
 import dagger.Provides;
-import google.registry.dns.DnsConstants.TargetType;
+import google.registry.dns.DnsUtils.TargetType;
 import google.registry.dns.writer.DnsWriterZone;
 import google.registry.request.Parameter;
 import google.registry.request.RequestParameters;
+import java.util.Optional;
 import java.util.Set;
-import javax.inject.Named;
 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
 import org.joda.time.DateTime;

@@ -48,7 +46,10 @@ public abstract class DnsModule {
  public static final String PARAM_DOMAINS = "domains";
  public static final String PARAM_HOSTS = "hosts";
  public static final String PARAM_PUBLISH_TASK_ENQUEUED = "enqueued";
-  public static final String PARAM_REFRESH_REQUEST_CREATED = "itemsCreated";
+  public static final String PARAM_REFRESH_REQUEST_TIME = "requestTime";
+  // This parameter cannot be named "jitterSeconds", which will be read by TldFanoutAction and not
+  // be passed down to actions.
+  public static final String PARAM_DNS_JITTER_SECONDS = "dnsJitterSeconds";

  @Binds
  @DnsWriterZone
@@ -65,28 +66,19 @@ public abstract class DnsModule {
    return Hashing.murmur3_32_fixed();
  }

-  @Provides
-  @Named(DNS_PULL_QUEUE_NAME)
-  static Queue provideDnsPullQueue() {
-    return QueueFactory.getQueue(DNS_PULL_QUEUE_NAME);
-  }
-
-  @Provides
-  @Named(DNS_PUBLISH_PUSH_QUEUE_NAME)
-  static Queue provideDnsUpdatePushQueue() {
-    return QueueFactory.getQueue(DNS_PUBLISH_PUSH_QUEUE_NAME);
-  }
-
  @Provides
  @Parameter(PARAM_PUBLISH_TASK_ENQUEUED)
  static DateTime provideCreateTime(HttpServletRequest req) {
    return DateTime.parse(extractRequiredParameter(req, PARAM_PUBLISH_TASK_ENQUEUED));
  }

+  // TODO: Retire the old header after DNS pull queue migration.
  @Provides
-  @Parameter(PARAM_REFRESH_REQUEST_CREATED)
+  @Parameter(PARAM_REFRESH_REQUEST_TIME)
  static DateTime provideItemsCreateTime(HttpServletRequest req) {
-    return DateTime.parse(extractRequiredParameter(req, PARAM_REFRESH_REQUEST_CREATED));
+    return DateTime.parse(
+        extractOptionalParameter(req, "itemsCreated")
+            .orElse(extractRequiredParameter(req, PARAM_REFRESH_REQUEST_TIME)));
  }

  @Provides
@@ -125,6 +117,12 @@ public abstract class DnsModule {
    return extractRequiredParameter(req, PARAM_HOST_KEY);
  }

+  @Provides
+  @Parameter(PARAM_DNS_JITTER_SECONDS)
+  static Optional<Integer> provideJitterSeconds(HttpServletRequest req) {
+    return extractOptionalIntParameter(req, PARAM_DNS_JITTER_SECONDS);
+  }
+
  @Provides
  @Parameter("domainOrHostName")
  static String provideName(HttpServletRequest req) {
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/DnsQueue.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/DnsQueue.java
@@ -1,170 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package google.registry.dns;
-
-import static com.google.appengine.api.taskqueue.QueueFactory.getQueue;
-import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
-import static google.registry.dns.DnsConstants.DNS_PULL_QUEUE_NAME;
-import static google.registry.dns.DnsConstants.DNS_TARGET_CREATE_TIME_PARAM;
-import static google.registry.dns.DnsConstants.DNS_TARGET_NAME_PARAM;
-import static google.registry.dns.DnsConstants.DNS_TARGET_TYPE_PARAM;
-import static google.registry.model.tld.Registries.assertTldExists;
-import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.PARAM_TLD;
-import static google.registry.util.DomainNameUtils.getTldFromDomainName;
-import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS;
-
-import com.google.appengine.api.taskqueue.Queue;
-import com.google.appengine.api.taskqueue.QueueConstants;
-import com.google.appengine.api.taskqueue.TaskHandle;
-import com.google.appengine.api.taskqueue.TaskOptions;
-import com.google.appengine.api.taskqueue.TaskOptions.Method;
-import com.google.appengine.api.taskqueue.TransientFailureException;
-import com.google.apphosting.api.DeadlineExceededException;
-import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
-import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
-import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
-import com.google.common.net.InternetDomainName;
-import com.google.common.util.concurrent.RateLimiter;
-import google.registry.dns.DnsConstants.TargetType;
-import google.registry.model.tld.Registries;
-import google.registry.util.Clock;
-import google.registry.util.NonFinalForTesting;
-import java.util.List;
-import java.util.Optional;
-import java.util.logging.Level;
-import javax.inject.Inject;
-import javax.inject.Named;
-import org.joda.time.Duration;
-
-/**
- * Methods for manipulating the queue used for DNS write tasks.
- *
- * <p>This includes a {@link RateLimiter} to limit the {@link Queue#leaseTasks} call rate to 9 QPS,
- * to stay under the 10 QPS limit for this function.
- *
- * <p>Note that overlapping calls to {@link ReadDnsQueueAction} (the only place where
- * {@link DnsQueue#leaseTasks} is used) will have different rate limiters, so they could exceed the
- * allowed rate. This should be rare though - because {@link DnsQueue#leaseTasks} is only used in
- * {@link ReadDnsQueueAction}, which is run as a cron job with running time shorter than the cron
- * repeat time - meaning there should never be two instances running at once.
- *
- * @see google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.ConfigModule#provideReadDnsQueueRuntime
- */
-public class DnsQueue {
-
-  private static final FluentLogger logger = FluentLogger.forEnclosingClass();
-
-  private final Queue queue;
-
-  final Clock clock;
-
-  // Queue.leaseTasks is limited to 10 requests per second as per
-  // https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/standard/java/javadoc/com/google/appengine/api/taskqueue/Queue.html
-  // "If you generate more than 10 LeaseTasks requests per second, only the first 10 requests will
-  // return results. The others will return no results."
-  private static final RateLimiter rateLimiter = RateLimiter.create(9);
-
-  @Inject
-  public DnsQueue(@Named(DNS_PULL_QUEUE_NAME) Queue queue, Clock clock) {
-    this.queue = queue;
-    this.clock = clock;
-  }
-
-  @VisibleForTesting
-  public static DnsQueue createForTesting(Clock clock) {
-    return new DnsQueue(getQueue(DNS_PULL_QUEUE_NAME), clock);
-  }
-
-  @NonFinalForTesting
-  @VisibleForTesting
-  long leaseTasksBatchSize = QueueConstants.maxLeaseCount();
-
-  /** Enqueues the given task type with the given target name to the DNS queue. */
-  private TaskHandle addToQueue(
-      TargetType targetType, String targetName, String tld, Duration countdown) {
-    logger.atInfo().log(
-        "Adding task type=%s, target=%s, tld=%s to pull queue %s (%d tasks currently on queue).",
-        targetType, targetName, tld, DNS_PULL_QUEUE_NAME, queue.fetchStatistics().getNumTasks());
-    return queue.add(
-        TaskOptions.Builder.withDefaults()
-            .method(Method.PULL)
-            .countdownMillis(countdown.getMillis())
-            .param(DNS_TARGET_TYPE_PARAM, targetType.toString())
-            .param(DNS_TARGET_NAME_PARAM, targetName)
-            .param(DNS_TARGET_CREATE_TIME_PARAM, clock.nowUtc().toString())
-            .param(PARAM_TLD, tld));
-  }
-
-  /** Adds a task to the queue to refresh the DNS information for the specified subordinate host. */
-  public TaskHandle addHostRefreshTask(String hostName) {
-    Optional<InternetDomainName> tld = Registries.findTldForName(InternetDomainName.from(hostName));
-    checkArgument(
-        tld.isPresent(), String.format("%s is not a subordinate host to a known tld", hostName));
-    return addToQueue(TargetType.HOST, hostName, tld.get().toString(), Duration.ZERO);
-  }
-
-  /** Enqueues a task to refresh DNS for the specified domain now. */
-  public TaskHandle addDomainRefreshTask(String domainName) {
-    return addDomainRefreshTask(domainName, Duration.ZERO);
-  }
-
-  /** Enqueues a task to refresh DNS for the specified domain at some point in the future. */
-  public TaskHandle addDomainRefreshTask(String domainName, Duration countdown) {
-    return addToQueue(
-        TargetType.DOMAIN,
-        domainName,
-        assertTldExists(getTldFromDomainName(domainName)),
-        countdown);
-  }
-
-  /** Adds a task to the queue to refresh the DNS information for the specified zone. */
-  public TaskHandle addZoneRefreshTask(String zoneName) {
-    return addToQueue(TargetType.ZONE, zoneName, zoneName, Duration.ZERO);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Returns the maximum number of tasks that can be leased with {@link #leaseTasks}.
-   *
-   * <p>If this many tasks are returned, then there might be more tasks still waiting in the queue.
-   *
-   * <p>If less than this number of tasks are returned, then there are no more items in the queue.
-   */
-  public long getLeaseTasksBatchSize() {
-    return leaseTasksBatchSize;
-  }
-
-  /** Returns handles for a batch of tasks, leased for the specified duration. */
-  public List<TaskHandle> leaseTasks(Duration leaseDuration) {
-    try {
-      rateLimiter.acquire();
-      int numTasks = queue.fetchStatistics().getNumTasks();
-      logger.at((numTasks >= leaseTasksBatchSize) ? Level.WARNING : Level.INFO).log(
-          "There are %d tasks in the DNS queue '%s'.", numTasks, DNS_PULL_QUEUE_NAME);
-      return queue.leaseTasks(leaseDuration.getMillis(), MILLISECONDS, leaseTasksBatchSize);
-    } catch (TransientFailureException | DeadlineExceededException e) {
-      logger.atSevere().withCause(e).log("Failed leasing tasks too fast.");
-      return ImmutableList.of();
-    }
-  }
-
-  /** Delete a list of tasks, removing them from the queue permanently. */
-  public void deleteTasks(List<TaskHandle> tasks) {
-    try {
-      queue.deleteTask(tasks);
-    } catch (TransientFailureException | DeadlineExceededException e) {
-      logger.atSevere().withCause(e).log("Failed deleting tasks too fast.");
-    }
-  }
-}
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/DnsUtils.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/DnsUtils.java
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package google.registry.dns;
+
+import static com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList.toImmutableList;
+import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.tm;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import com.google.common.net.InternetDomainName;
+import google.registry.model.common.DnsRefreshRequest;
+import google.registry.model.tld.Registries;
+import google.registry.model.tld.Tld;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import org.joda.time.DateTime;
+import org.joda.time.Duration;
+
+/** Utility class to handle DNS refresh requests. */
+public final class DnsUtils {
+
+  /** The name of the DNS publish push queue. */
+  public static final String DNS_PUBLISH_PUSH_QUEUE_NAME = "dns-publish"; // See queue.xml.
+
+  private DnsUtils() {}
+
+  private static void requestDnsRefresh(String name, TargetType type, Duration delay) {
+    // Throws an IllegalArgumentException if the name is not under a managed TLD -- we only update
+    // DNS for names that are under our management.
+    String tld = Registries.findTldForNameOrThrow(InternetDomainName.from(name)).toString();
+    tm().transact(
+            () ->
+                tm().insert(
+                        new DnsRefreshRequest(
+                            type, name, tld, tm().getTransactionTime().plus(delay))));
+  }
+
+  public static void requestDomainDnsRefresh(String domainName, Duration delay) {
+    requestDnsRefresh(domainName, TargetType.DOMAIN, delay);
+  }
+
+  public static void requestDomainDnsRefresh(String domainName) {
+    requestDomainDnsRefresh(domainName, Duration.ZERO);
+  }
+
+  public static void requestHostDnsRefresh(String hostName) {
+    requestDnsRefresh(hostName, TargetType.HOST, Duration.ZERO);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns pending DNS update requests that need further processing up to batch size, in ascending
+   * order of their request time, and updates their processing time to now.
+   *
+   * <p>The criteria to pick the requests to include are:
+   *
+   * <ul>
+   *   <li>They are for the given TLD.
+   *   <li>Their request time is not in the future.
+   *   <li>The last time they were processed is before the cooldown period.
+   * </ul>
+   */
+  public static ImmutableList<DnsRefreshRequest> readAndUpdateRequestsWithLatestProcessTime(
+      String tld, Duration cooldown, int batchSize) {
+    return tm().transact(
+            () -> {
+              DateTime transactionTime = tm().getTransactionTime();
+              ImmutableList<DnsRefreshRequest> requests =
+                  tm().query(
+                          "FROM DnsRefreshRequest WHERE tld = :tld "
+                              + "AND requestTime <= :now AND lastProcessTime < :cutoffTime "
+                              + "ORDER BY requestTime ASC, id ASC",
+                          DnsRefreshRequest.class)
+                      .setParameter("tld", tld)
+                      .setParameter("now", transactionTime)
+                      .setParameter("cutoffTime", transactionTime.minus(cooldown))
+                      .setMaxResults(batchSize)
+                      .getResultStream()
+                      // Note that the process time is when the request was last read, batched and
+                      // queued up for publishing, not when it is actually published by the DNS
+                      // writer. This timestamp acts as a cooldown so the same request will not be
+                      // retried too frequently. See DnsRefreshRequest.getLastProcessTime for a
+                      // detailed explanation.
+                      .map(e -> e.updateProcessTime(transactionTime))
+                      .collect(toImmutableList());
+              tm().updateAll(requests);
+              return requests;
+            });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Removes the requests that have been processed.
+   *
+   * <p>Note that if a request entity has already been deleted, the method still succeeds without
+   * error because all we care about is that it no longer exists after the method runs.
+   */
+  public static void deleteRequests(Collection<DnsRefreshRequest> requests) {
+    tm().transact(
+            () ->
+                tm().delete(
+                        requests.stream()
+                            .map(DnsRefreshRequest::createVKey)
+                            .collect(toImmutableList())));
+  }
+
+  public static long getDnsAPlusAAAATtlForHost(String host, Duration dnsDefaultATtl) {
+    Optional<InternetDomainName> tldName = Registries.findTldForName(InternetDomainName.from(host));
+    Duration dnsAPlusAaaaTtl = dnsDefaultATtl;
+    if (tldName.isPresent()) {
+      Tld tld = Tld.get(tldName.get().toString());
+      if (tld.getDnsAPlusAaaaTtl().isPresent()) {
+        dnsAPlusAaaaTtl = tld.getDnsAPlusAaaaTtl().get();
+      }
+    }
+    return dnsAPlusAaaaTtl.getStandardSeconds();
+  }
+
+  /** The possible values of the {@code DNS_TARGET_TYPE_PARAM} parameter. */
+  public enum TargetType {
+    DOMAIN,
+    HOST
+  }
+}
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/DnsWriterProxy.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/DnsWriterProxy.java
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkState;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
 import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
 import google.registry.dns.writer.DnsWriter;
-import google.registry.model.tld.Registry;
+import google.registry.model.tld.Tld;
 import java.util.Map;
 import javax.inject.Inject;

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ public final class DnsWriterProxy {
   * If the DnsWriter doesn't belong to this TLD, will return null.
   */
  public DnsWriter getByClassNameForTld(String className, String tld) {
-    if (!Registry.get(tld).getDnsWriters().contains(className)) {
+    if (!Tld.get(tld).getDnsWriters().contains(className)) {
      logger.atWarning().log(
          "Loaded potentially stale DNS writer %s which is not active on TLD %s.", className, tld);
      return null;
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/PublishDnsUpdatesAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/PublishDnsUpdatesAction.java
@@ -15,14 +15,16 @@
 package google.registry.dns;

 import static com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList.toImmutableList;
-import static google.registry.dns.DnsConstants.DNS_PUBLISH_PUSH_QUEUE_NAME;
 import static google.registry.dns.DnsModule.PARAM_DNS_WRITER;
 import static google.registry.dns.DnsModule.PARAM_DOMAINS;
 import static google.registry.dns.DnsModule.PARAM_HOSTS;
 import static google.registry.dns.DnsModule.PARAM_LOCK_INDEX;
 import static google.registry.dns.DnsModule.PARAM_NUM_PUBLISH_LOCKS;
 import static google.registry.dns.DnsModule.PARAM_PUBLISH_TASK_ENQUEUED;
-import static google.registry.dns.DnsModule.PARAM_REFRESH_REQUEST_CREATED;
+import static google.registry.dns.DnsModule.PARAM_REFRESH_REQUEST_TIME;
+import static google.registry.dns.DnsUtils.DNS_PUBLISH_PUSH_QUEUE_NAME;
+import static google.registry.dns.DnsUtils.requestDomainDnsRefresh;
+import static google.registry.dns.DnsUtils.requestHostDnsRefresh;
 import static google.registry.model.EppResourceUtils.loadByForeignKey;
 import static google.registry.request.Action.Method.POST;
 import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.PARAM_TLD;
@@ -35,6 +37,7 @@ import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMultimap;
 import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
 import com.google.common.net.InternetDomainName;
 import dagger.Lazy;
+import google.registry.batch.CloudTasksUtils;
 import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
 import google.registry.dns.DnsMetrics.ActionStatus;
 import google.registry.dns.DnsMetrics.CommitStatus;
@@ -44,7 +47,7 @@ import google.registry.model.domain.Domain;
 import google.registry.model.host.Host;
 import google.registry.model.registrar.Registrar;
 import google.registry.model.registrar.RegistrarPoc;
-import google.registry.model.tld.Registry;
+import google.registry.model.tld.Tld;
 import google.registry.request.Action;
 import google.registry.request.Action.Service;
 import google.registry.request.Header;
@@ -54,7 +57,6 @@ import google.registry.request.Response;
 import google.registry.request.auth.Auth;
 import google.registry.request.lock.LockHandler;
 import google.registry.util.Clock;
-import google.registry.util.CloudTasksUtils;
 import google.registry.util.DomainNameUtils;
 import google.registry.util.EmailMessage;
 import google.registry.util.SendEmailService;
@@ -85,7 +87,6 @@ public final class PublishDnsUpdatesAction implements Runnable, Callable<Void> {

  private static final FluentLogger logger = FluentLogger.forEnclosingClass();

-  private final DnsQueue dnsQueue;
  private final DnsWriterProxy dnsWriterProxy;
  private final DnsMetrics dnsMetrics;
  private final Duration timeout;
@@ -94,9 +95,9 @@ public final class PublishDnsUpdatesAction implements Runnable, Callable<Void> {
  /**
   * The DNS writer to use for this batch.
   *
-   * <p>This comes from the fanout in {@link ReadDnsQueueAction} which dispatches each batch to be
-   * published by each DNS writer on the TLD. So this field contains the value of one of the DNS
-   * writers configured in {@link Registry#getDnsWriters()}, as of the time the batch was written
+   * <p>This comes from the fanout in {@link ReadDnsRefreshRequestsAction} which dispatches each
+   * batch to be published by each DNS writer on the TLD. So this field contains the value of one of
+   * the DNS writers configured in {@link Tld#getDnsWriters()}, as of the time the batch was written
   * out (and not necessarily currently).
   */
  private final String dnsWriter;
@@ -124,7 +125,7 @@ public final class PublishDnsUpdatesAction implements Runnable, Callable<Void> {
  public PublishDnsUpdatesAction(
      @Parameter(PARAM_DNS_WRITER) String dnsWriter,
      @Parameter(PARAM_PUBLISH_TASK_ENQUEUED) DateTime enqueuedTime,
-      @Parameter(PARAM_REFRESH_REQUEST_CREATED) DateTime itemsCreateTime,
+      @Parameter(PARAM_REFRESH_REQUEST_TIME) DateTime itemsCreateTime,
      @Parameter(PARAM_LOCK_INDEX) int lockIndex,
      @Parameter(PARAM_NUM_PUBLISH_LOCKS) int numPublishLocks,
      @Parameter(PARAM_DOMAINS) Set<String> domains,
@@ -139,7 +140,6 @@ public final class PublishDnsUpdatesAction implements Runnable, Callable<Void> {
      @Config("gSuiteOutgoingEmailAddress") InternetAddress gSuiteOutgoingEmailAddress,
      @Header(APP_ENGINE_RETRY_HEADER) Optional<Integer> appEngineRetryCount,
      @Header(CLOUD_TASKS_RETRY_HEADER) Optional<Integer> cloudTasksRetryCount,
-      DnsQueue dnsQueue,
      DnsWriterProxy dnsWriterProxy,
      DnsMetrics dnsMetrics,
      LockHandler lockHandler,
@@ -147,12 +147,11 @@ public final class PublishDnsUpdatesAction implements Runnable, Callable<Void> {
      CloudTasksUtils cloudTasksUtils,
      SendEmailService sendEmailService,
      Response response) {
-    this.dnsQueue = dnsQueue;
    this.dnsWriterProxy = dnsWriterProxy;
    this.dnsMetrics = dnsMetrics;
    this.timeout = timeout;
    this.sendEmailService = sendEmailService;
-    this.retryCount =
+    retryCount =
        cloudTasksRetryCount.orElse(
            appEngineRetryCount.orElseThrow(
                () -> new IllegalStateException("Missing a valid retry count header")));
@@ -276,7 +275,7 @@ public final class PublishDnsUpdatesAction implements Runnable, Callable<Void> {
    return null;
  }

-  private InternetAddress emailToInternetAddress(String email) {
+  private static InternetAddress emailToInternetAddress(String email) {
    try {
      return new InternetAddress(email, true);
    } catch (Exception e) {
@@ -306,7 +305,7 @@ public final class PublishDnsUpdatesAction implements Runnable, Callable<Void> {
          registrar.get().getContacts().stream()
              .filter(c -> c.getTypes().contains(RegistrarPoc.Type.ADMIN))
              .map(RegistrarPoc::getEmailAddress)
-              .map(this::emailToInternetAddress)
+              .map(PublishDnsUpdatesAction::emailToInternetAddress)
              .collect(toImmutableList());

      sendEmailService.sendEmail(
@@ -339,14 +338,14 @@ public final class PublishDnsUpdatesAction implements Runnable, Callable<Void> {
        DNS_PUBLISH_PUSH_QUEUE_NAME,
        cloudTasksUtils.createPostTask(
            PATH,
-            Service.BACKEND.toString(),
+            Service.BACKEND,
            ImmutableMultimap.<String, String>builder()
                .put(PARAM_TLD, tld)
                .put(PARAM_DNS_WRITER, dnsWriter)
                .put(PARAM_LOCK_INDEX, Integer.toString(lockIndex))
                .put(PARAM_NUM_PUBLISH_LOCKS, Integer.toString(numPublishLocks))
                .put(PARAM_PUBLISH_TASK_ENQUEUED, clock.nowUtc().toString())
-                .put(PARAM_REFRESH_REQUEST_CREATED, itemsCreateTime.toString())
+                .put(PARAM_REFRESH_REQUEST_TIME, itemsCreateTime.toString())
                .put(PARAM_DOMAINS, Joiner.on(",").join(domains))
                .put(PARAM_HOSTS, Joiner.on(",").join(hosts))
                .build()));
@@ -356,10 +355,10 @@ public final class PublishDnsUpdatesAction implements Runnable, Callable<Void> {
  private void requeueBatch() {
    logger.atInfo().log("Requeueing batch for retry.");
    for (String domain : nullToEmpty(domains)) {
-      dnsQueue.addDomainRefreshTask(domain);
+      requestDomainDnsRefresh(domain);
    }
    for (String host : nullToEmpty(hosts)) {
-      dnsQueue.addHostRefreshTask(host);
+      requestHostDnsRefresh(host);
    }
  }

@@ -372,11 +371,11 @@ public final class PublishDnsUpdatesAction implements Runnable, Callable<Void> {
      return false;
    }
    // Check if the Registry object's num locks has changed since this task was batched
-    int registryNumPublishLocks = Registry.get(tld).getNumDnsPublishLocks();
-    if (registryNumPublishLocks != numPublishLocks) {
+    int tldNumPublishLocks = Tld.get(tld).getNumDnsPublishLocks();
+    if (tldNumPublishLocks != numPublishLocks) {
      logger.atWarning().log(
          "Registry numDnsPublishLocks %d out of sync with parameter %d.",
-          registryNumPublishLocks, numPublishLocks);
+          tldNumPublishLocks, numPublishLocks);
      return false;
    }
    return true;
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/ReadDnsQueueAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/ReadDnsQueueAction.java
@@ -1,401 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-package google.registry.dns;
-
-import static com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSetMultimap.toImmutableSetMultimap;
-import static com.google.common.collect.Sets.difference;
-import static google.registry.dns.DnsConstants.DNS_PUBLISH_PUSH_QUEUE_NAME;
-import static google.registry.dns.DnsConstants.DNS_TARGET_CREATE_TIME_PARAM;
-import static google.registry.dns.DnsConstants.DNS_TARGET_NAME_PARAM;
-import static google.registry.dns.DnsConstants.DNS_TARGET_TYPE_PARAM;
-import static google.registry.dns.DnsModule.PARAM_DNS_WRITER;
-import static google.registry.dns.DnsModule.PARAM_DOMAINS;
-import static google.registry.dns.DnsModule.PARAM_HOSTS;
-import static google.registry.dns.DnsModule.PARAM_LOCK_INDEX;
-import static google.registry.dns.DnsModule.PARAM_NUM_PUBLISH_LOCKS;
-import static google.registry.dns.DnsModule.PARAM_PUBLISH_TASK_ENQUEUED;
-import static google.registry.dns.DnsModule.PARAM_REFRESH_REQUEST_CREATED;
-import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.PARAM_TLD;
-import static google.registry.util.DomainNameUtils.getSecondLevelDomain;
-import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
-
-import com.google.appengine.api.taskqueue.TaskHandle;
-import com.google.auto.value.AutoValue;
-import com.google.cloud.tasks.v2.Task;
-import com.google.common.collect.ComparisonChain;
-import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
-import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMultimap;
-import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
-import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSetMultimap;
-import com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
-import com.google.common.collect.Ordering;
-import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
-import com.google.common.hash.HashFunction;
-import com.google.common.hash.Hashing;
-import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
-import google.registry.dns.DnsConstants.TargetType;
-import google.registry.model.tld.Registries;
-import google.registry.model.tld.Registry;
-import google.registry.request.Action;
-import google.registry.request.Action.Service;
-import google.registry.request.Parameter;
-import google.registry.request.auth.Auth;
-import google.registry.util.Clock;
-import google.registry.util.CloudTasksUtils;
-import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
-import java.util.Collection;
-import java.util.Comparator;
-import java.util.List;
-import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.Optional;
-import java.util.stream.Collectors;
-import javax.inject.Inject;
-import org.joda.time.DateTime;
-import org.joda.time.Duration;
-
-/**
- * Action for fanning out DNS refresh tasks by TLD, using data taken from the DNS pull queue.
- *
- * <h3>Parameters Reference</h3>
- *
- * <ul>
- *   <li>{@code jitterSeconds} Randomly delay each task by up to this many seconds.
- * </ul>
- */
-@Action(
-    service = Action.Service.BACKEND,
-    path = "/_dr/cron/readDnsQueue",
-    automaticallyPrintOk = true,
-    auth = Auth.AUTH_INTERNAL_OR_ADMIN)
-public final class ReadDnsQueueAction implements Runnable {
-
-  private static final String PARAM_JITTER_SECONDS = "jitterSeconds";
-  private static final FluentLogger logger = FluentLogger.forEnclosingClass();
-
-  /**
-   * Buffer time since the end of this action until retriable tasks are available again.
-   *
-   * <p>We read batches of tasks from the queue in a loop. Any task that will need to be retried has
-   * to be kept out of the queue for the duration of this action - otherwise we will lease it again
-   * in a subsequent loop.
-   *
-   * <p>The 'requestedMaximumDuration' value is the maximum delay between the first and last calls
-   * to lease tasks, hence we want the lease duration to be (slightly) longer than that.
-   * LEASE_PADDING is the value we add to {@link #requestedMaximumDuration} to make sure the lease
-   * duration is indeed longer.
-   */
-  private static final Duration LEASE_PADDING = Duration.standardMinutes(1);
-
-  private final int tldUpdateBatchSize;
-  private final Duration requestedMaximumDuration;
-  private final Optional<Integer> jitterSeconds;
-  private final Clock clock;
-  private final DnsQueue dnsQueue;
-  private final HashFunction hashFunction;
-  private final CloudTasksUtils cloudTasksUtils;
-
-  @Inject
-  ReadDnsQueueAction(
-      @Config("dnsTldUpdateBatchSize") int tldUpdateBatchSize,
-      @Config("readDnsQueueActionRuntime") Duration requestedMaximumDuration,
-      @Parameter(PARAM_JITTER_SECONDS) Optional<Integer> jitterSeconds,
-      Clock clock,
-      DnsQueue dnsQueue,
-      HashFunction hashFunction,
-      CloudTasksUtils cloudTasksUtils) {
-    this.tldUpdateBatchSize = tldUpdateBatchSize;
-    this.requestedMaximumDuration = requestedMaximumDuration;
-    this.jitterSeconds = jitterSeconds;
-    this.clock = clock;
-    this.dnsQueue = dnsQueue;
-    this.hashFunction = hashFunction;
-    this.cloudTasksUtils = cloudTasksUtils;
-  }
-
-  /** Container for items we pull out of the DNS pull queue and process for fanout. */
-  @AutoValue
-  abstract static class RefreshItem implements Comparable<RefreshItem> {
-    static RefreshItem create(TargetType type, String name, DateTime creationTime) {
-      return new AutoValue_ReadDnsQueueAction_RefreshItem(type, name, creationTime);
-    }
-
-    abstract TargetType type();
-
-    abstract String name();
-
-    abstract DateTime creationTime();
-
-    @Override
-    public int compareTo(RefreshItem other) {
-      return ComparisonChain.start()
-          .compare(this.type(), other.type())
-          .compare(this.name(), other.name())
-          .compare(this.creationTime(), other.creationTime())
-          .result();
-    }
-  }
-
-  /** Leases all tasks from the pull queue and creates per-tld update actions for them. */
-  @Override
-  public void run() {
-    DateTime requestedEndTime = clock.nowUtc().plus(requestedMaximumDuration);
-    ImmutableSet<String> tlds = Registries.getTlds();
-    while (requestedEndTime.isAfterNow()) {
-      List<TaskHandle> tasks = dnsQueue.leaseTasks(requestedMaximumDuration.plus(LEASE_PADDING));
-      logger.atInfo().log("Leased %d DNS update tasks.", tasks.size());
-      if (!tasks.isEmpty()) {
-        dispatchTasks(ImmutableSet.copyOf(tasks), tlds);
-      }
-      if (tasks.size() < dnsQueue.getLeaseTasksBatchSize()) {
-        return;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /** A set of tasks grouped based on the action to take on them. */
-  @AutoValue
-  abstract static class ClassifiedTasks {
-
-    /**
-     * List of tasks we want to keep in the queue (want to retry in the future).
-     *
-     * <p>Normally, any task we lease from the queue will be deleted - either because we are going
-     * to process it now (these tasks are part of refreshItemsByTld), or because these tasks are
-     * "corrupt" in some way (don't parse, don't have the required parameters etc.).
-     *
-     * <p>Some tasks however are valid, but can't be processed at the moment. These tasks will be
-     * kept in the queue for future processing.
-     *
-     * <p>This includes tasks belonging to paused TLDs (which we want to process once the TLD is
-     * unpaused) and tasks belonging to (currently) unknown TLDs.
-     */
-    abstract ImmutableSet<TaskHandle> tasksToKeep();
-
-    /** The paused TLDs for which we found at least one refresh request. */
-    abstract ImmutableSet<String> pausedTlds();
-
-    /**
-     * The unknown TLDs for which we found at least one refresh request.
-     *
-     * <p>Unknown TLDs might have valid requests because the list of TLDs is heavily cached. Hence,
-     * when we add a new TLD - it is possible that some instances will not have that TLD in their
-     * list yet. We don't want to discard these tasks, so we wait a bit and retry them again.
-     *
-     * <p>This is less likely for production TLDs but is quite likely for test TLDs where we might
-     * create a TLD and then use it within seconds.
-     */
-    abstract ImmutableSet<String> unknownTlds();
-
-    /**
-     * All the refresh items we need to actually fulfill, grouped by TLD.
-     *
-     * <p>By default, the multimap is ordered - this can be changed with the builder.
-     *
-     * <p>The items for each TLD will be grouped together, and domains and hosts will be grouped
-     * within a TLD.
-     *
-     * <p>The grouping and ordering of domains and hosts is not technically necessary, but a
-     * predictable ordering makes it possible to write detailed tests.
-     */
-    abstract ImmutableSetMultimap<String, RefreshItem> refreshItemsByTld();
-
-    static Builder builder() {
-      Builder builder = new AutoValue_ReadDnsQueueAction_ClassifiedTasks.Builder();
-      builder
-          .refreshItemsByTldBuilder()
-          .orderKeysBy(Ordering.natural())
-          .orderValuesBy(Ordering.natural());
-      return builder;
-    }
-
-    @AutoValue.Builder
-    abstract static class Builder {
-      abstract ImmutableSet.Builder<TaskHandle> tasksToKeepBuilder();
-      abstract ImmutableSet.Builder<String> pausedTldsBuilder();
-      abstract ImmutableSet.Builder<String> unknownTldsBuilder();
-      abstract ImmutableSetMultimap.Builder<String, RefreshItem> refreshItemsByTldBuilder();
-
-      abstract ClassifiedTasks build();
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Creates per-tld update actions for tasks leased from the pull queue.
-   *
-   * <p>Will return "irrelevant" tasks to the queue for future processing. "Irrelevant" tasks are
-   * tasks for paused TLDs or tasks for TLDs not part of {@link Registries#getTlds()}.
-   */
-  private void dispatchTasks(ImmutableSet<TaskHandle> tasks, ImmutableSet<String> tlds) {
-    ClassifiedTasks classifiedTasks = classifyTasks(tasks, tlds);
-    if (!classifiedTasks.pausedTlds().isEmpty()) {
-      logger.atInfo().log(
-          "The dns-pull queue is paused for TLDs: %s.", classifiedTasks.pausedTlds());
-    }
-    if (!classifiedTasks.unknownTlds().isEmpty()) {
-      logger.atWarning().log(
-          "The dns-pull queue has unknown TLDs: %s.", classifiedTasks.unknownTlds());
-    }
-    bucketRefreshItems(classifiedTasks.refreshItemsByTld());
-    if (!classifiedTasks.tasksToKeep().isEmpty()) {
-      logger.atWarning().log(
-          "Keeping %d DNS update tasks in the queue.", classifiedTasks.tasksToKeep().size());
-    }
-    // Delete the tasks we don't want to see again from the queue.
-    //
-    // tasksToDelete includes both the tasks that we already fulfilled in this call (were part of
-    // refreshItemsByTld) and "corrupt" tasks we weren't able to parse correctly (this shouldn't
-    // happen, and we logged a "severe" error)
-    //
-    // We let the lease on the rest of the tasks (the tasks we want to keep) expire on its own. The
-    // reason we don't release these tasks back to the queue immediately is that we are going to
-    // immediately read another batch of tasks from the queue - and we don't want to get the same
-    // tasks again.
-    ImmutableSet<TaskHandle> tasksToDelete =
-        difference(tasks, classifiedTasks.tasksToKeep()).immutableCopy();
-    logger.atInfo().log("Removing %d DNS update tasks from the queue.", tasksToDelete.size());
-    dnsQueue.deleteTasks(tasksToDelete.asList());
-    logger.atInfo().log("Done processing DNS tasks.");
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Classifies the given tasks based on what action we need to take on them.
-   *
-   * <p>Note that some tasks might appear in multiple categories (if multiple actions are to be
-   * taken on them) or in no category (if no action is to be taken on them)
-   */
-  private static ClassifiedTasks classifyTasks(
-      ImmutableSet<TaskHandle> tasks, ImmutableSet<String> tlds) {
-
-    ClassifiedTasks.Builder classifiedTasksBuilder = ClassifiedTasks.builder();
-
-    // Read all tasks on the DNS pull queue and load them into the refresh item multimap.
-    for (TaskHandle task : tasks) {
-      try {
-        Map<String, String> params = ImmutableMap.copyOf(task.extractParams());
-        DateTime creationTime = DateTime.parse(params.get(DNS_TARGET_CREATE_TIME_PARAM));
-        String tld = params.get(PARAM_TLD);
-        if (tld == null) {
-          logger.atSevere().log(
-              "Discarding invalid DNS refresh request %s; no TLD specified.", task);
-        } else if (!tlds.contains(tld)) {
-          classifiedTasksBuilder.tasksToKeepBuilder().add(task);
-          classifiedTasksBuilder.unknownTldsBuilder().add(tld);
-        } else if (Registry.get(tld).getDnsPaused()) {
-          classifiedTasksBuilder.tasksToKeepBuilder().add(task);
-          classifiedTasksBuilder.pausedTldsBuilder().add(tld);
-        } else {
-          String typeString = params.get(DNS_TARGET_TYPE_PARAM);
-          String name = params.get(DNS_TARGET_NAME_PARAM);
-          TargetType type = TargetType.valueOf(typeString);
-          switch (type) {
-            case DOMAIN:
-            case HOST:
-              classifiedTasksBuilder
-                  .refreshItemsByTldBuilder()
-                  .put(tld, RefreshItem.create(type, name, creationTime));
-              break;
-            default:
-              logger.atSevere().log(
-                  "Discarding DNS refresh request %s of type %s.", task, typeString);
-              break;
-          }
-        }
-      } catch (RuntimeException | UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
-        logger.atSevere().withCause(e).log("Discarding invalid DNS refresh request %s.", task);
-      }
-    }
-    return classifiedTasksBuilder.build();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Subdivides the tld to {@link RefreshItem} multimap into buckets by lock index, if applicable.
-   *
-   * <p>If the tld has numDnsPublishLocks <= 1, we enqueue all updates on the default lock 1 of 1.
-   */
-  private void bucketRefreshItems(ImmutableSetMultimap<String, RefreshItem> refreshItemsByTld) {
-    // Loop through the multimap by TLD and generate refresh tasks for the hosts and domains for
-    // each configured DNS writer.
-    for (Map.Entry<String, Collection<RefreshItem>> tldRefreshItemsEntry
-        : refreshItemsByTld.asMap().entrySet()) {
-      String tld = tldRefreshItemsEntry.getKey();
-      int numPublishLocks = Registry.get(tld).getNumDnsPublishLocks();
-      // 1 lock or less implies no TLD-wide locks, simply enqueue everything under lock 1 of 1
-      if (numPublishLocks <= 1) {
-        enqueueUpdates(tld, 1, 1, tldRefreshItemsEntry.getValue());
-      } else {
-        tldRefreshItemsEntry.getValue().stream()
-            .collect(
-                toImmutableSetMultimap(
-                    refreshItem -> getLockIndex(tld, numPublishLocks, refreshItem),
-                    refreshItem -> refreshItem))
-            .asMap()
-            .forEach((key, value) -> enqueueUpdates(tld, key, numPublishLocks, value));
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Returns the lock index for a given refreshItem.
-   *
-   * <p>We hash the second level domain for all records, to group in-bailiwick hosts (the only ones
-   * we refresh DNS for) with their superordinate domains. We use consistent hashing to determine
-   * the lock index because it gives us [0,N) bucketing properties out of the box, then add 1 to
-   * make indexes within [1,N].
-   */
-  private int getLockIndex(String tld, int numPublishLocks, RefreshItem refreshItem) {
-    String domain = getSecondLevelDomain(refreshItem.name(), tld);
-    return Hashing.consistentHash(hashFunction.hashString(domain, UTF_8), numPublishLocks) + 1;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Creates DNS refresh tasks for all writers for the tld within a lock index and batches large
-   * updates into smaller chunks.
-   */
-  private void enqueueUpdates(
-      String tld, int lockIndex, int numPublishLocks, Collection<RefreshItem> items) {
-    for (List<RefreshItem> chunk : Iterables.partition(items, tldUpdateBatchSize)) {
-      DateTime earliestCreateTime =
-          chunk.stream().map(RefreshItem::creationTime).min(Comparator.naturalOrder()).get();
-      for (String dnsWriter : Registry.get(tld).getDnsWriters()) {
-        Task task =
-            cloudTasksUtils.createPostTaskWithJitter(
-                PublishDnsUpdatesAction.PATH,
-                Service.BACKEND.toString(),
-                ImmutableMultimap.<String, String>builder()
-                    .put(PARAM_TLD, tld)
-                    .put(PARAM_DNS_WRITER, dnsWriter)
-                    .put(PARAM_LOCK_INDEX, Integer.toString(lockIndex))
-                    .put(PARAM_NUM_PUBLISH_LOCKS, Integer.toString(numPublishLocks))
-                    .put(PARAM_PUBLISH_TASK_ENQUEUED, clock.nowUtc().toString())
-                    .put(PARAM_REFRESH_REQUEST_CREATED, earliestCreateTime.toString())
-                    .put(
-                        PARAM_DOMAINS,
-                        chunk.stream()
-                            .filter(item -> item.type() == TargetType.DOMAIN)
-                            .map(RefreshItem::name)
-                            .collect(Collectors.joining(",")))
-                    .put(
-                        PARAM_HOSTS,
-                        chunk.stream()
-                            .filter(item -> item.type() == TargetType.HOST)
-                            .map(RefreshItem::name)
-                            .collect(Collectors.joining(",")))
-                    .build(),
-                jitterSeconds);
-        cloudTasksUtils.enqueue(DNS_PUBLISH_PUSH_QUEUE_NAME, task);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/ReadDnsRefreshRequestsAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/ReadDnsRefreshRequestsAction.java
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package google.registry.dns;
+
+import static com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSetMultimap.toImmutableSetMultimap;
+import static google.registry.dns.DnsModule.PARAM_DNS_JITTER_SECONDS;
+import static google.registry.dns.DnsModule.PARAM_DNS_WRITER;
+import static google.registry.dns.DnsModule.PARAM_DOMAINS;
+import static google.registry.dns.DnsModule.PARAM_HOSTS;
+import static google.registry.dns.DnsModule.PARAM_LOCK_INDEX;
+import static google.registry.dns.DnsModule.PARAM_NUM_PUBLISH_LOCKS;
+import static google.registry.dns.DnsModule.PARAM_PUBLISH_TASK_ENQUEUED;
+import static google.registry.dns.DnsModule.PARAM_REFRESH_REQUEST_TIME;
+import static google.registry.dns.DnsUtils.DNS_PUBLISH_PUSH_QUEUE_NAME;
+import static google.registry.dns.DnsUtils.deleteRequests;
+import static google.registry.dns.DnsUtils.readAndUpdateRequestsWithLatestProcessTime;
+import static google.registry.request.Action.Method.POST;
+import static google.registry.request.RequestParameters.PARAM_TLD;
+import static google.registry.util.DateTimeUtils.END_OF_TIME;
+import static google.registry.util.DomainNameUtils.getSecondLevelDomain;
+import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
+
+import com.google.cloud.tasks.v2.Task;
+import com.google.common.base.Joiner;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMultimap;
+import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
+import com.google.common.hash.HashFunction;
+import com.google.common.hash.Hashing;
+import google.registry.batch.CloudTasksUtils;
+import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
+import google.registry.dns.DnsUtils.TargetType;
+import google.registry.model.common.DnsRefreshRequest;
+import google.registry.model.tld.Tld;
+import google.registry.request.Action;
+import google.registry.request.Action.Service;
+import google.registry.request.Parameter;
+import google.registry.request.auth.Auth;
+import google.registry.util.Clock;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import javax.inject.Inject;
+import org.joda.time.DateTime;
+import org.joda.time.Duration;
+
+/**
+ * Action for fanning out DNS refresh tasks by TLD, using data taken from {@link DnsRefreshRequest}
+ * table.
+ */
+@Action(
+    service = Service.BACKEND,
+    path = "/_dr/task/readDnsRefreshRequests",
+    automaticallyPrintOk = true,
+    method = POST,
+    auth = Auth.AUTH_INTERNAL_OR_ADMIN)
+public final class ReadDnsRefreshRequestsAction implements Runnable {
+
+  private static final FluentLogger logger = FluentLogger.forEnclosingClass();
+
+  private final int tldUpdateBatchSize;
+  private final Duration requestedMaximumDuration;
+  private final Optional<Integer> jitterSeconds;
+  private final String tld;
+  private final Clock clock;
+  private final HashFunction hashFunction;
+  private final CloudTasksUtils cloudTasksUtils;
+
+  @Inject
+  ReadDnsRefreshRequestsAction(
+      @Config("dnsTldUpdateBatchSize") int tldUpdateBatchSize,
+      @Config("readDnsRefreshRequestsActionRuntime") Duration requestedMaximumDuration,
+      @Parameter(PARAM_DNS_JITTER_SECONDS) Optional<Integer> jitterSeconds,
+      @Parameter(PARAM_TLD) String tld,
+      Clock clock,
+      HashFunction hashFunction,
+      CloudTasksUtils cloudTasksUtils) {
+    this.tldUpdateBatchSize = tldUpdateBatchSize;
+    this.requestedMaximumDuration = requestedMaximumDuration;
+    this.jitterSeconds = jitterSeconds;
+    this.tld = tld;
+    this.clock = clock;
+    this.hashFunction = hashFunction;
+    this.cloudTasksUtils = cloudTasksUtils;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Reads requests up to the maximum requested runtime, and enqueues update batches from the these
+   * requests.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void run() {
+    if (Tld.get(tld).getDnsPaused()) {
+      logger.atInfo().log("The queue updated is paused for TLD: %s.", tld);
+      return;
+    }
+    DateTime requestedEndTime = clock.nowUtc().plus(requestedMaximumDuration);
+    // See getLockIndex(), requests are evenly distributed to [1, numDnsPublishLocks], so each
+    // bucket would be roughly the size of tldUpdateBatchSize.
+    int processBatchSize = tldUpdateBatchSize * Tld.get(tld).getNumDnsPublishLocks();
+    while (requestedEndTime.isAfter(clock.nowUtc())) {
+      ImmutableList<DnsRefreshRequest> requests =
+          readAndUpdateRequestsWithLatestProcessTime(
+              tld, requestedMaximumDuration, processBatchSize);
+      logger.atInfo().log("Read %d DNS update requests for TLD %s.", requests.size(), tld);
+      if (!requests.isEmpty()) {
+        processRequests(requests);
+      }
+      if (requests.size() < processBatchSize) {
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Subdivides {@link DnsRefreshRequest} into buckets by lock index, enqueue a Cloud Tasks task per
+   * bucket, and then delete the requests in each bucket.
+   */
+  void processRequests(Collection<DnsRefreshRequest> requests) {
+    int numPublishLocks = Tld.get(tld).getNumDnsPublishLocks();
+    requests.stream()
+        .collect(
+            toImmutableSetMultimap(
+                request -> getLockIndex(numPublishLocks, request), request -> request))
+        .asMap()
+        .forEach(
+            (lockIndex, bucketedRequests) -> {
+              try {
+                enqueueUpdates(lockIndex, numPublishLocks, bucketedRequests);
+                deleteRequests(bucketedRequests);
+                logger.atInfo().log(
+                    "Processed %d DNS update requests for TLD %s.", bucketedRequests.size(), tld);
+              } catch (Exception e) {
+                // Log but continue to process the next bucket. The failed tasks will NOT be
+                // deleted and will be retried after the cooldown period has passed.
+                logger.atSevere().withCause(e).log(
+                    "Error processing DNS update requests: %s", bucketedRequests);
+              }
+            });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the lock index for a given {@link DnsRefreshRequest}.
+   *
+   * <p>We hash the second level domain for all records, to group in-bailiwick hosts (the only ones
+   * we refresh DNS for) with their superordinate domains. We use consistent hashing to determine
+   * the lock index because it gives us [0,N) bucketing properties out of the box, then add 1 to
+   * make indexes within [1,N].
+   */
+  int getLockIndex(int numPublishLocks, DnsRefreshRequest request) {
+    String domain = getSecondLevelDomain(request.getName(), tld);
+    return Hashing.consistentHash(hashFunction.hashString(domain, UTF_8), numPublishLocks) + 1;
+  }
+
+  /** Creates DNS refresh tasks for all writers for the tld within a lock index. */
+  void enqueueUpdates(int lockIndex, int numPublishLocks, Collection<DnsRefreshRequest> requests) {
+    ImmutableList.Builder<String> domainsBuilder = new ImmutableList.Builder<>();
+    ImmutableList.Builder<String> hostsBuilder = new ImmutableList.Builder<>();
+    DateTime earliestRequestTime = END_OF_TIME;
+    for (DnsRefreshRequest request : requests) {
+      if (request.getRequestTime().isBefore(earliestRequestTime)) {
+        earliestRequestTime = request.getRequestTime();
+      }
+      String name = request.getName();
+      if (request.getType().equals(TargetType.DOMAIN)) {
+        domainsBuilder.add(name);
+      } else {
+        hostsBuilder.add(name);
+      }
+    }
+    ImmutableList<String> domains = domainsBuilder.build();
+    ImmutableList<String> hosts = hostsBuilder.build();
+    for (String dnsWriter : Tld.get(tld).getDnsWriters()) {
+      Task task =
+          cloudTasksUtils.createPostTaskWithJitter(
+              PublishDnsUpdatesAction.PATH,
+              Service.BACKEND,
+              ImmutableMultimap.<String, String>builder()
+                  .put(PARAM_TLD, tld)
+                  .put(PARAM_DNS_WRITER, dnsWriter)
+                  .put(PARAM_LOCK_INDEX, Integer.toString(lockIndex))
+                  .put(PARAM_NUM_PUBLISH_LOCKS, Integer.toString(numPublishLocks))
+                  .put(PARAM_PUBLISH_TASK_ENQUEUED, clock.nowUtc().toString())
+                  .put(PARAM_REFRESH_REQUEST_TIME, earliestRequestTime.toString())
+                  .put(PARAM_DOMAINS, Joiner.on(',').join(domains))
+                  .put(PARAM_HOSTS, Joiner.on(',').join(hosts))
+                  .build(),
+              jitterSeconds);
+      cloudTasksUtils.enqueue(DNS_PUBLISH_PUSH_QUEUE_NAME, task);
+      logger.atInfo().log(
+          "Enqueued DNS update request for (TLD %s, lock %d) with %d domains and %d hosts.",
+          tld, lockIndex, domains.size(), hosts.size());
+    }
+  }
+}
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/RefreshDnsAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/RefreshDnsAction.java
@@ -14,9 +14,11 @@

 package google.registry.dns;

+import static google.registry.dns.DnsUtils.requestDomainDnsRefresh;
+import static google.registry.dns.DnsUtils.requestHostDnsRefresh;
 import static google.registry.model.EppResourceUtils.loadByForeignKey;

-import google.registry.dns.DnsConstants.TargetType;
+import google.registry.dns.DnsUtils.TargetType;
 import google.registry.model.EppResource;
 import google.registry.model.EppResource.ForeignKeyedEppResource;
 import google.registry.model.annotations.ExternalMessagingName;
@@ -39,7 +41,6 @@ import javax.inject.Inject;
 public final class RefreshDnsAction implements Runnable {

  private final Clock clock;
-  private final DnsQueue dnsQueue;
  private final String domainOrHostName;
  private final TargetType type;

@@ -47,12 +48,10 @@ public final class RefreshDnsAction implements Runnable {
  RefreshDnsAction(
      @Parameter("domainOrHostName") String domainOrHostName,
      @Parameter("type") TargetType type,
-      Clock clock,
-      DnsQueue dnsQueue) {
+      Clock clock) {
    this.domainOrHostName = domainOrHostName;
    this.type = type;
    this.clock = clock;
-    this.dnsQueue = dnsQueue;
  }

  @Override
@@ -63,11 +62,11 @@ public final class RefreshDnsAction implements Runnable {
    switch (type) {
      case DOMAIN:
        loadAndVerifyExistence(Domain.class, domainOrHostName);
-        dnsQueue.addDomainRefreshTask(domainOrHostName);
+        requestDomainDnsRefresh(domainOrHostName);
        break;
      case HOST:
        verifyHostIsSubordinate(loadAndVerifyExistence(Host.class, domainOrHostName));
-        dnsQueue.addHostRefreshTask(domainOrHostName);
+        requestHostDnsRefresh(domainOrHostName);
        break;
      default:
        throw new BadRequestException("Unsupported type: " + type);
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/RefreshDnsOnHostRenameAction.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/RefreshDnsOnHostRenameAction.java
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@

 package google.registry.dns;

+import static google.registry.dns.DnsUtils.requestDomainDnsRefresh;
 import static google.registry.dns.RefreshDnsOnHostRenameAction.PATH;
 import static google.registry.model.EppResourceUtils.getLinkedDomainKeys;
 import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.tm;
@@ -45,14 +46,11 @@ public class RefreshDnsOnHostRenameAction implements Runnable {

  private final VKey<Host> hostKey;
  private final Response response;
-  private final DnsQueue dnsQueue;

  @Inject
-  RefreshDnsOnHostRenameAction(
-      @Parameter(PARAM_HOST_KEY) String hostKey, Response response, DnsQueue dnsQueue) {
+  RefreshDnsOnHostRenameAction(@Parameter(PARAM_HOST_KEY) String hostKey, Response response) {
    this.hostKey = VKey.createEppVKeyFromString(hostKey);
    this.response = response;
-    this.dnsQueue = dnsQueue;
  }

  @Override
@@ -76,7 +74,7 @@ public class RefreshDnsOnHostRenameAction implements Runnable {
                    .stream()
                    .map(domainKey -> tm().loadByKey(domainKey))
                    .filter(Domain::shouldPublishToDns)
-                    .forEach(domain -> dnsQueue.addDomainRefreshTask(domain.getDomainName()));
+                    .forEach(domain -> requestDomainDnsRefresh(domain.getDomainName()));
              }

              if (!hostValid) {
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/writer/clouddns/CloudDnsWriter.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/writer/clouddns/CloudDnsWriter.java
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ package google.registry.dns.writer.clouddns;

 import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
 import static com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet.toImmutableSet;
+import static google.registry.dns.DnsUtils.getDnsAPlusAAAATtlForHost;
 import static google.registry.model.EppResourceUtils.loadByForeignKey;
 import static google.registry.util.DomainNameUtils.getSecondLevelDomain;

@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@ import google.registry.model.domain.Domain;
 import google.registry.model.domain.secdns.DomainDsData;
 import google.registry.model.host.Host;
 import google.registry.model.tld.Registries;
+import google.registry.model.tld.Tld;
 import google.registry.util.Clock;
 import google.registry.util.Concurrent;
 import google.registry.util.Retrier;
@@ -131,6 +133,7 @@ public class CloudDnsWriter extends BaseDnsWriter {
      return;
    }

+    Tld tld = Tld.get(domain.get().getTld());
    ImmutableSet.Builder<ResourceRecordSet> domainRecords = new ImmutableSet.Builder<>();

    // Construct DS records (if any).
@@ -145,7 +148,7 @@ public class CloudDnsWriter extends BaseDnsWriter {
        domainRecords.add(
            new ResourceRecordSet()
                .setName(absoluteDomainName)
-                .setTtl((int) defaultDsTtl.getStandardSeconds())
+                .setTtl((int) tld.getDnsDsTtl().orElse(defaultDsTtl).getStandardSeconds())
                .setType("DS")
                .setKind("dns#resourceRecordSet")
                .setRrdatas(ImmutableList.copyOf(dsRrData)));
@@ -170,7 +173,7 @@ public class CloudDnsWriter extends BaseDnsWriter {
        domainRecords.add(
            new ResourceRecordSet()
                .setName(absoluteDomainName)
-                .setTtl((int) defaultNsTtl.getStandardSeconds())
+                .setTtl((int) tld.getDnsNsTtl().orElse(defaultNsTtl).getStandardSeconds())
                .setType("NS")
                .setKind("dns#resourceRecordSet")
                .setRrdatas(ImmutableList.copyOf(nsRrData)));
@@ -216,7 +219,7 @@ public class CloudDnsWriter extends BaseDnsWriter {
      domainRecords.add(
          new ResourceRecordSet()
              .setName(absoluteHostName)
-              .setTtl((int) defaultATtl.getStandardSeconds())
+              .setTtl((int) getDnsAPlusAAAATtlForHost(hostName, defaultATtl))
              .setType("A")
              .setKind("dns#resourceRecordSet")
              .setRrdatas(ImmutableList.copyOf(aRrData)));
@@ -226,7 +229,7 @@ public class CloudDnsWriter extends BaseDnsWriter {
      domainRecords.add(
          new ResourceRecordSet()
              .setName(absoluteHostName)
-              .setTtl((int) defaultATtl.getStandardSeconds())
+              .setTtl((int) getDnsAPlusAAAATtlForHost(hostName, defaultATtl))
              .setType("AAAA")
              .setKind("dns#resourceRecordSet")
              .setRrdatas(ImmutableList.copyOf(aaaaRrData)));
@@ -276,11 +279,12 @@ public class CloudDnsWriter extends BaseDnsWriter {
  }

  /** Returns the glue records for in-bailiwick nameservers for the given domain+records. */
-  private Stream<String> filterGlueRecords(String domainName, Stream<ResourceRecordSet> records) {
+  private static Stream<String> filterGlueRecords(
+      String domainName, Stream<ResourceRecordSet> records) {
    return records
-        .filter(record -> record.getType().equals("NS"))
+        .filter(record -> "NS".equals(record.getType()))
        .flatMap(record -> record.getRrdatas().stream())
-        .filter(hostName -> hostName.endsWith("." + domainName) && !hostName.equals(domainName));
+        .filter(hostName -> hostName.endsWith('.' + domainName) && !hostName.equals(domainName));
  }

  /** Mutate the zone with the provided map of hostnames to desired DNS records. */
@@ -363,8 +367,8 @@ public class CloudDnsWriter extends BaseDnsWriter {
   * <p>This call should be used in conjunction with {@link #getResourceRecordsForDomains} in a
   * get-and-set retry loop.
   *
-   * <p>See {@link "https://cloud.google.com/dns/troubleshooting"} for a list of errors produced by
-   * the Google Cloud DNS API.
+   * <p>See {@link "<a href="https://cloud.google.com/dns/troubleshooting">Troubleshoot Cloud
+   * DNS</a>"} for a list of errors produced by the Google Cloud DNS API.
   *
   * @throws ZoneStateException if the operation could not be completely successfully because the
   *     records to delete do not exist, already exist or have been modified with different
@@ -417,12 +421,12 @@ public class CloudDnsWriter extends BaseDnsWriter {
   * @param hostName the fully qualified hostname
   */
  private static String getAbsoluteHostName(String hostName) {
-    return hostName.endsWith(".") ? hostName : hostName + ".";
+    return hostName.endsWith(".") ? hostName : hostName + '.';
  }

  /** Zone state on Cloud DNS does not match the expected state. */
  static class ZoneStateException extends RuntimeException {
-    public ZoneStateException(String reason) {
+    ZoneStateException(String reason) {
      super("Zone state on Cloud DNS does not match the expected state: " + reason);
    }
  }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/writer/clouddns/CloudDnsWriterModule.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/writer/clouddns/CloudDnsWriterModule.java
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import dagger.Provides;
 import dagger.multibindings.IntoMap;
 import dagger.multibindings.IntoSet;
 import dagger.multibindings.StringKey;
-import google.registry.config.CredentialModule.DefaultCredential;
+import google.registry.config.CredentialModule.ApplicationDefaultCredential;
 import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig.Config;
 import google.registry.dns.writer.DnsWriter;
 import google.registry.util.GoogleCredentialsBundle;
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ public abstract class CloudDnsWriterModule {

  @Provides
  static Dns provideDns(
-      @DefaultCredential GoogleCredentialsBundle credentialsBundle,
+      @ApplicationDefaultCredential GoogleCredentialsBundle credentialsBundle,
      @Config("projectId") String projectId,
      @Config("cloudDnsRootUrl") Optional<String> rootUrl,
      @Config("cloudDnsServicePath") Optional<String> servicePath) {
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/writer/dnsupdate/DnsUpdateWriter.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/dns/writer/dnsupdate/DnsUpdateWriter.java
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkState;
 import static com.google.common.base.Verify.verify;
 import static com.google.common.collect.Sets.intersection;
 import static com.google.common.collect.Sets.union;
+import static google.registry.dns.DnsUtils.getDnsAPlusAAAATtlForHost;
 import static google.registry.model.EppResourceUtils.loadByForeignKey;

 import com.google.common.base.Joiner;
@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@ import google.registry.model.domain.Domain;
 import google.registry.model.domain.secdns.DomainDsData;
 import google.registry.model.host.Host;
 import google.registry.model.tld.Registries;
+import google.registry.model.tld.Tld;
 import google.registry.util.Clock;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.net.Inet4Address;
@@ -185,12 +187,13 @@ public class DnsUpdateWriter extends BaseDnsWriter {

  private RRset makeDelegationSignerSet(Domain domain) {
    RRset signerSet = new RRset();
+    Tld tld = Tld.get(domain.getTld());
    for (DomainDsData signerData : domain.getDsData()) {
      DSRecord dsRecord =
          new DSRecord(
              toAbsoluteName(domain.getDomainName()),
              DClass.IN,
-              dnsDefaultDsTtl.getStandardSeconds(),
+              tld.getDnsDsTtl().orElse(dnsDefaultDsTtl).getStandardSeconds(),
              signerData.getKeyTag(),
              signerData.getAlgorithm(),
              signerData.getDigestType(),
@@ -224,12 +227,13 @@ public class DnsUpdateWriter extends BaseDnsWriter {

  private RRset makeNameServerSet(Domain domain) {
    RRset nameServerSet = new RRset();
+    Tld tld = Tld.get(domain.getTld());
    for (String hostName : domain.loadNameserverHostNames()) {
      NSRecord record =
          new NSRecord(
              toAbsoluteName(domain.getDomainName()),
              DClass.IN,
-              dnsDefaultNsTtl.getStandardSeconds(),
+              tld.getDnsNsTtl().orElse(dnsDefaultNsTtl).getStandardSeconds(),
              toAbsoluteName(hostName));
      nameServerSet.addRR(record);
    }
@@ -244,7 +248,7 @@ public class DnsUpdateWriter extends BaseDnsWriter {
            new ARecord(
                toAbsoluteName(host.getHostName()),
                DClass.IN,
-                dnsDefaultATtl.getStandardSeconds(),
+                getDnsAPlusAAAATtlForHost(host.getHostName(), dnsDefaultATtl),
                address);
        addressSet.addRR(record);
      }
@@ -260,7 +264,7 @@ public class DnsUpdateWriter extends BaseDnsWriter {
            new AAAARecord(
                toAbsoluteName(host.getHostName()),
                DClass.IN,
-                dnsDefaultATtl.getStandardSeconds(),
+                getDnsAPlusAAAATtlForHost(host.getHostName(), dnsDefaultATtl),
                address);
        addressSet.addRR(record);
      }
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/env/alpha/default/WEB-INF/cloud-scheduler-tasks.xml
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/env/alpha/default/WEB-INF/cloud-scheduler-tasks.xml
@@ -1,159 +1,141 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-<cronentries>
-
-  <!--
-    /cron/fanout params:
-        queue=<QUEUE_NAME>
-        endpoint=<ENDPOINT_NAME> // URL Path of servlet, which may contain placeholders:
-        runInEmpty               // Run once, with no tld parameter
-        forEachRealTld           // Run for tlds with getTldType() == TldType.REAL
-        forEachTestTld           // Run for tlds with getTldType() == TldType.TEST
-        exclude=TLD1[,TLD2]      // exclude something otherwise included
-   -->
-
-  <cron>
+<entries>
+  <task>
    <url>/_dr/task/rdeStaging</url>
+    <name>rdeStaging</name>
    <description>
      This job generates a full RDE escrow deposit as a single gigantic XML document
      and streams it to cloud storage. When this job has finished successfully, it'll
      launch a separate task that uploads the deposit file to Iron Mountain via SFTP.
    </description>
-    <schedule>every day 00:07</schedule>
-    <target>backend</target>
-  </cron>
+    <schedule>7 0 * * *</schedule>
+  </task>

-  <cron>
+  <task>
    <url><![CDATA[/_dr/cron/fanout?queue=rde-upload&endpoint=/_dr/task/rdeUpload&forEachRealTld]]></url>
+    <name>rdeUpload</name>
    <description>
      This job is a no-op unless RdeUploadCursor falls behind for some reason.
    </description>
-    <schedule>every 4 hours synchronized</schedule>
-    <target>backend</target>
-  </cron>
+    <schedule>0 */4 * * *</schedule>
+  </task>

-  <cron>
+  <task>
    <url><![CDATA[/_dr/cron/fanout?queue=marksdb&endpoint=/_dr/task/tmchDnl&runInEmpty]]></url>
+    <name>tmchDnl</name>
    <description>
      This job downloads the latest DNL from MarksDB and inserts it into the database.
-      (See: TmchDnlServlet, ClaimsList)
+      (See: TmchDnlAction, ClaimsList)
    </description>
-    <schedule>every 12 hours synchronized</schedule>
-    <target>backend</target>
-  </cron>
+    <schedule>0 */12 * * *</schedule>
+  </task>

-  <cron>
+  <task>
    <url><![CDATA[/_dr/cron/fanout?queue=marksdb&endpoint=/_dr/task/tmchSmdrl&runInEmpty]]></url>
+    <name>tmchSmdrl</name>
    <description>
      This job downloads the latest SMDRL from MarksDB and inserts it into the database.
-      (See: TmchSmdrlServlet, SignedMarkRevocationList)
+      (See: TmchSmdrlAction, SignedMarkRevocationList)
    </description>
-    <schedule>every 12 hours from 00:15 to 12:15</schedule>
-    <target>backend</target>
-  </cron>
+    <schedule>15 */12 * * *</schedule>
+  </task>

-  <cron>
+  <task>
    <url><![CDATA[/_dr/cron/fanout?queue=marksdb&endpoint=/_dr/task/tmchCrl&runInEmpty]]></url>
+    <name>tmchCrl</name>
    <description>
      This job downloads the latest CRL from MarksDB and inserts it into the database.
-      (See: TmchCrlServlet)
+      (See: TmchCrlAction)
    </description>
-    <schedule>every 12 hours synchronized</schedule>
-    <target>backend</target>
-  </cron>
+    <schedule>0 */12 * * *</schedule>
+  </task>

-  <cron>
+  <task>
    <url><![CDATA[/_dr/cron/fanout?queue=retryable-cron-tasks&endpoint=/_dr/task/syncGroupMembers&runInEmpty]]></url>
+    <name>syncGroupMembers</name>
    <description>
      Syncs RegistrarContact changes in the past hour to Google Groups.
    </description>
-    <schedule>every 1 hours synchronized</schedule>
-    <target>backend</target>
-  </cron>
+    <schedule>0 */1 * * *</schedule>
+  </task>

-  <cron>
+  <task>
    <url><![CDATA[/_dr/cron/fanout?queue=sheet&endpoint=/_dr/task/syncRegistrarsSheet&runInEmpty]]></url>
+    <name>syncRegistrarsSheet</name>
    <description>
      Synchronize Registrar entities to Google Spreadsheets.
    </description>
-    <schedule>every 1 hours synchronized</schedule>
-    <target>backend</target>
-  </cron>
+    <schedule>0 */1 * * *</schedule>
+  </task>

-  <cron>
+  <task>
    <url><![CDATA[/_dr/task/resaveAllEppResourcesPipeline?fast=true]]></url>
+    <name>resaveAllEppResourcesPipeline</name>
    <description>
      This job resaves all our resources, projected in time to "now".
    </description>
-    <schedule>1st monday of month 09:00</schedule>
-    <target>backend</target>
-  </cron>
+    <!--Deviation from cron tasks schedule: 1st monday of month 09:00 is replaced
+    with 1st of the month 09:00 -->
+    <schedule>0 9 1 * *</schedule>
+  </task>

-  <cron>
-    <url><![CDATA[/_dr/task/expandRecurringBillingEvents]]></url>
+  <task>
+    <url><![CDATA[/_dr/task/expandBillingRecurrences?advanceCursor]]></url>
+    <name>expandBillingRecurrences</name>
    <description>
-      This job runs an action that creates synthetic OneTime billing events from Recurring billing
-      events. Events are created for all instances of Recurring billing events that should exist
-      between the RECURRING_BILLING cursor's time and the execution time of the action.
+      This job runs an action that creates synthetic one-time billing events
+      from billing recurrences. Events are created for all recurrences that
+      should exist between the RECURRING_BILLING cursor's time and the execution
+      time of the action.
    </description>
-    <schedule>every day 03:00</schedule>
-    <target>backend</target>
-  </cron>
+    <schedule>0 3 * * *</schedule>
+  </task>

-  <cron>
+  <task>
    <url><![CDATA[/_dr/task/deleteExpiredDomains]]></url>
+    <name>deleteExpiredDomains</name>
    <description>
      This job runs an action that deletes domains that are past their
      autorenew end date.
    </description>
-    <schedule>every day 03:07</schedule>
-    <target>backend</target>
-  </cron>
+    <schedule>7 3 * * *</schedule>
+  </task>

-  <cron>
+  <task>
    <url><![CDATA[/_dr/cron/fanout?queue=retryable-cron-tasks&endpoint=/_dr/task/deleteProberData&runInEmpty]]></url>
+    <name>deleteProberData</name>
    <description>
      This job clears out data from probers and runs once a week.
    </description>
-    <schedule>every monday 14:00</schedule>
-    <timezone>UTC</timezone>
-    <target>backend</target>
-  </cron>
+    <schedule>0 14 * * 1</schedule>
+  </task>

  <!-- TODO: Add borgmon job to check that these files are created and updated successfully. -->
-  <cron>
+  <task>
    <url><![CDATA[/_dr/cron/fanout?queue=retryable-cron-tasks&endpoint=/_dr/task/exportReservedTerms&forEachRealTld]]></url>
+    <name>exportReservedTerms</name>
    <description>
      Reserved terms export to Google Drive job for creating once-daily exports.
    </description>
-    <schedule>every day 05:30</schedule>
-    <target>backend</target>
-  </cron>
+    <schedule>30 5 * * *</schedule>
+  </task>

-  <cron>
+  <task>
    <url><![CDATA[/_dr/cron/fanout?queue=retryable-cron-tasks&endpoint=/_dr/task/exportPremiumTerms&forEachRealTld]]></url>
+    <name>exportPremiumTerms</name>
    <description>
      Premium terms export to Google Drive job for creating once-daily exports.
    </description>
-    <schedule>every day 05:00</schedule>
-    <target>backend</target>
-  </cron>
+    <schedule>0 5 * * *</schedule>
+  </task>

-  <cron>
-    <url><![CDATA[/_dr/cron/readDnsQueue?jitterSeconds=45]]></url>
+  <task>
+    <url>
+      <![CDATA[/_dr/cron/fanout?queue=dns-refresh&forEachRealTld&forEachTestTld&endpoint=/_dr/task/readDnsRefreshRequests&dnsJitterSeconds=45]]></url>
+    <name>readDnsRefreshRequests</name>
    <description>
-      Lease all tasks from the dns-pull queue, group by TLD, and invoke PublishDnsUpdates for each
-      group.
+      Enqueue a ReadDnsRefreshRequestAction for each TLD.
    </description>
-    <schedule>every 1 minutes synchronized</schedule>
-    <target>backend</target>
-  </cron>
-
-  <cron>
-    <url><![CDATA[/_ah/sessioncleanup?clear]]></url>
-    <description>
-      Delete up to 100 expired _ah_SESSION entities from Datastore.
-    </description>
-    <schedule>every 15 minutes</schedule>
-    <target>backend</target>
-  </cron>
-</cronentries>
+    <schedule>*/1 * * * *</schedule>
+  </task>
+</entries>
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/env/common/backend/WEB-INF/web.xml
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/env/common/backend/WEB-INF/web.xml
@@ -151,10 +151,10 @@
    <url-pattern>/_dr/task/nordnVerify</url-pattern>
  </servlet-mapping>

-  <!-- Reads the DNS push and pull queues and kick off the appropriate tasks to update zone. -->
+  <!-- Reads the DNS refresh requests and kick off the appropriate tasks to update zone. -->
  <servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>backend-servlet</servlet-name>
-    <url-pattern>/_dr/cron/readDnsQueue</url-pattern>
+    <url-pattern>/_dr/task/readDnsRefreshRequests</url-pattern>
  </servlet-mapping>

  <!-- Publishes DNS updates. -->
@@ -240,10 +240,10 @@
    <url-pattern>/_dr/task/refreshDnsOnHostRename</url-pattern>
  </servlet-mapping>

-  <!-- Action to expand recurring billing events into OneTimes. -->
+  <!-- Action to expand BillingRecurrences into BillingEvents. -->
  <servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>backend-servlet</servlet-name>
-    <url-pattern>/_dr/task/expandRecurringBillingEvents</url-pattern>
+    <url-pattern>/_dr/task/expandBillingRecurrences</url-pattern>
  </servlet-mapping>

  <!-- Background action to delete domains past end of autorenewal. -->
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/env/common/default/WEB-INF/cloud-tasks-queue.xml
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/env/common/default/WEB-INF/cloud-tasks-queue.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<entries>
+  <!-- Queue template with all supported params -->
+  <!-- More information - https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud/reference/tasks/queues/create -->
+  <!--
+    <queue>
+      <name></name>
+      <max-attempts></max-attempts>
+      <max-backoff></max-backoff>
+      <max-concurrent-dispatches></max-concurrent-dispatches>
+      <max-dispatches-per-second></max-dispatches-per-second>
+      <max-doublings></max-doublings>
+      <max-retry-duration></max-retry-duration>
+      <min-backoff></min-backoff>
+    </queue>
+  -->
+
+  <!-- Queue for reading DNS update requests and batching them off to the dns-publish queue. -->
+  <queue>
+    <name>dns-refresh</name>
+    <max-dispatches-per-second>100</max-dispatches-per-second>
+  </queue>
+
+  <!-- Queue for publishing DNS updates in batches. -->
+  <queue>
+    <name>dns-publish</name>
+    <max-dispatches-per-second>100</max-dispatches-per-second>
+    <!-- 30 sec backoff increasing linearly up to 30 minutes. -->
+    <min-backoff>30s</min-backoff>
+    <max-backoff>1800s</max-backoff>
+    <max-doublings>0</max-doublings>
+  </queue>
+
+  <!-- Queue for uploading RDE deposits to the escrow provider. -->
+  <queue>
+    <name>rde-upload</name>
+    <max-dispatches-per-second>0.166666667</max-dispatches-per-second>
+    <max-concurrent-dispatches>5</max-concurrent-dispatches>
+    <max-retry-duration>14400s</max-retry-duration>
+  </queue>
+
+  <!-- Queue for uploading RDE reports to ICANN. -->
+  <queue>
+    <name>rde-report</name>
+    <max-dispatches-per-second>1</max-dispatches-per-second>
+    <max-concurrent-dispatches>1</max-concurrent-dispatches>
+    <max-retry-duration>14400s</max-retry-duration>
+  </queue>
+
+  <!-- Queue for copying BRDA deposits to GCS. -->
+  <queue>
+    <name>brda</name>
+    <max-dispatches-per-second>0.016666667</max-dispatches-per-second>
+    <max-concurrent-dispatches>10</max-concurrent-dispatches>
+    <max-retry-duration>82800s</max-retry-duration>
+  </queue>
+
+  <!-- Queue for tasks that trigger domain DNS update upon host rename. -->
+  <queue>
+    <name>async-host-rename</name>
+    <max-dispatches-per-second>1</max-dispatches-per-second>
+  </queue>
+
+  <!-- Queue for tasks that wait for a Beam pipeline to complete (i.e. Spec11 and invoicing). -->
+  <queue>
+    <name>beam-reporting</name>
+    <max-dispatches-per-second>0.016666667</max-dispatches-per-second>
+    <max-concurrent-dispatches>1</max-concurrent-dispatches>
+    <max-attempts>5</max-attempts>
+    <min-backoff>180s</min-backoff>
+    <max-backoff>180s</max-backoff>
+  </queue>
+
+
+  <!-- Queue for tasks that communicate with TMCH MarksDB webserver. -->
+  <queue>
+    <name>marksdb</name>
+    <max-dispatches-per-second>0.016666667</max-dispatches-per-second>
+    <max-concurrent-dispatches>1</max-concurrent-dispatches>
+    <max-retry-duration>39600s</max-retry-duration>  <!-- cron interval minus hour -->
+  </queue>
+
+  <!-- Queue for tasks to produce LORDN CSV reports, populated by a Cloud Scheduler fanout job. -->
+  <queue>
+    <name>nordn</name>
+    <max-dispatches-per-second>1</max-dispatches-per-second>
+    <max-concurrent-dispatches>10</max-concurrent-dispatches>
+    <max-retry-duration>39600s</max-retry-duration>  <!-- cron interval minus hour -->
+  </queue>
+
+  <!-- Queue for tasks that sync data to Google Spreadsheets. -->
+  <queue>
+    <name>sheet</name>
+    <max-dispatches-per-second>1</max-dispatches-per-second>
+    <!-- max-concurrent-dispatches is intentionally omitted. -->
+    <max-retry-duration>3600s</max-retry-duration>
+  </queue>
+
+  <!-- Queue for infrequent cron tasks (i.e. hourly or less often) that should retry three times on failure. -->
+  <queue>
+    <name>retryable-cron-tasks</name>
+    <max-dispatches-per-second>1</max-dispatches-per-second>
+    <max-attempts>3</max-attempts>
+  </queue>
+
+  <!--  &lt;!&ndash; Queue for async actions that should be run at some point in the future. &ndash;&gt;-->
+  <queue>
+    <name>async-actions</name>
+    <max-dispatches-per-second>1</max-dispatches-per-second>
+    <max-concurrent-dispatches>5</max-concurrent-dispatches>
+  </queue>
+
+</entries>
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/env/common/default/WEB-INF/datastore-indexes.xml
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/env/common/default/WEB-INF/datastore-indexes.xml
@@ -1,98 +0,0 @@
-<datastore-indexes autoGenerate="false">
-  <!-- For finding contact resources by registrar. -->
-  <datastore-index kind="Contact" ancestor="false" source="manual">
-    <property name="currentSponsorClientId" direction="asc"/>
-    <property name="deletionTime" direction="asc"/>
-    <property name="searchName" direction="asc"/>
-  </datastore-index>
-  <!-- For finding domain resources by registrar. -->
-  <datastore-index kind="Domain" ancestor="false" source="manual">
-    <property name="currentSponsorClientId" direction="asc"/>
-    <property name="deletionTime" direction="asc"/>
-  </datastore-index>
-  <!-- For finding domain resources by TLD. -->
-  <datastore-index kind="Domain" ancestor="false" source="manual">
-    <property name="tld" direction="asc"/>
-    <property name="deletionTime" direction="asc"/>
-  </datastore-index>
-  <!-- For finding domain resources by registrar. -->
-  <datastore-index kind="Domain" ancestor="false" source="manual">
-    <property name="currentSponsorClientId" direction="asc"/>
-    <property name="deletionTime" direction="asc"/>
-  </datastore-index>
-  <!-- For finding the most recently created domain resources. -->
-  <datastore-index kind="Domain" ancestor="false" source="manual">
-    <property name="tld" direction="asc"/>
-    <property name="creationTime" direction="desc"/>
-  </datastore-index>
-  <!-- For finding host resources by registrar. -->
-  <datastore-index kind="Host" ancestor="false" source="manual">
-    <property name="currentSponsorClientId" direction="asc"/>
-    <property name="deletionTime" direction="asc"/>
-    <property name="fullyQualifiedHostName" direction="asc"/>
-  </datastore-index>
-  <!-- For determining the active domains linked to a given contact. -->
-  <datastore-index kind="Domain" ancestor="false" source="manual">
-    <property name="allContacts.contact" direction="asc"/>
-    <property name="deletionTime" direction="asc"/>
-  </datastore-index>
-  <!-- For determining the active domains linked to a given host. -->
-  <datastore-index kind="Domain" ancestor="false" source="manual">
-    <property name="nsHosts" direction="asc"/>
-    <property name="deletionTime" direction="asc"/>
-  </datastore-index>
-  <!-- For deleting expired not-previously-deleted domains. -->
-  <datastore-index kind="Domain" ancestor="false" source="manual">
-    <property name="deletionTime" direction="asc"/>
-    <property name="autorenewEndTime" direction="asc"/>
-  </datastore-index>
-  <!-- For RDAP searches by linked nameserver. -->
-  <datastore-index kind="Domain" ancestor="false" source="manual">
-    <property name="nsHosts" direction="asc"/>
-    <property name="deletionTime" direction="asc"/>
-  </datastore-index>
-  <!-- For WHOIS IP address lookup -->
-  <datastore-index kind="Host" ancestor="false" source="manual">
-    <property name="inetAddresses" direction="asc"/>
-    <property name="deletionTime" direction="asc"/>
-  </datastore-index>
-  <!-- For Poll -->
-  <datastore-index kind="PollMessage" ancestor="false" source="manual">
-    <property name="clientId" direction="asc"/>
-    <property name="eventTime" direction="asc"/>
-  </datastore-index>
-  <datastore-index kind="PollMessage" ancestor="true" source="manual">
-    <property name="clientId" direction="asc"/>
-    <property name="eventTime" direction="asc"/>
-  </datastore-index>
-  <!-- For querying HistoryEntries. -->
-  <datastore-index kind="HistoryEntry" ancestor="true" source="manual">
-    <property name="modificationTime" direction="asc"/>
-  </datastore-index>
-  <datastore-index kind="HistoryEntry" ancestor="false" source="manual">
-    <property name="clientId" direction="asc"/>
-    <property name="modificationTime" direction="asc"/>
-  </datastore-index>
-  <!-- For RDAP. -->
-  <datastore-index kind="Domain" ancestor="false" source="manual">
-    <property name="currentSponsorClientId" direction="asc"/>
-    <property name="fullyQualifiedDomainName" direction="asc"/>
-  </datastore-index>
-  <datastore-index kind="Domain" ancestor="false" source="manual">
-    <property name="currentSponsorClientId" direction="asc"/>
-    <property name="tld" direction="asc"/>
-    <property name="fullyQualifiedDomainName" direction="asc"/>
-  </datastore-index>
-  <datastore-index kind="Domain" ancestor="false" source="manual">
-    <property name="tld" direction="asc"/>
-    <property name="fullyQualifiedDomainName" direction="asc"/>
-  </datastore-index>
-  <datastore-index kind="Host" ancestor="false" source="manual">
-    <property name="deletionTime" direction="asc"/>
-    <property name="fullyQualifiedHostName" direction="asc"/>
-  </datastore-index>
-  <datastore-index kind="Contact" ancestor="false" source="manual">
-    <property name="deletionTime" direction="asc"/>
-    <property name="searchName" direction="asc"/>
-  </datastore-index>
-</datastore-indexes>
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/env/common/default/WEB-INF/to_be_deleted_queue.xml
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/env/common/default/WEB-INF/to_be_deleted_queue.xml
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!-- TODO: @ptkach - Delete once Cloud Api deployer is up and running -->
 <queue-entries>

+  <!-- Queue for reading DNS update requests and batching them off to the dns-publish queue. -->
  <queue>
-    <name>dns-pull</name>
-    <mode>pull</mode>
+    <name>dns-refresh</name>
+    <rate>100/s</rate>
  </queue>

+  <!-- Queue for publishing DNS updates in batches. -->
  <queue>
    <name>dns-publish</name>
    <rate>100/s</rate>
@@ -18,6 +21,7 @@
    </retry-parameters>
  </queue>

+  <!-- Queue for uploading RDE deposits to the escrow provider. -->
  <queue>
    <name>rde-upload</name>
    <rate>10/m</rate>
@@ -28,6 +32,7 @@
    </retry-parameters>
  </queue>

+  <!-- Queue for uploading RDE reports to ICANN. -->
  <queue>
    <name>rde-report</name>
    <rate>1/s</rate>
@@ -37,6 +42,7 @@
    </retry-parameters>
  </queue>

+  <!-- Queue for copying BRDA deposits to GCS. -->
  <queue>
    <name>brda</name>
    <rate>1/m</rate>
@@ -65,7 +71,6 @@
  </queue>

  <!-- Queue for tasks that communicate with TMCH MarksDB webserver. -->
-  <!-- TODO(b/17623181): Delete this once the queue implementation is live and working. -->
  <queue>
    <name>marksdb</name>
    <rate>1/m</rate>
@@ -75,7 +80,7 @@
    </retry-parameters>
  </queue>

-  <!-- Queue for tasks to produce LORDN CSV reports, either by the query or queue method. -->
+  <!-- Queue for tasks to produce LORDN CSV reports, populated by a Cloud Scheduler fanout job. -->
  <queue>
    <name>nordn</name>
    <rate>1/s</rate>
@@ -85,18 +90,6 @@
    </retry-parameters>
  </queue>

-  <!-- Queue for LORDN Claims CSV rows to be periodically queried and then uploaded in batches. -->
-  <queue>
-    <name>lordn-claims</name>
-    <mode>pull</mode>
-  </queue>
-
-  <!-- Queue for LORDN Sunrise CSV rows to be periodically queried and then uploaded in batches. -->
-  <queue>
-    <name>lordn-sunrise</name>
-    <mode>pull</mode>
-  </queue>
-
  <!-- Queue for tasks that sync data to Google Spreadsheets. -->
  <queue>
    <name>sheet</name>
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More