ci: track the actions in the signing jobs by tag again

The repository tracks actions by tag with dependabot; the signing jobs
follow the same convention.

Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01A5zMqzaUg1Snur4Yg8xJGa

.github/actions/sign-image/action.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+name: Sign container images
+description: >
+  Keyless cosign signature on each image, then a verification pass against the
+  identity the signature should carry, so a misconfigured job fails here and not
+  on someone's cluster. That identity is the calling workflow's own,
+  https://github.com/<owner>/<repo>/.github/workflows/<file>@<ref>.
+  The calling job needs `id-token: write` and a registry login for every image.
+
+inputs:
+  images:
+    description: Image references by digest (name@sha256:...), whitespace separated.
+    required: true
+
+runs:
+  using: composite
+  steps:
+    - name: Install cosign
+      uses: sigstore/cosign-installer@v4.1.2
+
+    - name: Sign
+      shell: bash
+      env:
+        IMAGES: ${{ inputs.images }}
+      run: |
+        set -euo pipefail
+        # The .sig tag layout: the OCI-referrer bundle cosign 3 writes by default
+        # is not read by the Kyverno and policy-controller releases in use today.
+        cosign sign --yes --recursive --new-bundle-format=false $IMAGES
+
+    - name: Verify
+      shell: bash
+      env:
+        IMAGES: ${{ inputs.images }}
+      run: |
+        set -euo pipefail
+        cosign verify \
+          --certificate-oidc-issuer https://token.actions.githubusercontent.com \
+          --certificate-identity "https://github.com/$GITHUB_WORKFLOW_REF" \
+          $IMAGES

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 version: 2
 updates:
 - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
-  directory: "/"
+  directories:
+    - "/"
+    - "/.github/actions/sign-image"
   schedule:
       interval: "weekly"
 - package-ecosystem: gomod

.github/workflows/container_dev.yml

@@ -101,6 +101,9 @@ jobs:
   build-dev-containers:
     needs: [build-rust-binaries]
     runs-on: [ubuntu-latest]
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      id-token: write
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
@@ -180,6 +183,7 @@ jobs:
           password: ${{ secrets.GHCR_TOKEN }}
 
       - name: Build
+        id: build
         uses: docker/build-push-action@v7
         with:
           context: ./docker
@@ -188,3 +192,11 @@ jobs:
           platforms: linux/amd64, linux/arm64
           tags: ${{ steps.docker_meta.outputs.tags }}
           labels: ${{ steps.docker_meta.outputs.labels }}
+
+      - name: Sign
+        if: github.event_name != 'pull_request'
+        uses: ./.github/actions/sign-image
+        with:
+          images: >-
+            chrislusf/seaweedfs@${{ steps.build.outputs.digest }}
+            ghcr.io/chrislusf/seaweedfs@${{ steps.build.outputs.digest }}

.github/workflows/container_foundationdb_version.yml

@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@ permissions:
 jobs:
   build-foundationdb-image:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      id-token: write
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
@@ -154,6 +157,7 @@ jobs:
           fi
 
       - name: Build and push image
+        id: build
         uses: docker/build-push-action@v7
         with:
           context: ./docker
@@ -171,3 +175,8 @@ jobs:
             org.opencontainers.image.description=SeaweedFS is a distributed storage system for blobs, objects, files, and data lake, to store and serve billions of files fast!
             org.opencontainers.image.vendor=Chris Lu
 
+      - name: Sign
+        if: github.event_name != 'pull_request'
+        uses: ./.github/actions/sign-image
+        with:
+          images: chrislusf/seaweedfs@${{ steps.build.outputs.digest }}

.github/workflows/container_latest.yml

@@ -441,15 +441,19 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     needs: [setup, build, trivy-scan]
     if: needs.setup.outputs.publish == 'true' && github.event_name != 'pull_request'
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      id-token: write
     strategy:
       matrix:
         variant: ${{ fromJSON(needs.setup.outputs.variants) }}
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout
+      - name: Checkout the signing action
         uses: actions/checkout@v7
         with:
-          ref: ${{ github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && github.event.inputs.source_ref || github.ref }}
-      
+          sparse-checkout: .github/actions
+          persist-credentials: false
+
       - name: Configure variant
         id: config
         run: |
@@ -482,21 +486,29 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           # Install crane for efficient multi-arch image copying
           cd $(mktemp -d)
-          curl -sL "https://github.com/google/go-containerregistry/releases/latest/download/go-containerregistry_Linux_x86_64.tar.gz" | tar xz
+          curl -sLO https://github.com/google/go-containerregistry/releases/download/v0.22.0/go-containerregistry_Linux_x86_64.tar.gz
+          echo "edb74d53fad9a596860f59d1c5d04a43dfb5f441dc71f57060dd0bf39483c833  go-containerregistry_Linux_x86_64.tar.gz" | sha256sum -c -
+          tar xzf go-containerregistry_Linux_x86_64.tar.gz crane
           sudo mv crane /usr/local/bin/
           crane version
       - name: Create and push manifest
+        id: manifest
+        env:
+          BASE_TAG: ${{ github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && github.event.inputs.image_tag || 'latest' }}
         run: |
           SUFFIX="${{ steps.config.outputs.tag_suffix }}"
-          BASE_TAG="${{ github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && github.event.inputs.image_tag || 'latest' }}"
           
           # Create manifest on GHCR first (no rate limits)
           echo "Creating GHCR manifest (no rate limits)..."
           docker buildx imagetools create -t ghcr.io/chrislusf/seaweedfs:${BASE_TAG}${SUFFIX} \
+            --metadata-file /tmp/manifest.json \
             ghcr.io/chrislusf/seaweedfs:${BASE_TAG}${SUFFIX}-amd64 \
             ghcr.io/chrislusf/seaweedfs:${BASE_TAG}${SUFFIX}-arm64 \
             ghcr.io/chrislusf/seaweedfs:${BASE_TAG}${SUFFIX}-arm \
             ghcr.io/chrislusf/seaweedfs:${BASE_TAG}${SUFFIX}-386
+          # The copy and the signature below use the digest this run pushed, not whatever the tag points at by then.
+          DIGEST=$(jq -er '."containerimage.descriptor".digest' /tmp/manifest.json)
+          echo "digest=${DIGEST}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           
           # Copy the complete multi-arch image from GHCR to Docker Hub
           # This only requires one pull from GHCR (no rate limit) and one push to Docker Hub
@@ -532,10 +544,10 @@ jobs:
           # Use crane or skopeo to copy, fallback to docker if not available
           if command -v crane &> /dev/null; then
             echo "Using crane to copy..."
-            retry_with_backoff crane copy ghcr.io/chrislusf/seaweedfs:${BASE_TAG}${SUFFIX} chrislusf/seaweedfs:${BASE_TAG}${SUFFIX}
+            retry_with_backoff crane copy ghcr.io/chrislusf/seaweedfs@${DIGEST} chrislusf/seaweedfs:${BASE_TAG}${SUFFIX}
           elif command -v skopeo &> /dev/null; then
             echo "Using skopeo to copy..."
-            retry_with_backoff skopeo copy --all docker://ghcr.io/chrislusf/seaweedfs:${BASE_TAG}${SUFFIX} docker://chrislusf/seaweedfs:${BASE_TAG}${SUFFIX}
+            retry_with_backoff skopeo copy --all docker://ghcr.io/chrislusf/seaweedfs@${DIGEST} docker://chrislusf/seaweedfs:${BASE_TAG}${SUFFIX}
           else
             echo "Using docker buildx imagetools (pulling 4 images from Docker Hub)..."
             # Fallback: create manifest directly on Docker Hub (pulls from Docker Hub - rate limited)
@@ -545,3 +557,10 @@ jobs:
               ghcr.io/chrislusf/seaweedfs:${BASE_TAG}${SUFFIX}-arm \
               ghcr.io/chrislusf/seaweedfs:${BASE_TAG}${SUFFIX}-386
           fi
+
+      - name: Sign
+        uses: ./.github/actions/sign-image
+        with:
+          images: >-
+            ghcr.io/chrislusf/seaweedfs@${{ steps.manifest.outputs.digest }}
+            chrislusf/seaweedfs@${{ steps.manifest.outputs.digest }}

.github/workflows/container_release_foundationdb.yml

@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@ jobs:
 
   build-large-release-container_foundationdb:
     runs-on: [ubuntu-latest]
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      id-token: write
 
     steps:
       -
@@ -65,6 +68,7 @@ jobs:
           fi
       -
         name: Build
+        id: build
         uses: docker/build-push-action@v7
         with:
           context: ./docker
@@ -76,4 +80,10 @@ jobs:
           platforms: linux/amd64
           tags: ${{ steps.docker_meta.outputs.tags }}
           labels: ${{ steps.docker_meta.outputs.labels }}
+      -
+        name: Sign
+        if: github.event_name != 'pull_request'
+        uses: ./.github/actions/sign-image
+        with:
+          images: chrislusf/seaweedfs@${{ steps.build.outputs.digest }}
 

.github/workflows/container_release_unified.yml

@@ -295,10 +295,14 @@ jobs:
           if-no-files-found: error
           retention-days: 1
 
-  # Assemble each variant's per-platform digests into one tag, then mirror to Docker Hub.
+  # Assemble each variant's per-platform digests into one tag, mirror it to
+  # Docker Hub, and sign the result on both registries.
   merge:
     needs: [build]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      id-token: write
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
@@ -309,6 +313,13 @@ jobs:
           - { variant: large_disk_full, tag_suffix: _large_disk_full }
           - { variant: rocksdb,         tag_suffix: _large_disk_rocksdb }
     steps:
+      - name: Checkout the signing action
+        if: github.event_name != 'workflow_dispatch' || github.event.inputs.variant == 'all' || github.event.inputs.variant == matrix.variant
+        uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          sparse-checkout: .github/actions
+          persist-credentials: false
+
       - name: Download digests
         if: github.event_name != 'workflow_dispatch' || github.event.inputs.variant == 'all' || github.event.inputs.variant == matrix.variant
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
@@ -331,12 +342,17 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Create multi-arch tag on GHCR
         if: github.event_name != 'workflow_dispatch' || github.event.inputs.variant == 'all' || github.event.inputs.variant == matrix.variant
+        id: manifest
         working-directory: /tmp/digests
         run: |
           docker buildx imagetools create \
             -t ${{ env.IMAGE }}:${{ env.RELEASE_TAG }}${{ matrix.tag_suffix }} \
+            --metadata-file /tmp/manifest.json \
             $(printf '${{ env.IMAGE }}@sha256:%s ' *)
           docker buildx imagetools inspect ${{ env.IMAGE }}:${{ env.RELEASE_TAG }}${{ matrix.tag_suffix }}
+          # The copy and the signature below use the digest this run pushed, not whatever the tag points at by then.
+          digest=$(jq -er '."containerimage.descriptor".digest' /tmp/manifest.json)
+          echo "digest=${digest}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
       - name: Login to Docker Hub
         if: github.event_name != 'workflow_dispatch' || github.event.inputs.variant == 'all' || github.event.inputs.variant == matrix.variant
@@ -349,7 +365,9 @@ jobs:
         if: github.event_name != 'workflow_dispatch' || github.event.inputs.variant == 'all' || github.event.inputs.variant == matrix.variant
         run: |
           cd $(mktemp -d)
-          curl -sL "https://github.com/google/go-containerregistry/releases/latest/download/go-containerregistry_Linux_x86_64.tar.gz" | tar xz
+          curl -sLO https://github.com/google/go-containerregistry/releases/download/v0.22.0/go-containerregistry_Linux_x86_64.tar.gz
+          echo "edb74d53fad9a596860f59d1c5d04a43dfb5f441dc71f57060dd0bf39483c833  go-containerregistry_Linux_x86_64.tar.gz" | sha256sum -c -
+          tar xzf go-containerregistry_Linux_x86_64.tar.gz crane
           sudo mv crane /usr/local/bin/
           crane version
 
@@ -380,10 +398,18 @@ jobs:
 
           echo "Copying ${{ matrix.variant }} from GHCR to Docker Hub..."
           retry_with_backoff crane copy \
-            ${{ env.IMAGE }}:${{ env.RELEASE_TAG }}${{ matrix.tag_suffix }} \
+            ${{ env.IMAGE }}@${{ steps.manifest.outputs.digest }} \
             chrislusf/seaweedfs:${{ env.RELEASE_TAG }}${{ matrix.tag_suffix }}
           echo "Copied ${{ matrix.variant }} to Docker Hub"
 
+      - name: Sign ${{ matrix.variant }}
+        if: github.event_name != 'workflow_dispatch' || github.event.inputs.variant == 'all' || github.event.inputs.variant == matrix.variant
+        uses: ./.github/actions/sign-image
+        with:
+          images: >-
+            ${{ env.IMAGE }}@${{ steps.manifest.outputs.digest }}
+            chrislusf/seaweedfs@${{ steps.manifest.outputs.digest }}
+
   # Report-only trivy scan: uploads fixable HIGH/CRITICAL findings to GitHub
   # Security for visibility, but never blocks the release. Releases (including
   # `latest`) ship regardless — vulnerabilities are tracked, not gated, since
@@ -439,7 +465,8 @@ jobs:
   # image. crane tag adds an extra tag to an existing manifest — no rebuild,
   # no QEMU, no separate workflow. Replaces the old container_latest.yml
   # rebuild that often failed or lagged behind the release. Independent of
-  # trivy-scan: vuln findings are reported but do not block `latest`.
+  # trivy-scan: vuln findings are reported but do not block `latest`. The
+  # cosign signature is attached to the digest, so `latest` carries it too.
   tag-latest:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     needs: [merge]
@@ -468,7 +495,9 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install crane
         run: |
           cd $(mktemp -d)
-          curl -sL "https://github.com/google/go-containerregistry/releases/latest/download/go-containerregistry_Linux_x86_64.tar.gz" | tar xz
+          curl -sLO https://github.com/google/go-containerregistry/releases/download/v0.22.0/go-containerregistry_Linux_x86_64.tar.gz
+          echo "edb74d53fad9a596860f59d1c5d04a43dfb5f441dc71f57060dd0bf39483c833  go-containerregistry_Linux_x86_64.tar.gz" | sha256sum -c -
+          tar xzf go-containerregistry_Linux_x86_64.tar.gz crane
           sudo mv crane /usr/local/bin/
           crane version
 

.github/workflows/container_rocksdb_version.yml

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ permissions:
 jobs:
   build-rocksdb-image:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      id-token: write
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
@@ -94,6 +97,7 @@ jobs:
           password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_PASSWORD }}
 
       - name: Build and push image
+        id: build
         uses: docker/build-push-action@bcafcacb16a39f128d818304e6c9c0c18556b85f # v2
         with:
           context: ./docker
@@ -108,3 +112,8 @@ jobs:
             org.opencontainers.image.title=seaweedfs
             org.opencontainers.image.description=SeaweedFS is a distributed storage system for blobs, objects, files, and data lake, to store and serve billions of files fast!
             org.opencontainers.image.vendor=Chris Lu
+
+      - name: Sign
+        uses: ./.github/actions/sign-image
+        with:
+          images: chrislusf/seaweedfs@${{ steps.build.outputs.digest }}

docker/README.md

@@ -31,6 +31,49 @@ docker compose -f seaweedfs-dev-compose.yml -p seaweedfs up
 
 ```
 
+## Verify an image signature
+
+Every image CI pushes to `chrislusf/seaweedfs` and `ghcr.io/chrislusf/seaweedfs` is signed with [cosign](https://docs.sigstore.dev/cosign/verifying/verify/), keyless, by the GitHub Actions workflow that built it, so there is no key to fetch or pin. The signature is attached to the image digest and covers the multi-arch index and each platform image in it; `latest` is the release image under another tag and verifies the same way. Images published before September 2026 predate signing.
+
+```bash
+cosign verify \
+  --certificate-oidc-issuer https://token.actions.githubusercontent.com \
+  --certificate-identity-regexp '^https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/\.github/workflows/container_release_unified\.yml@' \
+  chrislusf/seaweedfs:latest
+```
+
+cosign prints the digest it verified. Deploy by that digest, or let an admission controller resolve the tag, so what runs is what was checked.
+
+The identity is `https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/.github/workflows/<workflow>@<ref>`. The ref is `refs/tags/<version>` for a release and `refs/heads/master` when a variant was republished by hand. The workflow is `container_release_unified.yml` for the release images, `container_dev.yml` for `dev`, `container_latest.yml` for a `latest` rebuilt by hand, `container_release_foundationdb.yml` for the `_large_disk_foundationdb` release image, and `container_foundationdb_version.yml` or `container_rocksdb_version.yml` for the per-version builds. The regexp above accepts release images only; `container_[a-z_]+\.yml@` accepts everything this repository publishes, `dev` included.
+
+The same check as a Kyverno policy, release images only:
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: kyverno.io/v1
+kind: ClusterPolicy
+metadata:
+  name: verify-seaweedfs-images
+spec:
+  validationFailureAction: Enforce
+  webhookTimeoutSeconds: 30
+  rules:
+    - name: signed-by-the-release-workflow
+      match:
+        any:
+          - resources:
+              kinds:
+                - Pod
+      verifyImages:
+        - imageReferences:
+            - "docker.io/chrislusf/seaweedfs:*"
+            - "ghcr.io/chrislusf/seaweedfs:*"
+          attestors:
+            - entries:
+                - keyless:
+                    issuer: https://token.actions.githubusercontent.com
+                    subject: https://github.com/seaweedfs/seaweedfs/.github/workflows/container_release_unified.yml@refs/tags/*
+```
+
 ## Local Development
 
 ```bash