Build: avoid awk warning in version extraction

Update Language.de.xml (#1742 )
* Update Language.de.xml - Translation completed * Update Language.de.xml
2026-08-29 12:17:16 +00:00 · 2026-05-21 23:31:45 +09:00 · 2026-05-21 08:27:49 +09:00 · 2026-05-20 08:38:42 +02:00 · 2026-05-20 14:33:06 +09:00 · 2026-05-20 14:07:47 +09:00
1703 changed files with 407799 additions and 189836 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
 # Set the default behavior, in case people don't have core.autocrlf set.
 *	text=auto
 # Explicitly declare text files that could be normalized and converted
 # to native line endings on checkout. However, as per the policy they're
 # supposed to have LF endings on all platforms.
 *.[ch]	text diff=cpp eol=lf
 *.[ch]pp	text diff=cpp eol=lf
 *.asm	text eol=lf
 Makefile	text eol=lf
 *.make	text eol=lf
 *.mk	text eol=lf
 *.inc	text eol=lf
 *.md	text eol=lf
 *.xml	text eol=lf
 *.xpm	text -diff -merge eol=lf
 *.pem	text -diff -merge eol=lf
 *.cer	text -diff -merge eol=lf
 *.manifest	text eol=lf
 *.sh	text eol=lf
 *.txt	text eol=lf
 *.html	text diff=html eol=lf
 *.idl	text eol=lf
 *.fbp	text eol=lf
 *.rgs	text eol=lf
 *.pkgproj	text eol=lf
 *.S	text eol=lf
 Sources	text eol=lf
 # Declare files that will always have LF line endings on checkout.
 *.desktop	text eol=lf
 # Declare files that will always have CRLF line endings on checkout.
 *.sln	text eol=crlf
 *.vcproj	text eol=crlf
 *.rc	text eol=crlf
 *.bat	text eol=crlf
 *.cmd	text eol=crlf
 # Denote all files that are truly binary and should not be modified.
 *.png	binary
 *.jpg	binary
 *.pdf	binary
 *.bmp	binary
 *.ico	binary
 *.od[fgpst]	binary
 *.hc	binary
 *.icns	binary
 *.rtf	binary
 *.bz2	binary
 *.pfx	binary
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
 custom: "https://veracrypt.jp/en/Donation.html"
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
 ---
 name: Bug Report
 about: Found a bug? Let us know! 🐛
 labels: bug, unreviewed
 ---
 <!-- Please provide a general summary of the issue in the title above. -->
 # Expected behavior
 <!-- Describe here what you have expected to happen -->
 # Observed behavior
 <!-- Describe here what happened instead of the expected behavior -->
 # Steps to reproduce
 <!-- Tell use all the steps you did so we can reproduce the problem -->
 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 4.
 # Screenshots
 <!-- Add additional screenshots -->
 # Your Environment
 Please tell us more about your environment
 **VeraCrypt version:** <!-- f.e. 1.24-Update7 -->
 **Operating system and version:** <!-- f.e. Windows 10 build 19042 -->
 **System type:** <!-- f.e. 64-bit -->
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
 ---
 name: Change
 about: Change or extend functionality that already exists.
 labels: change, unreviewed
 ---
 <!-- Please provide a general summary of your change in the title above. -->
 # Current behavior
 <!-- Describe here how it actually works -->
 # Desired behavior
 <!-- Describe here the difference from current behavior-->
 # Screenshots/Mockup/Designs
 <!-- Add additional screenshots, mockups or design proposals -->
 # Additional information
 <!-- Are there any additional requirements? Further ideas, ... -->
 # Your Environment
 Please tell us more about your environment
 **VeraCrypt version:** <!-- f.e. 1.24-Update7 -->
 **Operating system and version:** <!-- f.e. Windows 10 build 19042 -->
 **System type:** <!-- f.e. 64-bit -->
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
 ---
 name: Feature
 about: Add new functionality or suggest an idea to the project.
 labels: feature, unreviewed
 ---
 <!-- Please provide a general summary of your feature in the title above. -->
 # Desired behavior
 <!-- Describe here what and why your feature should be added -->
 # Screenshots/Mockup/Designs
 <!-- Add additional screenshots, mockups or design proposals -->
 # Additional information
 <!-- Are there any additional requirements? Further ideas, ... -->
 # Your Environment
 Please tell us more about your environment
 **VeraCrypt version:** <!-- f.e. 1.24-Update7 -->
 **Operating system and version:** <!-- f.e. Windows 10 build 19042 -->
 **System type:** <!-- f.e. 64-bit -->
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
 # Number of days of inactivity before an issue becomes stale
 daysUntilStale: 60
 # Number of days of inactivity before a stale issue is closed
 daysUntilClose: 7
 # Issues with these labels will never be considered stale
 exemptLabels:
  - pinned
  - security
 # Label to use when marking an issue as stale
 staleLabel: wontfix
 # Comment to post when marking an issue as stale. Set to `false` to disable
 markComment: >
  This issue has been automatically marked as stale because it has not had
  recent activity. It will be closed if no further activity occurs. Thank you
  for your contributions.
 # Comment to post when closing a stale issue. Set to `false` to disable
 closeComment: >
  This issue has been automatically closed because it has not had
  recent activity. This probably means that it is not reproducible
  or it has been fixed in a newer version. If it’s an enhancement
  and hasn't been taken on for so long, then it seems no one has
  the time to implement this.
  Please reopen if you still encounter this issue with the [latest stable version](https://veracrypt.jp/en/Downloads.html).
  You can also contribute directly by providing a pull request.
  Thank you!
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
 name: Build and test Linux
 on:
  push:
    branches: [ "master" ]
    paths:
      - 'src/Build/Include/Makefile.inc'
      - 'src/Build/CMakeLists.txt'
      - 'src/Build/build_cmake_deb.sh'
      - 'src/Common/*.h'
      - 'src/Common/*.cpp'
      - 'src/Common/*.c'
      - 'src/Core/**'
      - 'src/Crypto/**'
      - 'src/Driver/Fuse/**'
      - 'src/Main/**'
      - 'src/PKCS11/**'
      - 'src/Platform/**'
      - 'src/Resources/**'
      - 'src/Setup/Linux/**'
      - 'src/Volume/**'
      - 'src/Makefile'
      - '.github/workflows/build-linux.yml'
  pull_request:
    branches: [ "master" ]
    paths:
      - 'src/Build/Include/Makefile.inc'
      - 'src/Build/CMakeLists.txt'
      - 'src/Build/build_cmake_deb.sh'
      - 'src/Common/*.h'
      - 'src/Common/*.cpp'
      - 'src/Common/*.c'
      - 'src/Core/**'
      - 'src/Crypto/**'
      - 'src/Driver/Fuse/**'
      - 'src/Main/**'
      - 'src/PKCS11/**'
      - 'src/Platform/**'
      - 'src/Resources/**'
      - 'src/Setup/Linux/**'
      - 'src/Volume/**'
      - 'src/Makefile'
      - '.github/workflows/build-linux.yml'
 concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.event.pull_request.number || github.ref }}
  cancel-in-progress: true
 env:
  WXWIDGETS_VERSION: 3.2.5
 jobs:
  ubuntu-build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
    timeout-minutes: 30
    steps:
    - name: Checkout repository
      uses: actions/checkout@v4
    - name: Generate cache key
      id: cache-key
      run: |
        echo "cache_key=$(echo ${{ env.WXWIDGETS_VERSION }}-$(sha256sum src/Makefile .github/workflows/build-linux.yml | awk '{print $1}'))" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
    - name: Cache wxBuildConsole
      uses: actions/cache@v3
      id: cache-wxbuildconsole
      with:
        path: /tmp/wxBuildConsole
        key: wxBuildConsole-${{ steps.cache-key.outputs.cache_key }}
    - name: Cache wxBuildGUI
      uses: actions/cache@v3
      id: cache-wxbuildgui
      with:
        path: /tmp/wxBuildGUI
        key: wxBuildGUI-${{ steps.cache-key.outputs.cache_key }}
    - name: Cache wxWidgets
      uses: actions/cache@v3
      id: cache-wxwidgets
      with:
        path: /tmp/wxWidgets-${{ env.WXWIDGETS_VERSION }}
        key: wxWidgets-${{ steps.cache-key.outputs.cache_key }}
    - name: Install dependencies
      run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y wget tar libpcsclite-dev libfuse-dev yasm libgtk-3-dev libayatana-appindicator3-dev cmake debhelper
    - name: Download and extract wxWidgets to /tmp if build folders are missing
      if: steps.cache-wxbuildconsole.outputs.cache-hit != 'true' || steps.cache-wxbuildgui.outputs.cache-hit != 'true' || steps.cache-wxwidgets.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
      run: |
        wget https://github.com/wxWidgets/wxWidgets/releases/download/v${{ env.WXWIDGETS_VERSION }}/wxWidgets-${{ env.WXWIDGETS_VERSION }}.tar.bz2 -O /tmp/wxWidgets-${{ env.WXWIDGETS_VERSION }}.tar.bz2
        mkdir -p /tmp/wxWidgets-${{ env.WXWIDGETS_VERSION }}
        tar -xjf /tmp/wxWidgets-${{ env.WXWIDGETS_VERSION }}.tar.bz2 -C /tmp/wxWidgets-${{ env.WXWIDGETS_VERSION }} --strip-components=1
    - name: Build VeraCrypt .deb packages
      run: |
        chmod +x src/Build/build_cmake_deb.sh
        src/Build/build_cmake_deb.sh WXSTATIC INDICATOR
    - name: Upload GUI .deb packages
      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
      with:
        name: veracrypt-gui-debs
        path: /tmp/VeraCrypt_Packaging/GUI/Packaging/veracrypt-*.*
    - name: Upload Console .deb packages
      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
      with:
        name: veracrypt-console-debs
        path: /tmp/VeraCrypt_Packaging/Console/Packaging/veracrypt-console-*.*
    - name: Install and test VeraCrypt GUI .deb packages
      run: |
        sudo apt install -y /tmp/VeraCrypt_Packaging/GUI/Packaging/veracrypt-*.deb
        veracrypt --text --test && veracrypt --text --version
        sudo veracrypt --text --non-interactive Tests/test.sha256.hc --hash sha256 --slot 1 --password test --mount-options=ro
        sudo veracrypt --text --non-interactive Tests/test.sha512.hc --hash sha512 --slot 2 --password test --mount-options=ro
        sudo veracrypt --text --non-interactive Tests/test.streebog.hc --hash streebog --slot 3 --password test --mount-options=ro
        sudo veracrypt --text --non-interactive Tests/test.whirlpool.hc --hash whirlpool --slot 4 --password test --mount-options=ro
        sudo veracrypt --text --list
        echo -n "Dummy" > /tmp/expected_content.txt
        if cmp -s /media/veracrypt1/Dummy.txt /tmp/expected_content.txt; then
          echo "Content of test.sha256.hc is valid."
        else
          echo "Content of test.sha256.hc is invalid!"
          exit 1
        fi
        if cmp -s /media/veracrypt2/Dummy.txt /tmp/expected_content.txt; then
          echo "Content of test.sha512.hc is valid."
        else
          echo "Content of test.sha512.hc is invalid!"
          exit 1
        fi
        if cmp -s /media/veracrypt3/Dummy.txt /tmp/expected_content.txt; then
          echo "Content of test.streebog.hc is valid."
        else
          echo "Content of test.streebog.hc is invalid!"
          exit 1
        fi
        if cmp -s /media/veracrypt4/Dummy.txt /tmp/expected_content.txt; then
          echo "Content of test.whirlpool.hc is valid."
        else
          echo "Content of test.whirlpool.hc is invalid!"
          exit 1
        fi
        sudo veracrypt -d
        sudo apt remove -y veracrypt
    - name: Install and test VeraCrypt Console .deb packages
      run: |
        sudo apt install -y /tmp/VeraCrypt_Packaging/Console/Packaging/veracrypt-console-*.deb
        veracrypt --test && veracrypt --version
        sudo veracrypt --non-interactive Tests/test.sha256.hc --hash sha256 --slot 1 --password test --mount-options=ro
        sudo veracrypt --non-interactive Tests/test.sha512.hc --hash sha512 --slot 2 --password test --mount-options=ro
        sudo veracrypt --non-interactive Tests/test.streebog.hc --hash streebog --slot 3 --password test --mount-options=ro
        sudo veracrypt --non-interactive Tests/test.whirlpool.hc --hash whirlpool --slot 4 --password test --mount-options=ro
        sudo veracrypt --list
        echo -n "Dummy" > /tmp/expected_content.txt
        if cmp -s /media/veracrypt1/dummy.txt /tmp/expected_content.txt; then
          echo "Content of test.sha256.hc is valid."
        else
          echo "Content of test.sha256.hc is invalid!"
          exit 1
        fi
        if cmp -s /media/veracrypt2/dummy.txt /tmp/expected_content.txt; then
          echo "Content of test.sha512.hc is valid."
        else
          echo "Content of test.sha512.hc is invalid!"
          exit 1
        fi
        if cmp -s /media/veracrypt3/dummy.txt /tmp/expected_content.txt; then
          echo "Content of test.streebog.hc is valid."
        else
          echo "Content of test.streebog.hc is invalid!"
          exit 1
        fi
        if cmp -s /media/veracrypt4/dummy.txt /tmp/expected_content.txt; then
          echo "Content of test.whirlpool.hc is valid."
        else
          echo "Content of test.whirlpool.hc is invalid!"
          exit 1
        fi
        sudo veracrypt -d
        sudo apt remove -y veracrypt-console
    - name: Cleanup old caches
      uses: actions/github-script@v6
      if: ${{ always() && github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}
      with:
        github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
        script: |
          const caches = await github.rest.actions.getActionsCacheList({
            owner: context.repo.owner,
            repo: context.repo.repo,
          })
          for (const cache of caches.data.actions_caches) {
            if (cache.key.startsWith('wxBuildConsole-') || cache.key.startsWith('wxBuildGUI-') || cache.key.startsWith('wxWidgets-')) {
              if (cache.key !== `wxBuildConsole-${{ steps.cache-key.outputs.cache_key }}` &&
                  cache.key !== `wxBuildGUI-${{ steps.cache-key.outputs.cache_key }}` &&
                  cache.key !== `wxWidgets-${{ steps.cache-key.outputs.cache_key }}`) {
                console.log(`Deleting cache with key: ${cache.key}`)
                await github.rest.actions.deleteActionsCacheById({
                  owner: context.repo.owner,
                  repo: context.repo.repo,
                  cache_id: cache.id,
                })
              }
            }
          }
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 set -euo pipefail # Exit on error, undefined variable, or pipe failure
 # --- Configuration ---
 SCRIPT_NAME=$(basename "$0")
 FAIL_FLAG=false
 # --- Colors ---
 COLOR_RED='\033[0;31m'
 COLOR_GREEN='\033[0;32m'
 COLOR_YELLOW='\033[0;33m'
 COLOR_CYAN='\033[0;36m'
 COLOR_MAGENTA='\033[0;35m'
 COLOR_RESET='\033[0m' # No Color
 # --- Helper Functions for Output ---
 log_info() { echo -e "${COLOR_CYAN}$1${COLOR_RESET}"; }
 log_success() { echo -e "${COLOR_GREEN}$1${COLOR_RESET}"; }
 log_warning() { echo -e "${COLOR_YELLOW}Warning: $1${COLOR_RESET}"; }
 log_error() { echo -e "${COLOR_RED}Error: $1${COLOR_RESET}" >&2; }
 log_detail() { echo -e "  $1"; }
 log_detail_success() { echo -e "  ${COLOR_GREEN}$1${COLOR_RESET}"; }
 log_detail_error() { echo -e "  ${COLOR_RED}$1${COLOR_RESET}"; }
 log_detail_warning() { echo -e "  ${COLOR_YELLOW}$1${COLOR_RESET}"; }
 log_detail_magenta() { echo -e "    ${COLOR_MAGENTA}$1${COLOR_RESET}"; }
 # --- Parameter Validation ---
 if [ "$#" -ne 1 ]; then
    log_error "Usage: $SCRIPT_NAME <Path_To_VeraCrypt_Root>"
    log_error "Example: $SCRIPT_NAME /path/to/VeraCrypt"
    exit 1
 fi
 ROOT_PATH="$1"
 if [ ! -d "$ROOT_PATH" ]; then
    log_error "Root path '$ROOT_PATH' not found or is not a directory."
    exit 1
 fi
 # Define the path to the common Language.xml
 COMMON_FILE="$ROOT_PATH/src/Common/Language.xml"
 # Check if the common Language.xml exists
 if [ ! -f "$COMMON_FILE" ]; then
    log_error "Common Language.xml not found or is not a file at path: $COMMON_FILE"
    exit 1
 fi
 log_info "Extracting keys from $COMMON_FILE"
 # Define regex pattern to extract 'key' attributes from <entry> elements
 KEY_EXTRACTION_PATTERN='<entry\s+lang="[^"]+"\s+key="([^"]+)"'
 # Extract all keys using grep with PCRE (-P) and only outputting the captured group (-o)
 # Use process substitution and readarray to populate the KEYS array
 # Ensure grep returns 0 even if no match, or handle non-zero for no match
 KEYS_STRING=$(grep -oP "$KEY_EXTRACTION_PATTERN" "$COMMON_FILE" | sed -E 's/.*key="([^"]+)".*/\1/' || true)
 if [ -z "$KEYS_STRING" ]; then
    KEYS=()
 else
    readarray -t KEYS < <(echo "$KEYS_STRING")
 fi
 if [ ${#KEYS[@]} -eq 0 ]; then
    log_warning "No keys found in $COMMON_FILE using pattern: $KEY_EXTRACTION_PATTERN"
    # If this should be an error, uncomment next lines:
    # log_error "No keys found in $COMMON_FILE."
    # exit 1
 else
    log_info "Found ${#KEYS[@]} keys."
 fi
 # Define the regex for finding invalid escape sequences.
 # Valid sequences: \n, \r, \t, \\, \"
 INVALID_ESCAPE_REGEX='(?<!\\)(?:\\\\)*\\([^nrt\\"])' # This is better
 ALLOWED_ESCAPES_MESSAGE="Allowed sequences are: \\n, \\r, \\t, \\\\ (for literal backslash), \\\" (for literal quote)"
 # Retrieve all translation XML files in the Translations folder
 TRANSLATION_FOLDER="$ROOT_PATH/Translations"
 FILES_TO_PROCESS=()
 # Add common file first
 FILES_TO_PROCESS+=("$COMMON_FILE")
 if [ ! -d "$TRANSLATION_FOLDER" ]; then
    log_warning "Translations folder not found at path: $TRANSLATION_FOLDER. Skipping translation files."
 else
    # Use find to get translation files. nullglob helps avoid errors if no files match.
    shopt -s nullglob
    for lang_file in "$TRANSLATION_FOLDER"/Language.*.xml; do
        FILES_TO_PROCESS+=("$lang_file")
    done
    shopt -u nullglob # Reset nullglob
    if [ ${#FILES_TO_PROCESS[@]} -eq 1 ]; then # Only common file was added
        log_warning "No Language.*.xml files found in $TRANSLATION_FOLDER."
    fi
 fi
 if [ ${#FILES_TO_PROCESS[@]} -eq 0 ]; then
    log_warning "No files found to process."
    exit 0 # Or 1 if this is an error condition
 fi
 # Iterate through each file and perform validations
 for file in "${FILES_TO_PROCESS[@]}"; do
    if [ ! -f "$file" ]; then
        log_warning "File not found or is not a file, skipping: $file"
        continue
    fi
    echo # Newline for readability
    log_info "Processing file: $file"
    CURRENT_FILE_PASSES=true
    # 1. Validate XML using fxparser
    log_detail "Validating XML structure..."
    # Capture stdout and stderr, get exit code
    FXPARSER_OUTPUT=$(fxparser -V "$file" 2>&1)
    FXPARSER_EXIT_CODE=$?
    if [ "$FXPARSER_EXIT_CODE" -ne 0 ]; then
        CURRENT_FILE_PASSES=false
        FAIL_FLAG=true
        log_detail_error "XML Validation Failed for $file (fxparser exit code: $FXPARSER_EXIT_CODE):"
        while IFS= read -r line; do
            log_detail_error "    $line"
        done <<< "$FXPARSER_OUTPUT"
    else
        log_detail_success "XML structure is valid."
    fi
    # 2. Check for invalid backslash escape sequences
    log_detail "Checking for invalid escape sequences..."
    # Use grep -P for PCRE, -n for line numbers. --color=never to avoid grep's own coloring here.
    # We check grep's exit code: 0 if found, 1 if not found, >1 for error.
    INVALID_ESCAPE_MATCHES=$(grep -P -n --color=never "$INVALID_ESCAPE_REGEX" "$file" || true)
    if [ -n "$INVALID_ESCAPE_MATCHES" ]; then
        log_detail_error "File '$file' contains potentially invalid backslash escape sequences."
        log_detail_error "$ALLOWED_ESCAPES_MESSAGE"
        log_detail_error "Instances found:"
        while IFS= read -r line_match; do
            # Extract line number and the line content from grep's output (e.g., "123:content")
            LINE_NUMBER=$(echo "$line_match" | cut -d: -f1)
            LINE_CONTENT=$(echo "$line_match" | cut -d: -f2-)
            # Trim whitespace (optional, but PowerShell did it)
            TRIMMED_LINE_CONTENT=$(echo "$LINE_CONTENT" | sed 's/^[[:space:]]*//;s/[[:space:]]*$//')
            log_detail_magenta "Line $LINE_NUMBER: $TRIMMED_LINE_CONTENT"
        done <<< "$INVALID_ESCAPE_MATCHES"
        CURRENT_FILE_PASSES=false
        FAIL_FLAG=true
    else
        log_detail_success "No invalid escape sequences found."
    fi
    # 3. Check for the presence of each key in the current file (if keys were found)
    if [ ${#KEYS[@]} -gt 0 ]; then
        log_detail "Checking for key completeness..."
        KEYS_MISSING_IN_CURRENT_FILE=0
        for key_entry in "${KEYS[@]}"; do
            # Search for key="KEY_NAME"
            SEARCH_PATTERN_FOR_KEY="key=\"$key_entry\""
            if ! grep -q "$SEARCH_PATTERN_FOR_KEY" "$file"; then
                log_detail_error "Key '$key_entry' (from $COMMON_FILE) not found in $file"
                CURRENT_FILE_PASSES=false
                FAIL_FLAG=true
                ((KEYS_MISSING_IN_CURRENT_FILE++))
            fi
        done
        if [ "$KEYS_MISSING_IN_CURRENT_FILE" -eq 0 ]; then
            log_detail_success "All keys from $COMMON_FILE are present."
        else
            log_detail_error "$KEYS_MISSING_IN_CURRENT_FILE key(s) missing."
        fi
    else
        log_detail_warning "Skipping key completeness check as no keys were extracted from $COMMON_FILE."
    fi
    # Output the result for the current file
    if [ "$CURRENT_FILE_PASSES" = true ]; then
        log_success "$file PASSED all checks."
    else
        log_error "$file FAILED one or more checks."
    fi
 done
 # Exit with appropriate status code
 echo # Newline for readability
 if [ "$FAIL_FLAG" = true ]; then
    log_error "Overall Result: One or more files failed validation."
    exit 1
 else
    log_success "Overall Result: All processed files passed all checks successfully."
    exit 0
 fi
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
 name: Validate XML
 on:
  push:
    branches: [ "master" ]
    paths:
      - 'Translations/*'
      - 'src/Common/Language.xml'
      - '.github/workflows/xmlvalidate.*'
  pull_request:
    branches: [ "master" ]
    paths:
      - 'Translations/*'
      - 'src/Common/Language.xml'
      - '.github/workflows/xmlvalidate.*'
 concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.event.pull_request.number || github.ref }}
  cancel-in-progress: true
 jobs:
  validate:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    timeout-minutes: 10
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
    - name: Setup Node.js
      uses: actions/setup-node@v4
      with:
        node-version: 'latest'
    - name: Install fast-xml-parser
      run: npm install fast-xml-parser@4.5.2 -g
    - name: Run XML validator script
      run: ${{ github.workspace }}/.github/workflows/xmlvalidate.sh "${{ github.workspace }}"
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
 # For those using Visual Studio Code for development
 .vscode/
 # CLion
 .idea/
 # VC Linux build artifacts
 *.o
 *.o0
 *.d
 *.a
 *.bmp.h
 *.xml.h
 *.txt.h
 *.h.gch
 src/Main/veracrypt
 *.osse41
 *.ossse3
 *.oshani
 *.oaesni
 *.oavx2
 *.oarmv8crypto
 src/Setup/Linux/packaging/
 src/Setup/Linux/usr/
 src/Setup/Linux/veracrypt.AppDir/usr/
 src/Setup/Linux/veracrypt.AppDir/veracrypt.png
 src/Setup/Linux/veracrypt_*.tar.gz
 src/Setup/Linux/veracrypt-*-setup-*
 # VC macOS build artifacts
 src/Main/VeraCrypt
 src/Main/VeraCrypt.app
 src/Main/*.dmg
 src/Setup/MacOSX/*.pkg
 *.oo
 *.o.32
 *.o.64
 .DS_Store
 # wxWidgets Linux build artifacts
 src/wxrelease
 src/wxdebug
 # Arch Linux package build artifacts
 src/Build/Packaging/arch/pkg/
 src/Build/Packaging/arch/src/
 src/Build/Packaging/arch/PKGBUILD.release
 src/Build/Packaging/arch/*.pkg.tar*
 src/Build/Packaging/arch/*.log
 src/.vs
 src/Boot/Windows/obj
 src/Boot/Windows/Release
 src/Boot/Windows/Release_AES
 src/Boot/Windows/Release_AES_SHA2
 src/Boot/Windows/Release_Camellia
 src/Boot/Windows/Release_Camellia_SHA2
 src/Boot/Windows/Release_Serpent
 src/Boot/Windows/Release_Serpent_SHA2
 src/Boot/Windows/Release_SHA2
 src/Boot/Windows/Release_Twofish
 src/Boot/Windows/Release_Twofish_SHA2
 src/Boot/Windows/Rescue
 src/Boot/Windows/Rescue_AES
 src/Boot/Windows/Rescue_AES_SHA2
 src/Boot/Windows/Rescue_Camellia
 src/Boot/Windows/Rescue_Camellia_SHA2
 src/Boot/Windows/Rescue_Serpent
 src/Boot/Windows/Rescue_Serpent_SHA2
 src/Boot/Windows/Rescue_SHA2
 src/Boot/Windows/Rescue_Twofish
 src/Boot/Windows/Rescue_Twofish_SHA2
 src/Common/Debug
 src/Common/obj_driver_debug
 src/Common/obj_driver_release
 src/Common/Release
 src/Common/x64
 src/Common/ARM64
 src/Common/*.log
 src/Crypto/Debug
 src/Crypto/obj_driver_debug
 src/Crypto/obj_driver_release
 src/Crypto/Release
 src/Crypto/x64
 src/Crypto/ARM64
 src/Debug
 src/Driver/Debug
 src/Driver/obj
 src/Driver/obj_driver_debug
 src/Driver/obj_driver_release
 src/Driver/Release
 src/Driver/ARM64
 src/ExpandVolume/Debug
 src/ExpandVolume/Release
 src/ExpandVolume/x64
 src/ExpandVolume/ARM64
 src/ExpandVolume/*.tlb
 src/Format/Debug
 src/Format/Release
 src/Format/x64
 src/Format/ARM64
 src/Format/*.tlb
 src/Format/FormatCom_h.h
 src/Format/FormatCom_i.c
 src/Mount/Debug
 src/Mount/Release
 src/Mount/x64
 src/Mount/ARM64
 src/Mount/*.tlb
 src/Mount/MainCom_h.h
 src/Mount/MainCom_i.c
 src/Setup/Debug
 src/Setup/PortableDebug
 src/Setup/Release
 src/Setup/PortableRelease
 src/SetupDLL/Debug
 src/SetupDLL/Release
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 This archive contains the source code of VeraCrypt.
-It is based on original TrueCrypt 7.1a with security enhancements and modifications.
+It is based on the original TrueCrypt 7.1a with security enhancements and modifications.
-
+# Important
 Important
 =========
 You may use the source code contained in this archive only if you accept and
 agree to the license terms contained in the file 'License.txt', which is
@@ -12,152 +10,113 @@ included in this archive.
 Note that the license specifies, for example, that a derived work must not be
 called 'TrueCrypt' or 'VeraCrypt'
 # Contents
 [I. Windows](#i-windows)
-Contents
+[II. Linux and Mac OS X](#ii-linux-and-mac-os-x)
 ========
-I. Windows
+[III. FreeBSD](#iii-freebsd)
 	Requirements for Building VeraCrypt for Windows
 	Instructions for Building VeraCrypt for Windows
 	Instructions for Signing and Packaging VeraCrypt for Windows
-II. Linux and Mac OS X
+[IV. Third-Party Developers (Contributors)](#iv-third-party-developers-contributors)
 	Requirements for Building VeraCrypt for Linux and Mac OS X
 	Instructions for Building VeraCrypt for Linux and Mac OS X
 	Mac OS X specifics
 III. FreeBSD and OpenSolaris
-IV. Third-Party Developers (Contributors)
+[V. Legal Information](#v-legal-information)
-V. Legal Information
+[VI. Further Information](#vi-further-information)
-VI. Further Information
+# I. Windows
 ## Requirements for Building VeraCrypt for Windows:
-
+A detailed guide on how to build VeraCrypt on Windows can be found in
-I. Windows
+the [documentation](./doc/html/en/CompilingGuidelineWin.html) in the repository and
-==========
+it is also available [online](https://veracrypt.jp/en/CompilingGuidelineWin.html) or on the [mirror](https://veracrypt.io/en/CompilingGuidelineWin.html).
 Requirements for Building VeraCrypt for Windows:
 ------------------------------------------------
 - Microsoft Visual C++ 2008 SP1 (Professional Edition or compatible)
 - Microsoft Visual C++ 1.52 (available from MSDN Subscriber Downloads)
 - Microsoft Windows SDK for Windows 7 (configured for Visual C++)
 - Microsoft Windows Driver Kit 7.1.0 (build 7600.16385.1)
 - RSA Security Inc. PKCS #11 Cryptographic Token Interface (Cryptoki) 2.20
  header files (available at ftp://ftp.rsasecurity.com/pub/pkcs/pkcs-11/v2-20)
 - NASM assembler 2.08 or compatible
 - gzip compressor
 IMPORTANT:
 The 64-bit editions of Windows Vista and later versions of Windows, and in
-some cases (e.g. playback of HD DVD content) also the 32-bit editions, do not
+some cases (e.g. playback of HD DVD content) also the 32-bit editions do not
 allow the VeraCrypt driver to run without an appropriate digital signature.
 Therefore, all .sys files in official VeraCrypt binary packages are digitally
-signed with the digital certificate of the IDRIX, which was
+signed with the digital certificate of the IDRIX, which was issued by
-issued by Thawt certification authority. At the end of each official .exe and
+GlobalSign certification authority. At the end of each official .exe and
 .sys file, there are embedded digital signatures and all related certificates
 (i.e. all certificates in the relevant certification chain, such as the
 certification authority certificates, CA-MS cross-certificate, and the
-IDRIX certificate). Keep this in mind if you compile VeraCrypt
+IDRIX certificate).
 and compare your binaries with the official binaries. If your binaries are
 unsigned, the sizes of the official binaries will usually be approximately
 10 KB greater than sizes of your binaries (there may be further differences
 if you use a different version of the compiler, or if you install a different
 or no service pack for Visual Studio, or different hotfixes for it, or if you
 use different versions of the required SDKs).
 Keep this in mind if you compile VeraCrypt and compare your binaries with the
 official binaries. If your binaries are unsigned, the sizes of the official
 binaries will usually be approximately 10 KiB greater than the sizes of your
 binaries (there may be further differences if you use a different version of
 the compiler, or if you install a different or no service pack for Visual
 Studio, or different hotfixes for it, or if you use different versions of
 the required SDKs).
-Instructions for Building VeraCrypt for Windows:
+## Instructions for Signing and Packaging VeraCrypt for Windows:
 ------------------------------------------------
-1) Create an environment variable 'MSVC16_ROOT' pointing to the folder 'MSVC15'
+First, create an environment variable 'WSDK81' pointing to the Windows SDK
-   extracted from the Visual C++ 1.52 self-extracting package.
+for Windows 8.1 installation directory.
-   Note: The 16-bit installer MSVC15\SETUP.EXE cannot be run on 64-bit Windows,
+The folder "Signing" contains a batch file (sign.bat) that will sign all
-   but it is actually not necessary to run it. You only need to extract the
+VeraCrypt components using a code signing certificate present on the
-   folder 'MSVC15', which contains the 32-bit binaries required to build the
+certificate store and build the final installation setup and MSI package.
-   VeraCrypt Boot Loader.
+The batch file assumes that the code signing certificate is issued by
 GlobalSign. This is the case for IDRIX's certificate. If yours is issued by
 another CA, then you should put its intermediate certificates in the "Signing"
 folder and modify sign.bat accordingly.
-2) If you have installed the Windows Driver Development Kit in another
+To generate MSI packages, WiX Toolset v3.11 must be installed.
   directory than '%SYSTEMDRIVE%\WinDDK', create an environment variable
   'WINDDK_ROOT' pointing to the DDK installation directory.
-3) Copy the PKCS #11 header files to a standard include path or create an
+## VeraCrypt EFI Boot Loader:
   environment variable 'PKCS11_INC' pointing to the directory where
   the PKCS #11 header files are installed.
-4) Open the solution file 'VeraCrypt.sln' in Microsoft Visual Studio 2008.
+VeraCrypt source code contains pre-built EFI binaries under src\Boot\EFI.
 The source code of VeraCrypt EFI Boot Loader is licensed under LGPL and
 it is available at https://github.com/veracrypt/VeraCrypt-DCS.
 For build instructions, please refer to the file src\Boot\EFI\Readme.txt.
-5) Select 'All' as the active solution configuration.
+# II. Linux and Mac OS X
-6) Build the solution.
+A detailed guide on how to build VeraCrypt on Linux can be found in
 the [documentation](./doc/html/en/CompilingGuidelineLinux.html) in the repository and
 it is also available [online](https://veracrypt.jp/en/CompilingGuidelineLinux.html) or on the [mirror](https://veracrypt.io/en/CompilingGuidelineLinux.html).
-7) If successful, there should be newly built VeraCrypt binaries in the
+## Requirements for Building VeraCrypt for Linux and Mac OS X:
   'Release' folder.
 Instructions for Signing VeraCrypt for Windows:
 ------------------------------------------------
 The folder "Signing" contains a batch file (sign.bat) that will sign all 
 VeraCrypt components using a code signing certificate present on the 
 certificate store and also build the final installation setup.
 The batch file suppose that the code signing certificate is issued by Thawt.
 This is the case for IDRIX's certificate. If yours is issued by another CA, 
 then you should put the Root and Intermediate certificates in the "Signing" 
 folder and then modify sign.bat accordingly.
 II. Linux and Mac OS X
 ======================
 Requirements for Building VeraCrypt for Linux and Mac OS X:
 -----------------------------------------------------------
 - GNU Make
 - GNU C++ Compiler 4.0 or compatible
- Apple Xcode (Mac OS X only)
+- Apple Xcode or Xcode command line tools (Mac OS X only)
- NASM assembler 2.08 or compatible (x86/x64 architecture only)
+- YASM 1.3.0 or newer (Linux only, x86/x64 architecture only)
 - pkg-config
 - makeself (Linux only)
 - wxWidgets 3.0 shared library and header files installed or
-  wxWidgets 3.0 library source code (available at http://www.wxwidgets.org)
+  wxWidgets 3.0 library source code (available at https://www.wxwidgets.org)
- FUSE library and header files (available at http://fuse.sourceforge.net
+- FUSE library and header files (available at https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse
-  and https://osxfuse.github.io/)
+  and https://macfuse.github.io/)
- RSA Security Inc. PKCS #11 Cryptographic Token Interface (Cryptoki) 2.20
+- PCSC-lite library and header files (available at https://github.com/LudovicRousseau/PCSC)
  header files (available at ftp://ftp.rsasecurity.com/pub/pkcs/pkcs-11/v2-20).
  They are already included in the source tree under the directory PKCS11 but 
  it is possible to override it using the environment variable 'PKCS11_INC'. 
 ## Instructions for Building VeraCrypt for Linux and Mac OS X:
-Instructions for Building VeraCrypt for Linux and Mac OS X:
+1. Change the current directory to the root of the VeraCrypt source code.
 -----------------------------------------------------------
-1) Change the current directory to the root of the VeraCrypt source code.
+2. If you have no wxWidgets shared library installed, run the following
 2) If you have no wxWidgets shared library installed, run the following
   command to configure the wxWidgets static library for VeraCrypt and to
-   build it: 
+   build it:
-   $ make WXSTATIC=1 WX_ROOT=/usr/src/wxWidgets wxbuild
+   `$ make WXSTATIC=1 WX_ROOT=/usr/src/wxWidgets wxbuild`
-   The variable WX_ROOT must point to the location of the source code of the
+   The variable `WX_ROOT` must point to the location of the source code of the
   wxWidgets library. Output files will be placed in the './wxrelease/'
   directory.
-3) To build VeraCrypt, run the following command:
+3. To build VeraCrypt, run the following command:
-   $ make
+   `$ make`
   or if you have no wxWidgets shared library installed:
   $ make WXSTATIC=1
-4) If successful, the VeraCrypt executable should be located in the directory
+   `$ make WXSTATIC=1`
 4. If successful, the VeraCrypt executable should be located in the directory
   'Main'.
 By default, a universal executable supporting both graphical and text user
@@ -165,96 +124,124 @@ interface (through the switch --text) is built.
 On Linux, a console-only executable, which requires no GUI library, can be
 built using the 'NOGUI' parameter:
-   $ make NOGUI=1 WXSTATIC=1 WX_ROOT=/usr/src/wxWidgets wxbuild
+`$ make NOGUI=1 WXSTATIC=1 WX_ROOT=/usr/src/wxWidgets wxbuild`
-   $ make NOGUI=1 WXSTATIC=1
+
-   
+`$ make NOGUI=1 WXSTATIC=1`
 ## Arch Linux package build:
 Arch Linux users can build and install a package from the current checkout with
 makepkg:
 `$ cd src/Build/Packaging/arch`
 `$ makepkg -si`
 On MacOSX, building a console-only executable is not supported.
-Mac OS X specifics:
+## Mac OS X specifics:
 -----------------------------------------------------------
 Under MacOSX, the SDK for OSX 10.7 is used by default. To use another version
 of the SDK (e.i. 10.6), you can export the environment variable VC_OSX_TARGET :
 	$ export VC_OSX_TARGET=10.6
 Under MacOSX, the latest installed SDK is used by default. To use a different version
 of the SDK when building using make, you can export the environment variable VC_OSX_SDK:
-Before building under MacOSX, pkg-config must be installed if not yet available.
+`$ export VC_OSX_SDK=13.0`
 Get it from http://pkgconfig.freedesktop.org/releases/pkg-config-0.28.tar.gz and
 compile using the following commands : 
-	$ ./configure --with-internal-glib
+For development dependencies management, you can use [homebrew](https://brew.sh).
 	$ make
 	$ sudo make install
-After making sure pkg-config is available, download and install OSXFuse from
+`$ brew install pkg-config yasm wxwidgets`
 https://osxfuse.github.io/ (MacFUSE compatibility layer must selected)
-The script build_veracrypt_macosx.sh available under "src/Build" performs the 
+You also need system dependencies
 `$ brew install --cask macfuse packages`
 After installing dependencies via brew, you can build a local development build
 `$ ./src/Build/build_veracrypt_macosx.sh -b`
 If you want to build the package, you must pass `-p` to the build script above. The built
 executable will be in `.src/Main`
 If you prefer to build from sources, or without homebrew, pkg-config and packages must be installed.
 Get pkg-config from https://pkgconfig.freedesktop.org/releases/pkg-config-0.29.2.tar.gz and
 compile using the following commands:
 `$ CFLAGS="-Wno-int-conversion" CXXFLAGS="-Wno-int-conversion" ./configure --with-internal-glib`
 `$ make`
 `$ sudo make install`
 After making sure pkg-config is available, download and install macFUSE from
 https://macfuse.github.io/
 The [build_veracrypt_macosx.sh](./src/Build/build_veracrypt_macosx.sh) script performs the
 full build of VeraCrypt including the creation of the installer pkg. It expects
-to find the wxWidgets 3.0.2 sources at the same level as where you put 
+to find the wxWidgets 3.2.5 sources at the same level as where you put
-VeraCrypt sources (e.i. if "src" path is "/Users/joe/Projects/VeraCrypt/src" 
+VeraCrypt sources (i.e. if "src" path is "/Users/joe/Projects/VeraCrypt/src"
-then wxWidgets should be at "/Users/joe/Projects/wxWidgets-wxWidgets-3.0.2")
+then wxWidgets should be at "/Users/joe/Projects/wxWidgets-3.2.5")
-The build process uses Code Signing certificates whose ID is specified in
+The make build process uses Code Signing certificates whose ID is specified in
-src/Main/Main.make (lines 167 & 169). You'll have to modify these lines to put
+src/Main/Main.make (look for lines containing "Developer ID Application" and
-the ID of your Code Signing certificates or comment them if you don't have one.
+"Developer ID Installer"). You'll have to modify these lines to put the ID of
 your Code Signing certificates or comment them out if you don't have one.
-Because of incompatibility issues with OSXFUSE, the SDK 10.9 generates a
+Because of incompatibility issues with macFUSE, the SDK 10.9 generates a
-VeraCrypt binary that has issues communicating with the OSXFUSE kernel extension.
+VeraCrypt binary that has issues communicating with the macFUSE kernel extension.
-Thus, we recommend to use the SDK 10.8 or earlier for building VeraCrypt.
+Thus, we recommend using a different macOS SDK version for building VeraCrypt.
 The Packages installer that is used for the VeraCrypt official build has been notarized by IDRIX and it is available at
 https://github.com/idrassi/packages/releases
 # III. FreeBSD
-III. FreeBSD and OpenSolaris
+FreeBSD is supported starting from version 11.
-============================
+The build requirements and instructions are the same as Linux except that gmake
 should be used instead of make.
-FreeBSD and OpenSolaris are not yet supported.
+# IV. Third-Party Developers (Contributors)
 IV. Third-Party Developers (Contributors)
 =========================================
 If you intend to implement a feature, please contact us first to make sure:
-1) That the feature has not been implemented (we may have already implemented
+1. That the feature has not been implemented (we may have already implemented
   it, but haven't released the code yet).
-2) That the feature is acceptable.
+2. That the feature is acceptable.
-3) Whether we need help of third-party developers with implementing the feature.
+3. Whether we need the help of third-party developers with implementing the feature.
 Information on how to contact us can be found at:
-https://veracrypt.codeplex.com/
+https://veracrypt.jp/
 https://veracrypt.io/ (mirror)
 # V. Legal Information
 ## Copyright Information
-V. Legal Information
+This software as a whole:  
-====================
+Copyright (c) 2025 AM Crypto. All rights reserved.  
-Copyright Information
+Portions of this software:  
---------------------
+Copyright (c) 2025 AM Crypto. All rights reserved.  
 Copyright (c) 2013-2025 IDRIX. All rights reserved.  
 Copyright (c) 2003-2012 TrueCrypt Developers Association. All rights reserved.  
 Copyright (c) 1998-2000 Paul Le Roux. All rights reserved.  
 Copyright (c) 1998-2008 Brian Gladman, Worcester, UK. All rights reserved.  
 Copyright (c) 1995-2023 Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler.  
 Copyright (c) 2016 Disk Cryptography Services for EFI (DCS), Alex Kolotnikov  
 Copyright (c) 1999-2023 Dieter Baron and Thomas Klausner.  
 Copyright (c) 2013, Alexey Degtyarev. All rights reserved.  
 Copyright (c) 1999-2016 Jack Lloyd. All rights reserved.  
 Copyright (c) 2013-2019 Stephan Mueller <smueller@chronox.de>  
 Copyright (c) 1999-2023 Igor Pavlov  
 This software as a whole:
 Copyright (c) 2013-2015 IDRIX. All rights reserved.
 Portions of this software:
 Copyright (c) 2003-2012 TrueCrypt Developers Association. All rights reserved.
 Copyright (c) 1998-2000 Paul Le Roux. All rights reserved.
 Copyright (c) 1998-2008 Brian Gladman, Worcester, UK. All rights reserved.
 Copyright (c) 2002-2004 Mark Adler. All rights reserved.
 For more information, please see the legal notices attached to parts of the
 source code.
-Trademark Information
+## Trademark Information
 ---------------------
-Any trademarks contained in the source code, binaries, and/or in the 
+Any trademarks contained in the source code, binaries, and/or in the
 documentation, are the sole property of their respective owners.
 # VI. Further Information
-
+https://veracrypt.jp
-VI. Further Information
+https://veracrypt.io (mirror)
 =======================
 http://www.veracrypt.fr
@@ -1,286 +1,140 @@
-@echo off
+@echo off
-
+setlocal EnableDelayedExpansion
-setlocal
+
-
+:: Define constants
-call :freedrive mydriveletter && goto :cont
+set "VERACRYPT_PATH=c:\Program Files\VeraCrypt\veracrypt.exe"
-echo ERROR: No free drive letter found.
+set "PASSWORD=test"
-goto :exit
+set "HIDDEN_PASSWORD=testhidden"
-:cont
+
-
+:: Find a free drive letter
-echo Using drive letter %mydriveletter%: for our tests
+call :freedrive mydriveletter || (
-echo.
+    echo ERROR: No free drive letter found.
-
+    goto :exit
-rem Get start time:
+)
-for /F "tokens=1-4 delims=:.," %%a in ("%time%") do (
+
-   set /A "start=(((%%a*60)+1%%b %% 100)*60+1%%c %% 100)*100+1%%d %% 100"
+echo Using drive letter !mydriveletter!: for our tests
-)
+echo.
-
+
-rem Mount SHA-512 container (Normal)
+:: Define an array of hash algorithms and their corresponding container files
-"c:\Program Files\VeraCrypt\veracrypt.exe" /volume test.sha512.hc /hash sha512 /l %mydriveletter% /password test /q /silent /m ro
+set "algorithms[0]=sha512,test.sha512.hc"
-
+set "algorithms[1]=whirlpool,test.whirlpool.hc"
-rem Get end time:
+set "algorithms[2]=sha256,test.sha256.hc"
-for /F "tokens=1-4 delims=:.," %%a in ("%time%") do (
+set "algorithms[3]=blake2s,test.blake2s.hc"
-   set /A "end=(((%%a*60)+1%%b %% 100)*60+1%%c %% 100)*100+1%%d %% 100"
+set "algorithms[4]=streebog,test.streebog.hc"
-)
+
-
+:: Loop through each algorithm
-rem Get elapsed time:
+for /L %%i in (0,1,4) do (
-set /A elapsed=end-start
+    for /F "tokens=1,2 delims=," %%a in ("!algorithms[%%i]!") do (
-
+        set "hash=%%a"
-rem Show elapsed time:
+        set "container=%%b"
-set /A hh=elapsed/(60*60*100), rest=elapsed%%(60*60*100), mm=rest/(60*100), rest%%=60*100, ss=rest/100, cc=rest%%100
+        
-if %hh% lss 10 set hh=0%hh%
+        if exist "!container!" (
-if %mm% lss 10 set mm=0%mm%
+            call :mount_and_measure "!hash!" "!container!" "Normal" "!PASSWORD!"
-if %ss% lss 10 set ss=0%ss%
+            call :mount_and_measure "!hash!" "!container!" "Hidden" "!HIDDEN_PASSWORD!"
-if %cc% lss 10 set cc=0%cc%
+            echo.
-echo SHA-512 (Normal) = %hh%:%mm%:%ss%,%cc%
+        )
-
+    )
-"c:\Program Files\VeraCrypt\veracrypt.exe" /dismount %mydriveletter% /silent /q
+)
-
+
-rem Get start time:
+:: Autodetect test
-for /F "tokens=1-4 delims=:.," %%a in ("%time%") do (
+call :availablevolume testvolume || goto :exit
-   set /A "start=(((%%a*60)+1%%b %% 100)*60+1%%c %% 100)*100+1%%d %% 100"
+
-)
+call :measure_time "Wrong Password (PRF Auto-detection)" ^
-
+    "/volume !testvolume! /l !mydriveletter! /password wrongpassword /q /silent /m ro"
-rem Mount SHA-512 container (Hidden)
+
-"c:\Program Files\VeraCrypt\veracrypt.exe" /volume test.sha512.hc /hash sha512 /l %mydriveletter% /password testhidden /q /silent /m ro
+echo.
-
+goto :exit
-rem Get end time:
+
-for /F "tokens=1-4 delims=:.," %%a in ("%time%") do (
+:: Subroutine to mount a volume and measure the time taken
-   set /A "end=(((%%a*60)+1%%b %% 100)*60+1%%c %% 100)*100+1%%d %% 100"
+:mount_and_measure
-)
+setlocal 
-
+set "hash=%~1"
-rem Get elapsed time:
+set "container=%~2"
-set /A elapsed=end-start
+set "type=%~3"
-
+set "volumepassword=%~4"
-rem Show elapsed time:
+
-set /A hh=elapsed/(60*60*100), rest=elapsed%%(60*60*100), mm=rest/(60*100), rest%%=60*100, ss=rest/100, cc=rest%%100
+call :measure_time "%hash% (%type%)" ^
-if %hh% lss 10 set hh=0%hh%
+    "/volume !container! /hash !hash! /l !mydriveletter! /password !volumepassword! /q /silent /m ro"
-if %mm% lss 10 set mm=0%mm%
+
-if %ss% lss 10 set ss=0%ss%
+if not exist !mydriveletter!:\ (
-if %cc% lss 10 set cc=0%cc%
+    echo ERROR: Drive letter !mydriveletter!: does not exist after mount operation.
-echo SHA-512 (Hidden) = %hh%:%mm%:%ss%,%cc%
+    goto :exit
-echo.
+)
-
+
-"c:\Program Files\VeraCrypt\veracrypt.exe" /dismount %mydriveletter% /silent /q
+"!VERACRYPT_PATH!" /unmount !mydriveletter! /silent /q
-
+exit /b
-rem Get start time:
+
-for /F "tokens=1-4 delims=:.," %%a in ("%time%") do (
+:: Subroutine to measure the time taken for a command to execute
-   set /A "start=(((%%a*60)+1%%b %% 100)*60+1%%c %% 100)*100+1%%d %% 100"
+:measure_time
-)
+setlocal 
-
+set "oper=%~1"
-rem Mount Whirlpool container (Normal).
+set "command=%~2"
-"c:\Program Files\VeraCrypt\veracrypt.exe" /volume test.whirlpool.hc /hash whirlpool /l %mydriveletter% /password test /q /silent /m ro
+
-
+for /F "tokens=1-4 delims=:.," %%a in ("!time!") do set /A "start=(((%%a*60)+1%%b %% 100)*60+1%%c %% 100)*100+1%%d %% 100"
-rem Get end time:
+
-for /F "tokens=1-4 delims=:.," %%a in ("%time%") do (
+"!VERACRYPT_PATH!" %command%
-   set /A "end=(((%%a*60)+1%%b %% 100)*60+1%%c %% 100)*100+1%%d %% 100"
+
-)
+for /F "tokens=1-4 delims=:.," %%a in ("!time!") do set /A "end=(((%%a*60)+1%%b %% 100)*60+1%%c %% 100)*100+1%%d %% 100"
-
+
-rem Get elapsed time:
+set /A elapsed=end-start
-set /A elapsed=end-start
+set /A hh=elapsed/(60*60*100), rest=elapsed%%(60*60*100), mm=rest/(60*100), rest%%=60*100, ss=rest/100, cc=rest%%100
-
+if %hh% lss 10 set hh=0%hh%
-rem Show elapsed time:
+if %mm% lss 10 set mm=0%mm%
-set /A hh=elapsed/(60*60*100), rest=elapsed%%(60*60*100), mm=rest/(60*100), rest%%=60*100, ss=rest/100, cc=rest%%100
+if %ss% lss 10 set ss=0%ss%
-if %hh% lss 10 set hh=0%hh%
+if %cc% lss 10 set cc=0%cc%
-if %mm% lss 10 set mm=0%mm%
+
-if %ss% lss 10 set ss=0%ss%
+echo %oper% = %hh%:%mm%:%ss%,%cc%
-if %cc% lss 10 set cc=0%cc%
+exit /b
-echo Whirlpool (Normal) = %hh%:%mm%:%ss%,%cc%
+
-
+rem Finds a free drive letter.
-"c:\Program Files\VeraCrypt\veracrypt.exe" /dismount %mydriveletter% /silent /q
+rem
-
+rem Parameters:
-rem Get start time:
+rem     %1 = Output variable name.
-for /F "tokens=1-4 delims=:.," %%a in ("%time%") do (
+rem
-   set /A "start=(((%%a*60)+1%%b %% 100)*60+1%%c %% 100)*100+1%%d %% 100"
+rem Example:
-)
+rem     call :freedrive mydriveletter && goto :cont
-
+rem     echo ERROR: No free drive letter found.
-rem Mount Whirlpool container (Hidden).
+rem     goto :EOF
-"c:\Program Files\VeraCrypt\veracrypt.exe" /volume test.whirlpool.hc /hash whirlpool /l %mydriveletter% /password testhidden /q /silent /m ro
+rem     :cont
-
+rem     echo Found drive letter: %mydriveletter%
-rem Get end time:
+:freedrive
-for /F "tokens=1-4 delims=:.," %%a in ("%time%") do (
+setlocal EnableDelayedExpansion
-   set /A "end=(((%%a*60)+1%%b %% 100)*60+1%%c %% 100)*100+1%%d %% 100"
+set exitcode=0
-)
+set "output_var=%~1"
-
+for %%i in (C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z) do (
-rem Get elapsed time:
+    set "drive=%%i:"
-set /A elapsed=end-start
+    rem If 'subst' fails, the drive letter is already in use.
-
+    rem This way we can even detect optical drives that have a drive
-rem Show elapsed time:
+    rem letter but no media in them, a case that goes undetected when
-set /A hh=elapsed/(60*60*100), rest=elapsed%%(60*60*100), mm=rest/(60*100), rest%%=60*100, ss=rest/100, cc=rest%%100
+    rem using 'if exist'.
-if %hh% lss 10 set hh=0%hh%
+    subst !drive! %SystemDrive%\ >nul
-if %mm% lss 10 set mm=0%mm%
+    if !errorlevel! == 0 (
-if %ss% lss 10 set ss=0%ss%
+        subst !drive! /d >nul
-if %cc% lss 10 set cc=0%cc%
+		set "drive=%%i"
-echo Whirlpool (Hidden) = %hh%:%mm%:%ss%,%cc%
+        goto :freedrive0
-echo.
+    )
-
+)
-"c:\Program Files\VeraCrypt\veracrypt.exe" /dismount %mydriveletter% /silent /q
+set exitcode=1
-
+set drive=
-rem Get start time:
+:freedrive0
-for /F "tokens=1-4 delims=:.," %%a in ("%time%") do (
+endlocal & set "%output_var%=%drive%" & exit /b %exitcode%
-   set /A "start=(((%%a*60)+1%%b %% 100)*60+1%%c %% 100)*100+1%%d %% 100"
+
-)
+:: Subroutine to find an available volume
-
+:availablevolume
-rem Mount SHA-256 container (Normal)
+setlocal EnableDelayedExpansion
-"c:\Program Files\VeraCrypt\veracrypt.exe" /volume test.sha256.hc /hash sha256 /l %mydriveletter% /password test /q /silent /m ro
+set exitcode=0
-
+set "output_var=%~1"
-rem Get end time:
+for %%i in (test.sha512.hc,test.sha256.hc,test.whirlpool.hc,test.blake2s.hc) do (
-for /F "tokens=1-4 delims=:.," %%a in ("%time%") do (
+    if exist %%i (
-   set /A "end=(((%%a*60)+1%%b %% 100)*60+1%%c %% 100)*100+1%%d %% 100"
+        set "volume=%%i"
-)
+        goto :availablevolume0
-
+    )
-rem Get elapsed time:
+)
-set /A elapsed=end-start
+set exitcode=1
-
+set volume=
-rem Show elapsed time:
+:availablevolume0
-set /A hh=elapsed/(60*60*100), rest=elapsed%%(60*60*100), mm=rest/(60*100), rest%%=60*100, ss=rest/100, cc=rest%%100
+endlocal & set "%output_var%=%volume%" & exit /b %exitcode%
-if %hh% lss 10 set hh=0%hh%
+
-if %mm% lss 10 set mm=0%mm%
+:exit
-if %ss% lss 10 set ss=0%ss%
+
-if %cc% lss 10 set cc=0%cc%
+pause
 echo SHA-256 (Normal) = %hh%:%mm%:%ss%,%cc%
 "c:\Program Files\VeraCrypt\veracrypt.exe" /dismount %mydriveletter% /silent /q
 rem Get start time:
 for /F "tokens=1-4 delims=:.," %%a in ("%time%") do (
   set /A "start=(((%%a*60)+1%%b %% 100)*60+1%%c %% 100)*100+1%%d %% 100"
 )
 rem Mount SHA-256 container (Hidden)
 "c:\Program Files\VeraCrypt\veracrypt.exe" /volume test.sha256.hc /hash sha256 /l %mydriveletter% /password testhidden /q /silent /m ro
 rem Get end time:
 for /F "tokens=1-4 delims=:.," %%a in ("%time%") do (
   set /A "end=(((%%a*60)+1%%b %% 100)*60+1%%c %% 100)*100+1%%d %% 100"
 )
 rem Get elapsed time:
 set /A elapsed=end-start
 rem Show elapsed time:
 set /A hh=elapsed/(60*60*100), rest=elapsed%%(60*60*100), mm=rest/(60*100), rest%%=60*100, ss=rest/100, cc=rest%%100
 if %hh% lss 10 set hh=0%hh%
 if %mm% lss 10 set mm=0%mm%
 if %ss% lss 10 set ss=0%ss%
 if %cc% lss 10 set cc=0%cc%
 echo SHA-256 (Hidden) = %hh%:%mm%:%ss%,%cc%
 echo.
 "c:\Program Files\VeraCrypt\veracrypt.exe" /dismount %mydriveletter% /silent /q
 rem Get start time:
 for /F "tokens=1-4 delims=:.," %%a in ("%time%") do (
   set /A "start=(((%%a*60)+1%%b %% 100)*60+1%%c %% 100)*100+1%%d %% 100"
 )
 rem Mount RIPEMD-160 container (Normal)
 "c:\Program Files\VeraCrypt\veracrypt.exe" /volume test.ripemd160.hc /hash ripemd160 /l %mydriveletter% /password test /q /silent /m ro
 rem Get end time:
 for /F "tokens=1-4 delims=:.," %%a in ("%time%") do (
   set /A "end=(((%%a*60)+1%%b %% 100)*60+1%%c %% 100)*100+1%%d %% 100"
 )
 rem Get elapsed time:
 set /A elapsed=end-start
 rem Show elapsed time:
 set /A hh=elapsed/(60*60*100), rest=elapsed%%(60*60*100), mm=rest/(60*100), rest%%=60*100, ss=rest/100, cc=rest%%100
 if %hh% lss 10 set hh=0%hh%
 if %mm% lss 10 set mm=0%mm%
 if %ss% lss 10 set ss=0%ss%
 if %cc% lss 10 set cc=0%cc%
 echo RIPEMD-160 (Normal) = %hh%:%mm%:%ss%,%cc%
 "c:\Program Files\VeraCrypt\veracrypt.exe" /dismount %mydriveletter% /silent /q
 rem Get start time:
 for /F "tokens=1-4 delims=:.," %%a in ("%time%") do (
   set /A "start=(((%%a*60)+1%%b %% 100)*60+1%%c %% 100)*100+1%%d %% 100"
 )
 rem Mount RIPEMD-160 container (Hidden)
 "c:\Program Files\VeraCrypt\veracrypt.exe" /volume test.ripemd160.hc /hash ripemd160 /l %mydriveletter% /password testhidden /q /silent /m ro
 rem Get end time:
 for /F "tokens=1-4 delims=:.," %%a in ("%time%") do (
   set /A "end=(((%%a*60)+1%%b %% 100)*60+1%%c %% 100)*100+1%%d %% 100"
 )
 rem Get elapsed time:
 set /A elapsed=end-start
 rem Show elapsed time:
 set /A hh=elapsed/(60*60*100), rest=elapsed%%(60*60*100), mm=rest/(60*100), rest%%=60*100, ss=rest/100, cc=rest%%100
 if %hh% lss 10 set hh=0%hh%
 if %mm% lss 10 set mm=0%mm%
 if %ss% lss 10 set ss=0%ss%
 if %cc% lss 10 set cc=0%cc%
 echo RIPEMD-160 (Hidden) = %hh%:%mm%:%ss%,%cc%
 echo.
 "c:\Program Files\VeraCrypt\veracrypt.exe" /dismount %mydriveletter% /silent /q
 rem Get start time:
 for /F "tokens=1-4 delims=:.," %%a in ("%time%") do (
   set /A "start=(((%%a*60)+1%%b %% 100)*60+1%%c %% 100)*100+1%%d %% 100"
 )
 rem Try to mount with a wrong password and PRF autodetection
 "c:\Program Files\VeraCrypt\veracrypt.exe" /volume test.sha512.hc /l %mydriveletter% /password wrongpassword /q /silent /m ro
 rem Get end time:
 for /F "tokens=1-4 delims=:.," %%a in ("%time%") do (
   set /A "end=(((%%a*60)+1%%b %% 100)*60+1%%c %% 100)*100+1%%d %% 100"
 )
 rem Get elapsed time:
 set /A elapsed=end-start
 rem Show elapsed time:
 set /A hh=elapsed/(60*60*100), rest=elapsed%%(60*60*100), mm=rest/(60*100), rest%%=60*100, ss=rest/100, cc=rest%%100
 if %hh% lss 10 set hh=0%hh%
 if %mm% lss 10 set mm=0%mm%
 if %ss% lss 10 set ss=0%ss%
 if %cc% lss 10 set cc=0%cc%
 echo Wrong Password (PRF Auto-detection)= %hh%:%mm%:%ss%,%cc%
 echo.
 goto :exit
 rem Finds a free drive letter.
 rem
 rem Parameters:
 rem     %1 = Output variable name.
 rem
 rem Example:
 rem     call :freedrive mydriveletter && goto :cont
 rem     echo ERROR: No free drive letter found.
 rem     goto :EOF
 rem     :cont
 rem     echo Found drive letter: %mydriveletter%
 :freedrive
 setlocal EnableDelayedExpansion
 set exitcode=0
 set "output_var=%~1"
 for %%i in (C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z) do (
    set "drive=%%i:"
    rem If 'subst' fails, the drive letter is already in use.
    rem This way we can even detect optical drives that have a drive
    rem letter but no media in them, a case that goes undetected when
    rem using 'if exist'.
    subst !drive! %SystemDrive%\ >nul
    if !errorlevel! == 0 (
        subst !drive! /d >nul
 		set "drive=%%i"
        goto :freedrive0
    )
 )
 set exitcode=1
 set drive=
 :freedrive0
 endlocal & set "%output_var%=%drive%" & exit /b %exitcode%
 :exit
@@ -0,0 +1,444 @@
 <#
 .SYNOPSIS
    Create a VeraCrypt container just large enough for the supplied file or
    directory and copy the data into it.
 .DESCRIPTION
    • Chooses an exFAT cluster size (auto or explicit).
    • Calculates the minimum container size using an iterative approach for FAT/Bitmap sizing, plus safety margin.
    • Creates, mounts, copies, verifies, and unmounts – all guarded by -WhatIf/-Confirm (SupportsShouldProcess).
    • Finds VeraCrypt automatically or takes a -VeraCryptDir override.
    • Encryption and hash algorithms are parameters.
    • Password can be passed via SecureString prompt or pipeline.
    • Enhanced parameterization for safety margins and VeraCrypt overhead.
 .PARAMETER InputPath        File or directory to store in the container.
 .PARAMETER ContainerPath    Dest *.hc* file. Default: InputPath + '.hc'.
 .PARAMETER ClusterSizeKB    4–512 KiB or 'Auto' (default 32).
 .PARAMETER VeraCryptDir     Optional folder containing VeraCrypt *.exe* files.
 .PARAMETER EncryptionAlg    Any algorithm VeraCrypt accepts (default AES).
 .PARAMETER HashAlg          VeraCrypt hash (default SHA512).
 .PARAMETER SafetyPercent    Safety margin as percentage of calculated size (default 1.0 for small, 0.1 for large).
 .PARAMETER VCOverheadMiB    VeraCrypt overhead in MiB (default varies by size).
 .PARAMETER Force            If specified, allows overwriting the output container if it already exists.
 .PARAMETER Password         Optional SecureString password for automation (prompts if not provided).
 .EXAMPLE
    .\EncryptData.ps1 -InputPath C:\Data -ContainerPath C:\EncryptedData.hc -ClusterSizeKB Auto
 .NOTES
    Author: Mounir IDRASSI
    Email: mounir.idrassi@amcrypto.jp
    Date: 30 April 2025
    License: This script is licensed under the Apache License 2.0
 #>
 [CmdletBinding(SupportsShouldProcess)]
 param(
    [Parameter(Mandatory)][string]$InputPath,
    [string]$ContainerPath,
    [ValidateSet('Auto','4','8','16','32','64','128','256','512')]
    [string]$ClusterSizeKB = '32',
    [string]$VeraCryptDir,
    [string]$EncryptionAlg = 'AES',
    [string]$HashAlg = 'SHA512',
    # 0 ⇒ use built-in logic; otherwise 0–100 %  
    [ValidateRange(0.0,100.0)]  
    [double]$SafetyPercent = 0,  
    # 0 ⇒ auto. 1-8192 MiB accepted.  
    [ValidateRange(0,8192)]  
    [int]$VCOverheadMiB    = 0,
    [Parameter(ValueFromPipeline = $true)][System.Security.SecureString]$Password,
    [switch]$Force
 )
 Set-StrictMode -Version Latest
 $ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'
 function Get-AbsolutePath([string]$Path) {
    if ([System.IO.Path]::IsPathRooted($Path)) {
        return [System.IO.Path]::GetFullPath($Path)
    } else {
        $combined = Join-Path -Path (Get-Location) -ChildPath $Path
        return [System.IO.Path]::GetFullPath($combined)
    }
 }
 # Helper creates a temp file, registers it for secure deletion in finally  
 function New-VcErrFile {  
    $tmp = [System.IO.Path]::GetTempFileName()  
    # Pre-allocate 0-byte file; caller overwrites  
    return $tmp  
 }
 # Constants for exFAT sizing
 $EXFAT_MIN_CLUSTERS = 2
 $EXFAT_PRACTICAL_MIN_CLUSTERS = 65533
 $INITIAL_VBR_SIZE = 32KB
 $BACKUP_VBR_SIZE = 32KB
 $RAW_UPCASE_BYTES = 128KB
 #----------------------- Locate VeraCrypt executables --------------------------
 if (-not $VeraCryptDir) {
    $candidates = @(Join-Path $env:ProgramFiles 'VeraCrypt')
    $VeraCryptDir = $candidates |
        Where-Object { Test-Path (Join-Path $_ 'VeraCrypt.exe') } |
        Select-Object -First 1
    if (-not $VeraCryptDir) {
        $cmd = Get-Command 'VeraCrypt.exe' -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
        if ($cmd) { $VeraCryptDir = Split-Path $cmd.Path }
    }
    if (-not $VeraCryptDir) { throw 'VeraCrypt executables not found – specify -VeraCryptDir.' }
 }
 $VeraCryptExe = Join-Path $VeraCryptDir 'VeraCrypt.exe'
 $VeraCryptFormatExe = Join-Path $VeraCryptDir 'VeraCrypt Format.exe'
 if (-not (Test-Path $VeraCryptExe) -or -not (Test-Path $VeraCryptFormatExe)) {
    throw 'VeraCrypt executables missing.'
 }
 #--------------------------- Input / Output Paths ------------------------------
 $InputPath = Get-AbsolutePath $InputPath
 if (-not (Test-Path $InputPath)) { throw "InputPath '$InputPath' does not exist." }
 if (-not $ContainerPath) {
    $ContainerPath = ($InputPath.TrimEnd('\') + '.hc')
 } else {
    $ContainerPath = Get-AbsolutePath $ContainerPath
 }
 if (Test-Path $ContainerPath) {
    if ($Force) {
        Write-Verbose "Container '$ContainerPath' already exists and will be overwritten."
        if ($PSCmdlet.ShouldProcess("File '$ContainerPath'", "Remove existing container")) {
            Remove-Item $ContainerPath -Force
        } else {
            throw "Operation cancelled by user. Cannot overwrite '$ContainerPath'."
        }
    } else {
        throw "Container '$ContainerPath' already exists. Use -Force to overwrite."
    }
 }
 #----------------------------- Cluster Size -------------------------------------
 [UInt32]$ClusterSize = if ($ClusterSizeKB -eq 'Auto') { $null } else { [int]$ClusterSizeKB * 1KB }
 #--------------------------- exFAT Size Helpers --------------------------------
 function Get-DirectoryStats {
    param([string]$Path)
    $fileLengths = [System.Collections.Generic.List[UInt64]]::new()
    $dirLengths  = [System.Collections.Generic.List[UInt64]]::new()
    [UInt64]$metaSum = 0
    function WalkDir {
        param([System.IO.DirectoryInfo]$Dir)
        [UInt64]$thisDirBytes = 0
        # Use -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue for potentially inaccessible items (like system junctions)
        Get-ChildItem -LiteralPath $Dir.FullName -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue | ForEach-Object {
            $nameLen   = $_.Name.Length
            $nameSlots = [math]::Ceiling($nameLen / 15)          # name entries
            $dirSlots  = 2 + $nameSlots                          # File + Stream + Names
            $entryBytes = $dirSlots * 32
            $metaSum      += $entryBytes
            $thisDirBytes += $entryBytes
            if ($_.PSIsContainer) {
                WalkDir $_
            } else {
                # Handle potential errors reading length (e.g., locked files)
                try {
                    $fileLengths.Add([UInt64]$_.Length)
                } catch {
                    Write-Warning "Could not get length for file: $($_.FullName). Error: $($_.Exception.Message)"
                }
            }
        }
        # At least one 32-byte entry so the directory is not “empty”
        if ($thisDirBytes -lt 32) { $thisDirBytes = 32 }
        $dirLengths.Add($thisDirBytes)
    }
    $startItem = Get-Item -LiteralPath $Path -Force
    if ($startItem -isnot [System.IO.DirectoryInfo]) {
        # Handle case where InputPath is a single file
        $nameLen   = $startItem.Name.Length
        $nameSlots = [math]::Ceiling($nameLen / 15)
        $dirSlots  = 2 + $nameSlots
        $entryBytes = $dirSlots * 32
        $metaSum = $entryBytes
        $fileLengths.Add([UInt64]$startItem.Length)
        $dirLengths.Add(32) # Minimal directory entry size for the root
    } else {
        WalkDir $startItem
    }
    [PSCustomObject]@{
        MetadataSum = $metaSum      # pure 32-byte entry bytes (used for info, not size calc)
        FileLengths = $fileLengths  # payload of regular files
        DirLengths  = $dirLengths   # payload of *directory files* (containing entries)
    }
 }
 function Compute-ExFatSize {
    param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory)][UInt64[]] $FileLengths,
        [Parameter(Mandatory)][UInt64[]] $DirLengths,
        [Parameter(Mandatory)][UInt32]   $Cluster
    )
    # --- Calculate base size (VBR, UpCase Table, File Payloads, Directory Payloads) ---
    # These parts don't depend on the total cluster count directly.
    [UInt64]$baseSize = $INITIAL_VBR_SIZE + $BACKUP_VBR_SIZE
    $baseSize += [math]::Ceiling($RAW_UPCASE_BYTES / $Cluster) * $Cluster  # up-case tbl aligned
    foreach ($len in $FileLengths) { $baseSize += [math]::Ceiling($len / $Cluster) * $Cluster }
    foreach ($len in $DirLengths ) { $baseSize += [math]::Ceiling($len / $Cluster) * $Cluster }
    # --- Iterative FAT/Bitmap Calculation ---
    # The size of FAT and Bitmap depends on the total cluster count, which depends on the total size (including FAT/Bitmap).
    # We iterate until the calculated total size stabilizes.
    [UInt64]$currentTotalSize = $baseSize # Initial guess: size without FAT/Bitmap
    [UInt64]$previousTotalSize = 0
    $maxIterations = 10 # Safety break to prevent infinite loops
    $iteration = 0
    while ($currentTotalSize -ne $previousTotalSize -and $iteration -lt $maxIterations) {
        $previousTotalSize = $currentTotalSize
        $iteration++
        Write-Verbose "Compute-ExFatSize Iteration '$iteration': Starting size = '$previousTotalSize' bytes"
        # Calculate cluster count based on the size from the *start* of this iteration
        $clusterCount = [math]::Ceiling($previousTotalSize / $Cluster)
        # Ensure minimum cluster count if needed (exFAT has minimums, though usually covered by VBR etc.)
        if ($clusterCount -lt $EXFAT_PRACTICAL_MIN_CLUSTERS) { $clusterCount = $EXFAT_PRACTICAL_MIN_CLUSTERS } # Practical minimum for FAT entries > sector size
        # Allocation bitmap (1 bit per cluster, aligned to cluster size)
        $bitmapBytes = [math]::Ceiling($clusterCount / 8)
        $bitmapBytesAligned = [math]::Ceiling($bitmapBytes / $Cluster) * $Cluster
        Write-Verbose "  Clusters: '$clusterCount', Bitmap Bytes: '$bitmapBytes', Aligned Bitmap: '$bitmapBytesAligned'"
        # FAT (4 bytes per cluster, +2 reserved entries, aligned to cluster size)
        $fatBytes = ([UInt64]$clusterCount + 2) * 4 # Use UInt64 to avoid overflow on large volumes
        $fatBytesAligned = [math]::Ceiling($fatBytes / $Cluster) * $Cluster
        Write-Verbose "  FAT Bytes: '$fatBytes', Aligned FAT: '$fatBytesAligned'"
        # Calculate the new total size estimate including FAT and Bitmap
        $currentTotalSize = $baseSize + $bitmapBytesAligned + $fatBytesAligned
        Write-Verbose "  New Estimated Total Size: '$currentTotalSize' bytes"
    }
    if ($iteration -ge $maxIterations) {
        Write-Warning "FAT/Bitmap size calculation did not converge after '$maxIterations' iterations. Using last calculated size ('$currentTotalSize' bytes). This might indicate an issue or extremely large dataset."
    }
    Write-Verbose "Compute-ExFatSize Converged Size: '$currentTotalSize' bytes after '$iteration' iterations."
    return [PSCustomObject]@{
        TotalSize = $currentTotalSize
        ClusterCount = $clusterCount
        IterationHistory = @()
    }
 }
 function Get-RecommendedCluster {
    param([UInt64]$VolumeBytes)
    switch ($VolumeBytes) {
        { $_ -le 256MB } { return 4KB }
        { $_ -le 32GB } { return 32KB }
        { $_ -le 256TB } { return 128KB }
        default { return 512KB }
    }
 }
 #----------------------------------------------- Drive the two-pass logic
 Write-Host "Calculating required size for '$InputPath'..."
 $stats = Get-DirectoryStats -Path $InputPath
 Write-Verbose "Stats: $($stats.FileLengths.Count) files, $($stats.DirLengths.Count) directories, Metadata: $($stats.MetadataSum) bytes."
 if (-not $ClusterSize) {
    Write-Verbose "Cluster size set to 'Auto'. Performing first pass calculation with 4KB cluster..."
    $firstPassResult = Compute-ExFatSize -FileLengths $stats.FileLengths -DirLengths $stats.DirLengths -Cluster 4KB
    $firstPassSize = $firstPassResult.TotalSize
    Write-Verbose "First pass estimated size: '$firstPassSize' bytes"
    $ClusterSize = Get-RecommendedCluster -VolumeBytes $firstPassSize
    Write-Host "Auto-selected Cluster size: $($ClusterSize / 1KB) KiB based on estimated size."
    Write-Verbose "Performing second pass calculation with selected cluster size ($($ClusterSize / 1KB) KiB)..."
    $sizeResult = Compute-ExFatSize -FileLengths $stats.FileLengths -DirLengths $stats.DirLengths -Cluster $ClusterSize
    $rawSize = $sizeResult.TotalSize
 } else {
    Write-Host "Using specified Cluster size: $($ClusterSize / 1KB) KiB."
    Write-Verbose "Performing calculation with specified cluster size..."
    $sizeResult = Compute-ExFatSize -FileLengths $stats.FileLengths -DirLengths $stats.DirLengths -Cluster $ClusterSize
    $rawSize = $sizeResult.TotalSize
 }
 #---------------------------- Container Sizing ---------------------------------
 $safetyPercentUsed = if ($SafetyPercent -gt 0.0) { $SafetyPercent } else { if ($rawSize -lt 100MB) { 1.0 } else { 0.1 } }
 $safety = if ($rawSize -lt 100MB) { [math]::Max(64KB, [math]::Ceiling($rawSize * $safetyPercentUsed / 100)) }
          else { [math]::Max(1MB, [math]::Ceiling($rawSize * $safetyPercentUsed / 100)) }
 $contBytes = $rawSize + [UInt64]$safety
 $contMiB = [int][math]::Ceiling($contBytes / 1MB)
 if ($contMiB -lt 2) { $contMiB = 2 }
 $vcOverheadMiBUsed = if ($VCOverheadMiB -gt 0) { $VCOverheadMiB } else {
    if ($contMiB -lt 10) { 1 } elseif ($contMiB -lt 100) { 2 } else { [math]::Ceiling($contMiB * 0.01) }
 }
 $finalContMiB = $contMiB + $vcOverheadMiBUsed
 Write-Host ("Cluster Size  : {0} KiB`nCalculated FS: {1:N0} bytes`nSafety Margin: {2:N0} bytes ({3}%)`nVC Overhead  : {4} MiB`nFinal Size   : {5} MiB" -f
    ($ClusterSize/1KB), $rawSize, $safety, $safetyPercentUsed, $vcOverheadMiBUsed, $finalContMiB)
 #---- Secure Password Prompt ----
 if (-not $Password) {
    $Password = Read-Host -AsSecureString -Prompt "Enter container password"
 }
 $cred = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential ("VeraCryptUser", $Password)
 $plainPassword = $cred.GetNetworkCredential().Password
 if ([string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($plainPassword)) {
    Write-Host "Error: Password cannot be empty. Please provide a non-empty password." -ForegroundColor Red
    exit 1
 }
 #---- Main Action ----
 $mounted = $false
 $driveLetter = $null
 $errFile   = New-VcErrFile  
 $mountFile = New-VcErrFile
 try {
    #--- Create Container ----
    if ($PSCmdlet.ShouldProcess("File '$ContainerPath'", "Create VeraCrypt container ($finalContMiB MiB)")) {
        $formatArgs = @(
            '/create', $ContainerPath,
            '/size', "$($finalContMiB)M",
            '/password', $plainPassword,
            '/encryption', $EncryptionAlg,
            '/hash', $HashAlg,
            '/filesystem', 'exFAT',
            '/quick', '/silent',
            '/force'
        )
        $maskedArgs = $formatArgs.Clone()
        $pwIndex = [array]::IndexOf($maskedArgs, '/password')
        if ($pwIndex -ge 0 -and $pwIndex + 1 -lt $maskedArgs.Length) { $maskedArgs[$pwIndex+1] = '********' }
        Write-Verbose "Executing: `"$VeraCryptFormatExe`" $($maskedArgs -join ' ')"
        $proc = Start-Process -FilePath $VeraCryptFormatExe -ArgumentList $formatArgs -NoNewWindow -Wait -PassThru -RedirectStandardError $errFile
        if ($proc.ExitCode -ne 0) {
            $errMsg = if (Test-Path $errFile) { Get-Content $errFile -Raw } else { "No error output captured." }
            throw "VeraCrypt Format failed (code $($proc.ExitCode)). Error: $errMsg"
        }
        Write-Verbose "VeraCrypt Format completed successfully."
    } else {
        Write-Host "Container creation skipped due to -WhatIf."
        exit
    }
    #--- Choose Drive Letter ----
    $used = (Get-PSDrive -PSProvider FileSystem).Name
    $driveLetter = (67..90 | ForEach-Object {[char]$_}) |
        Where-Object { $_ -notin $used } |
        Select-Object -First 1
    if (-not $driveLetter) { throw 'No free drive letters found (C-Z).' }
    Write-Verbose "Selected drive letter: $driveLetter"
    #--- Mount ----
    if ($PSCmdlet.ShouldProcess("Drive $driveLetter", "Mount VeraCrypt volume '$ContainerPath'")) {
        $mountArgs = @(
            '/volume', $ContainerPath,
            '/letter', $driveLetter,
            '/m', 'rm',
            '/password', $plainPassword,
            '/quit', '/silent'
        )
        $maskedArgs = $mountArgs.Clone()
        $pwIndex = [array]::IndexOf($maskedArgs, '/password')
        if ($pwIndex -ge 0 -and $pwIndex + 1 -lt $maskedArgs.Length) { $maskedArgs[$pwIndex+1] = '********' }
        Write-Verbose "Executing: `"$VeraCryptExe`" $($maskedArgs -join ' ')"
        $mountProc = Start-Process -FilePath $VeraCryptExe -ArgumentList $mountArgs -NoNewWindow -Wait -PassThru -RedirectStandardError $mountFile
        if ($mountProc.ExitCode -ne 0) {
            $errMsg = if (Test-Path $mountFile) { Get-Content $mountFile -Raw } else { "No error output captured." }
            throw "VeraCrypt mount failed (code $($mountProc.ExitCode)). Error: $errMsg"
        }
        $root = "$($driveLetter):\"
        Write-Verbose "Waiting for drive $root to become available..."
        $mountTimeoutSeconds = 30
        $mountCheckInterval = 0.5
        $elapsed = 0
        while (-not (Test-Path $root) -and $elapsed -lt $mountTimeoutSeconds) {
            Start-Sleep -Seconds $mountCheckInterval
            $elapsed += $mountCheckInterval
        }
        if (-not (Test-Path $root)) { throw "Drive $driveLetter did not appear within $mountTimeoutSeconds seconds." }
        $mounted = $true
        Write-Verbose "Drive $root mounted successfully."
    } else {
        Write-Host "Mounting skipped due to -WhatIf."
        exit
    }
    #--- Copy Data ----
    $destinationPath = "$($driveLetter):\"
    if ($PSCmdlet.ShouldProcess("'$InputPath' -> '$destinationPath'", "Copy input data into container")) {
        Write-Verbose "Starting data copy..."
        if (Test-Path $InputPath -PathType Container) {
            Copy-Item -Path "$InputPath\*" -Destination $destinationPath -Recurse -Force -ErrorAction Stop
            Write-Verbose "Copied directory contents recursively."
        } else {
            Copy-Item -Path $InputPath -Destination $destinationPath -Force -ErrorAction Stop
            Write-Verbose "Copied single file."
        }
        try {
            $driveInfo = Get-PSDrive $driveLetter -ErrorAction Stop
            $freeSpace = $driveInfo.Free
            Write-Verbose "Free space after copy: $freeSpace bytes."
            if ($freeSpace -lt 0) {
                Write-Warning 'Reported free space is negative. This might indicate an issue, but the copy might still be okay.'
            } elseif ($freeSpace -lt 1MB) {
                Write-Warning "Very low free space remaining ($freeSpace bytes). The container might be too small if data changes slightly."
            }
        } catch {
            Write-Warning "Could not verify free space on drive $driveLetter after copy. Error: $($_.Exception.Message)"
        }
        Write-Host "Data copy completed."
    } else {
        Write-Host "Data copy skipped due to -WhatIf."
    }
 } catch {
    Write-Error "An error occurred: $($_.Exception.Message)"
 } finally {
    if (Test-Path variable:plainPassword) { Clear-Variable plainPassword -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue }
    if ($mounted) {
        if ($PSCmdlet.ShouldProcess("Drive $driveLetter", "Unmount VeraCrypt volume")) {
            Write-Verbose "Unmounting drive $driveLetter..."
            $unmountArgs = @('/unmount', $driveLetter, '/force', '/quit', '/silent')
            Start-Process -FilePath $VeraCryptExe -ArgumentList $unmountArgs -NoNewWindow -Wait -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
            Write-Verbose "Unmount command issued."
        } else {
            Write-Host "Unmount skipped due to -WhatIf."
        }
    }
    foreach($f in @($errFile,$mountFile) | Where-Object { $_ }) {  
        if(Test-Path $f){  
            try { Set-Content -Path $f -Value ($null) -Encoding Byte -Force } catch{}  
            Remove-Item $f -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue  
        }  
    }
 }
 if ($PSCmdlet.ShouldProcess("File '$ContainerPath'", "Create VeraCrypt container ($finalContMiB MiB)")) {
    Write-Host ("Script finished. VeraCrypt container created at '{0}' ({1} MiB)." -f $ContainerPath, $finalContMiB)
 } else {
    Write-Host ("Script finished (simulation mode).")
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
 PATH=%PATH%;C:\Program Files (x86)\HTML Help Workshop
 set CHMBUILDPATH=%~dp0
 cd %CHMBUILDPATH%\en
 xcopy /E ..\..\html\en\* .
 hhc VeraCrypt.hhp
 del /F /Q *.html *.css *.jpg *.gif *.png *.svg *.js
 rmdir /s /Q CompilingGuidelineWin
 move /Y "VeraCrypt User Guide.chm" "..\VeraCrypt User Guide.chm"
 cd %CHMBUILDPATH%\zh-cn
 xcopy /E ..\..\html\zh-cn\* .
 hhc VeraCrypt.zh-cn.hhp
 del /F /Q *.html *.css *.jpg *.gif *.png *.svg *.js
 rmdir /s /Q CompilingGuidelineWin
 move /Y "VeraCrypt User Guide.zh-cn.chm" "..\VeraCrypt User Guide.zh-cn.chm"
 cd %CHMBUILDPATH%\ru
 xcopy /E ..\..\html\ru\* .
 hhc VeraCrypt.ru.hhp
 del /F /Q *.html *.css *.jpg *.gif *.png *.svg *.js
 rmdir /s /Q CompilingGuidelineWin
 move /Y "VeraCrypt User Guide.ru.chm" "..\VeraCrypt User Guide.ru.chm"
 cd %CHMBUILDPATH%
@@ -0,0 +1,473 @@
 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML//EN">
 <HTML>
 <HEAD>
 <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft&reg; HTML Help Workshop 4.1">
 <!-- Sitemap 1.0 -->
 </HEAD><BODY>
 <UL>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Table Of Contents">
 		<param name="Local" value="Documentation.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Preface">
 		<param name="Local" value="Preface.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Introduction">
 		<param name="Local" value="Introduction.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Beginner's Tutorial ">
 		<param name="Local" value="Beginner's Tutorial.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="VeraCrypt Volume ">
 		<param name="Local" value="VeraCrypt Volume.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<UL>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Creating a New VeraCrypt Volume">
 			<param name="Local" value="Creating New Volumes.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Favorite Volumes">
 			<param name="Local" value="Favorite Volumes.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="System Favorite Volumes">
 			<param name="Local" value="System Favorite Volumes.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 	</UL>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="System Encryption">
 		<param name="Local" value="System Encryption.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<UL>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Hidden Operating System">
 			<param name="Local" value="Hidden Operating System.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Operating Systems Supported for System Encryption">
 			<param name="Local" value="Supported Systems for System Encryption.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="VeraCrypt Rescue Disk">
 			<param name="Local" value="VeraCrypt Rescue Disk.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 	</UL>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Plausible Deniability">
 		<param name="Local" value="Plausible Deniability.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<UL>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Hidden Volume">
 			<param name="Local" value="Hidden Volume.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<UL>
 			<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 				<param name="Name" value="Protection of Hidden Volumes Against Damage">
 				<param name="Local" value="Protection of Hidden Volumes.html">
 				</OBJECT>
 			<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 				<param name="Name" value="Security Requirements and Precautions Pertaining to Hidden Volumes">
 				<param name="Local" value="Security Requirements for Hidden Volumes.html">
 				</OBJECT>
 		</UL>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Hidden Operating System">
 			<param name="Local" value="VeraCrypt Hidden Operating System.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 	</UL>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Main Program Window">
 		<param name="Local" value="Main Program Window.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<UL>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Program Menu">
 			<param name="Local" value="Program Menu.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Mounting Volumes">
 			<param name="Local" value="Mounting VeraCrypt Volumes.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 	</UL>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Normal Unmount vs Force Unmount ">
 		<param name="Local" value="Normal Unmount vs Force Unmount.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Avoid Third-Party File Extensions">
 		<param name="Local" value="Avoid Third-Party File Extensions.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Parallelization">
 		<param name="Local" value="Parallelization.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Pipelining">
 		<param name="Local" value="Pipelining.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Hardware acceleration">
 		<param name="Local" value="Hardware Acceleration.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Hot keys">
 		<param name="Local" value="Hot Keys.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Keyfiles">
 		<param name="Local" value="Keyfiles in VeraCrypt.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Security Tokens &amp; Smart Cards">
 		<param name="Local" value="Security Tokens & Smart Cards.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Portable Mode">
 		<param name="Local" value="Portable Mode.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="TrueCrypt Support">
 		<param name="Local" value="TrueCrypt Support.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Converting TrueCrypt Volumes &amp; Partitions">
 		<param name="Local" value="Converting TrueCrypt volumes and partitions.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Conversion Guide for Versions 1.26 and Later">
 		<param name="Local" value="Conversion_Guide_VeraCrypt_1.26_and_Later.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Default Mount Parameters">
 		<param name="Local" value="Default Mount Parameters.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Language Packs">
 		<param name="Local" value="Language Packs.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Encryption Algorithms">
 		<param name="Local" value="Encryption Algorithms.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<UL>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="AES">
 			<param name="Local" value="AES.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Camellia">
 			<param name="Local" value="Camellia.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Kuznyechik">
 			<param name="Local" value="Kuznyechik.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Serpent">
 			<param name="Local" value="Serpent.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Twofish">
 			<param name="Local" value="Twofish.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Cascades of ciphers">
 			<param name="Local" value="Cascades.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 	</UL>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Hash Algorithms">
 		<param name="Local" value="Hash Algorithms.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<UL>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="BLAKE2s-256">
 			<param name="Local" value="BLAKE2s-256.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="SHA-256">
 			<param name="Local" value="SHA-256.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="SHA-512">
 			<param name="Local" value="SHA-512.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Whirlpool">
 			<param name="Local" value="Whirlpool.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Streebog">
 			<param name="Local" value="Streebog.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 	</UL>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Key Derivation Algorithms">
 		<param name="Local" value="Key Derivation Algorithms.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<UL>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Argon2id">
 			<param name="Local" value="Argon2id.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="PBKDF2">
 			<param name="Local" value="pbkdf2.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 	</UL>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Supported Operating Systems">
 		<param name="Local" value="Supported Operating Systems.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Command Line Usage">
 		<param name="Local" value="Command Line Usage.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<UL>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Windows">
 			<param name="Local" value="Command Line Usage for Windows.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Linux and macOS">
 			<param name="Local" value="Command Line Usage for Unix.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 	</UL>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Security Model">
 		<param name="Local" value="Security Model.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Security Requirements And Precautions">
 		<param name="Local" value="Security Requirements and Precautions.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<UL>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Data Leaks">
 			<param name="Local" value="Data Leaks.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<UL>
 			<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 				<param name="Name" value="Paging File">
 				<param name="Local" value="Paging File.html">
 				</OBJECT>
 			<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 				<param name="Name" value="Memory Dump Files">
 				<param name="Local" value="Memory Dump Files.html">
 				</OBJECT>
 			<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 				<param name="Name" value="Hibernation File">
 				<param name="Local" value="Hibernation File.html">
 				</OBJECT>
 		</UL>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Unencrypted Data in RAM">
 			<param name="Local" value="Unencrypted Data in RAM.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="VeraCrypt RAM Encryption">
 			<param name="Local" value="VeraCrypt RAM Encryption.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="VeraCrypt Memory Protection">
 			<param name="Local" value="VeraCrypt Memory Protection.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Physical Security">
 			<param name="Local" value="Physical Security.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Malware">
 			<param name="Local" value="Malware.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Multi-User Environment">
 			<param name="Local" value="Multi-User Environment.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Authenticity and Integrity">
 			<param name="Local" value="Authenticity and Integrity.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Choosing Passwords and Keyfiles">
 			<param name="Local" value="Choosing Passwords and Keyfiles.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Changing Passwords and Keyfiles">
 			<param name="Local" value="Changing Passwords and Keyfiles.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Trim Operation">
 			<param name="Local" value="Trim Operation.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Wear-Leveling">
 			<param name="Local" value="Wear-Leveling.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Reallocated Sectors">
 			<param name="Local" value="Reallocated Sectors.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Defragmenting">
 			<param name="Local" value="Defragmenting.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Journaling File Systems">
 			<param name="Local" value="Journaling File Systems.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Volume Clones">
 			<param name="Local" value="Volume Clones.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Additional Security Requirements and Precautions">
 			<param name="Local" value="Additional Security Requirements and Precautions.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 	</UL>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="How To Back Up Securely">
 		<param name="Local" value="How to Back Up Securely.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Miscellaneous">
 		<param name="Local" value="Miscellaneous.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<UL>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Using VeraCrypt Without Administrator Privileges">
 			<param name="Local" value="Using VeraCrypt Without Administrator Privileges.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Sharing Over Network">
 			<param name="Local" value="Sharing over Network.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="VeraCrypt Background Task">
 			<param name="Local" value="VeraCrypt Background Task.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Volume Mounted as Removable Medium">
 			<param name="Local" value="Removable Medium Volume.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="VeraCrypt System Files &amp; Application Data">
 			<param name="Local" value="VeraCrypt System Files.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="How To Remove Encryption">
 			<param name="Local" value="Removing Encryption.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Uninstalling VeraCrypt">
 			<param name="Local" value="Uninstalling VeraCrypt.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Digital Signatures">
 			<param name="Local" value="Digital Signatures.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 	</UL>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Troubleshooting">
 		<param name="Local" value="Troubleshooting.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Incompatibilities">
 		<param name="Local" value="Incompatibilities.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Known Issues and Limitations">
 		<param name="Local" value="Issues and Limitations.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Frequently Asked Questions">
 		<param name="Local" value="FAQ.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 		<param name="Name" value="Technical Details">
 		<param name="Local" value="Technical Details.html">
 		</OBJECT>
 	<UL>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Notation">
 			<param name="Local" value="Notation.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Encryption Scheme">
 			<param name="Local" value="Encryption Scheme.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Modes of Operation">
 			<param name="Local" value="Modes of Operation.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Header Key Derivation, Salt, and Iteration Count">
 			<param name="Local" value="Header Key Derivation.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Random Number Generator">
 			<param name="Local" value="Random Number Generator.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="Keyfiles">
 			<param name="Local" value="Keyfiles.html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="PIM">
 			<param name="Local" value="Personal Iterations Multiplier (PIM).html">
 			</OBJECT>
 		<LI> <OBJECT type="text/sitemap">
 			<param name="Name" value="VeraCrypt Volume Format Specification">
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 [FILES]
 Acknowledgements.html
 Additional Security Requirements and Precautions.html
 AES.html
 arrow_right.gif
 Authenticity and Integrity.html
 Authors.html
 Avoid Third-Party File Extensions.html
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 BCH_Logo_30x30.png
 Beginner's Tutorial.html
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 Beginner's Tutorial_Image_002.jpg
 Beginner's Tutorial_Image_003.jpg
 Beginner's Tutorial_Image_004.jpg
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 CompilingGuidelines.html
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 Protection of Hidden Volumes_Image_028.jpg
 Protection of Hidden Volumes_Image_029.jpg
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 Random Number Generator.html
 Reallocated Sectors.html
 References.html
 Release Notes.html
 Removable Medium Volume.html
 Removing Encryption.html
 Security Model.html
 Security Requirements and Precautions.html
 Security Requirements for Hidden Volumes.html
 Security Tokens & Smart Cards.html
 Serpent.html
 SHA-256.html
 SHA-512.html
 Sharing over Network.html
 Source Code.html
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 Streebog.html
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 Supported Operating Systems.html
 Supported Systems for System Encryption.html
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 [INFOTYPES]
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 <html lang="en">
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 <title>VeraCrypt - Free Open source disk encryption with strong security for the Paranoid</title>
 <meta name="description" content="VeraCrypt is free open-source disk encryption software for Windows, Mac OS X and Linux. In case an attacker forces you to reveal the password, VeraCrypt provides plausible deniability. In contrast to file encryption, data encryption performed by VeraCrypt is real-time (on-the-fly), automatic, transparent, needs very little memory, and does not involve temporary unencrypted files."/>
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 <img src="arrow_right.gif" alt=">>" style="margin-top: 5px">
 <a href="AES.html">AES</a>
 </p></div>
 <div class="wikidoc">
 <h1>AES</h1>
 <div style="text-align:left; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) specifies a FIPS-approved cryptographic algorithm (Rijndael, designed by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen, published in 1998) that may be used by US federal departments and agencies to cryptographically protect sensitive
 information [3]. VeraCrypt uses AES with 14 rounds and a 256-bit key (i.e., AES-256, published in 2001) operating in
 <a href="Modes%20of%20Operation.html" style="text-align:left; color:#0080c0; text-decoration:none">
 XTS mode</a> (see the section <a href="Modes%20of%20Operation.html" style="text-align:left; color:#0080c0; text-decoration:none">
 Modes of Operation</a>).</div>
 <div style="text-align:left; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 In June 2003, after the NSA (US National Security Agency) conducted a review and analysis of AES, the U.S. CNSS (Committee on National Security Systems) announced in [1] that the design and strength of AES-256 (and AES-192) are sufficient to protect classified
 information up to the Top Secret level. This is applicable to all U.S. Government Departments or Agencies that are considering the acquisition or use of products incorporating the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) to satisfy Information Assurance requirements
 associated with the protection of national security systems and/or national security information [1].</div>
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 <meta name="description" content="VeraCrypt is free open-source disk encryption software for Windows, Mac OS X and Linux. In case an attacker forces you to reveal the password, VeraCrypt provides plausible deniability. In contrast to file encryption, data encryption performed by VeraCrypt is real-time (on-the-fly), automatic, transparent, needs very little memory, and does not involve temporary unencrypted files."/>
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 <a href="Documentation.html">Documentation</a>
 <img src="arrow_right.gif" alt=">>" style="margin-top: 5px">
 <a href="Acknowledgements.html">Acknowledgements</a>
 </p></div>
 <div class="wikidoc">
 <div>
 <h1>Acknowledgements</h1>
 <p>We would like to thank the following people:</p>
 <p>The TrueCrypt Developers team who have done an amazing job over the course of 10 years. Without their hard work, VeraCrypt would not exist today.</p>
 <p>Paul Le Roux for making his E4M source code available. TrueCrypt 1.0 was derived from E4M and some parts of the E4M source code are still incorporated in the latest version of the TrueCrypt source code.</p>
 <p>Brian Gladman, who wrote the excellent AES, Twofish, and SHA-512 routines.</p>
 <p>Peter Gutmann for his paper on random numbers, and for creating his cryptlib, which was the source of parts of the random number generator source code.</p>
 <p>Wei Dai, who wrote the Serpent and RIPEMD-160 and Whirlpool routines.</p>
 <p>Tom St Denis, the author of LibTomCrypt which includes compact SHA-256 routines.</p>
 <p>Mark Adler and Jean-loup Gailly, who wrote the zlib library.</p>
 <p>The designers of the encryption algorithms, hash algorithms, and the mode of operation:</p>
 <p>Horst Feistel, Don Coppersmith, Walt Tuchmann, Lars Knudsen, Ross Anderson, Eli Biham, Bruce Schneier, David Wagner, John Kelsey, Niels Ferguson, Doug Whiting, Chris Hall, Joan Daemen, Vincent Rijmen, Carlisle Adams, Stafford Tavares, Phillip Rogaway, Hans
 Dobbertin, Antoon Bosselaers, Bart Preneel, Paulo S. L. M. Barreto.</p>
 <p>Andreas Becker for designing VeraCrypt logo and icons.</p>
 <p>Xavier de Carn&eacute; de Carnavalet who proposed a speed optimization for PBKDF2 that reduced mount/boot time by half.</p>
 <p>kerukuro for cppcrypto library (http://cppcrypto.sourceforge.net/) from which Kuznyechik cipher implementation was taken.</p>
 <p><br>
 Dieter Baron and Thomas Klausner who wrote the libzip library.</p>
 <p><br>
 Jack Lloyd who wrote the SIMD optimized Serpent implementation.</p>
 <p>All the others who have made this project possible, all who have morally supported us, and all who sent us bug reports or suggestions for improvements.</p>
 <p>Thank you very much.</p>
 </div>
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 </p></div>
 <div class="wikidoc">
 <div>
 <h1>Additional Security Requirements and Precautions</h1>
 <p>In addition to the requirements and precautions described in this chapter (<a href="Security%20Requirements%20and%20Precautions.html"><em>Security Requirements and Precautions</em></a>), you must follow and keep in
 mind the security requirements, precautions, and limitations listed in the following chapters and sections:</p>
 <ul>
 <li><a href="How%20to%20Back%20Up%20Securely.html"><em><strong>How to Back Up Securely</strong></em></a>
 </li><li><a href="Issues%20and%20Limitations.html"><em><strong>Limitations</strong></em></a>
 </li><li><a href="Security%20Model.html"><em><strong>Security Model</strong></em></a>
 </li><li><a href="Security%20Requirements%20for%20Hidden%20Volumes.html"><em><strong>Security Requirements and Precautions Pertaining to Hidden Volumes</strong></em></a>
 </li><li><a href="Plausible%20Deniability.html"><em><strong>Plausible Deniability</strong></em></a>
 </li></ul>
 <p>See also: <a href="Digital%20Signatures.html">
 <em>Digital Signatures</em></a></p>
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 <a href="Argon2id.html">Argon2id</a>
 </p></div>
 <div class="wikidoc">
 <h1>Argon2id</h1>
 <div style="text-align:left; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 Argon2id is a memory-hard key derivation function designed to resist both time-memory trade-off attacks and side-channel attacks. It was selected as the winner of the Password Hashing Competition (PHC) in 2015 and is defined in RFC 9106. VeraCrypt supports Argon2id as an alternative to PBKDF2-HMAC for header key derivation.
 </div>
 <h3>Key Features</h3>
 <ul style="text-align:left; margin-top:18px; margin-bottom:19px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <li style="text-align:left; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <strong>Memory-hard:</strong> Requires a configurable amount of memory, making it resistant to specialized hardware attacks
 </li>
 <li style="text-align:left; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <strong>Side-channel resistant:</strong> Combines data-dependent and data-independent memory access patterns
 </li>
 <li style="text-align:left; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <strong>Internal hash function:</strong> Uses BLAKE2b internally, eliminating the need for separate hash algorithm selection
 </li>
 <li style="text-align:left; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <strong>Tunable parameters:</strong> Allows adjustment of memory cost, time cost, and parallelism
 </li>
 </ul>
 <h3>Argon2 Variants</h3>
 <div style="text-align:left; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 Argon2 has three variants:
 </div>
 <ul style="text-align:left; margin-top:18px; margin-bottom:19px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <li style="text-align:left; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <strong>Argon2d:</strong> Uses data-dependent memory access, resistant to time-memory trade-off attacks but vulnerable to side-channel attacks
 </li>
 <li style="text-align:left; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <strong>Argon2i:</strong> Uses data-independent memory access, resistant to side-channel attacks but more vulnerable to time-memory trade-off attacks
 </li>
 <li style="text-align:left; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <strong>Argon2id:</strong> Hybrid approach that combines both variants, providing resistance to both attack types (used by VeraCrypt)
 </li>
 </ul>
 <h3>Parameters in VeraCrypt</h3>
 <div style="text-align:left; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 VeraCrypt uses Argon2id with the following parameter configuration:
 </div>
 <h4>Memory Cost (m_cost)</h4>
 <div style="text-align:left; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 The amount of memory used during the key derivation process, controlled by the PIM value:
 </div>
 <ul style="text-align:left; margin-top:18px; margin-bottom:19px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <li style="text-align:left; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <strong>Formula:</strong> m_cost(pim) = min(64 MiB + (pim - 1) × 32 MiB, 1024 MiB)
 </li>
 <li style="text-align:left; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <strong>Range:</strong> 64 MiB to 1024 MiB (capped at PIM = 31)
 </li>
 <li style="text-align:left; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <strong>Default:</strong> 416 MiB (equivalent to PIM = 12)
 </li>
 </ul>
 <h4>Time Cost (t_cost)</h4>
 <div style="text-align:left; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 The number of iterations performed during the key derivation process:
 </div>
 <ul style="text-align:left; margin-top:18px; margin-bottom:19px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <li style="text-align:left; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <strong>For PIM ≤ 31:</strong> t_cost(pim) = 3 + floor((pim - 1) / 3)
 </li>
 <li style="text-align:left; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <strong>For PIM > 31:</strong> t_cost(pim) = 13 + (pim - 31)
 </li>
 <li style="text-align:left; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <strong>Default:</strong> 6 iterations (equivalent to PIM = 12)
 </li>
 </ul>
 <h4>Parallelism</h4>
 <div style="text-align:left; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 The number of parallel threads used during computation:
 </div>
 <ul style="text-align:left; margin-top:18px; margin-bottom:19px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <li style="text-align:left; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <strong>Value:</strong> Fixed at 1 thread for all cases in VeraCrypt
 </li>
 <li style="text-align:left; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <strong>Rationale:</strong> Ensures consistent behavior across different hardware configurations
 </li>
 </ul>
 <h3>Advantages over PBKDF2</h3>
 <ul style="text-align:left; margin-top:18px; margin-bottom:19px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <li style="text-align:left; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <strong>Memory hardness:</strong> Requires significant memory allocation, making GPU and ASIC attacks more expensive
 </li>
 <li style="text-align:left; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <strong>Modern design:</strong> Specifically designed to resist contemporary attack methods
 </li>
 <li style="text-align:left; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <strong>Side-channel resistance:</strong> Built-in protections against cache-timing and other side-channel attacks
 </li>
 <li style="text-align:left; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <strong>Standardization:</strong> Officially standardized in RFC 9106
 </li>
 </ul>
 <h3>Usage Considerations</h3>
 <div style="text-align:left; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 When using Argon2id in VeraCrypt:
 </div>
 <ul style="text-align:left; margin-top:18px; margin-bottom:19px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <li style="text-align:left; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <strong>Memory requirements:</strong> Ensure sufficient RAM is available, especially with higher PIM values
 </li>
 <li style="text-align:left; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <strong>Performance:</strong> Higher memory costs may result in slower mounting times but provide better security
 </li>
 <li style="text-align:left; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <strong>Compatibility:</strong> Available in VeraCrypt versions that support multiple key derivation functions
 </li>
 <li style="text-align:left; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <strong>No hash selection:</strong> Unlike PBKDF2-HMAC, no separate hash algorithm needs to be chosen
 </li>
 </ul>
 <h3>Technical Specifications</h3>
 <div style="text-align:left; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <strong>Algorithm:</strong> Argon2id as defined in RFC 9106<br/>
 <strong>Internal hash:</strong> BLAKE2b<br/>
 <strong>Salt size:</strong> 512 bits (same as PBKDF2-HMAC)<br/>
 <strong>Output length:</strong> Variable, depending on the encryption algorithm (e.g., 256 bits for AES-256, 768 bits for AES-Twofish-Serpent cascade)<br/>
 <strong>Version:</strong> Argon2 version 0x13 (19 decimal)
 </div>
 <div style="text-align:left; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 For more information about PIM values and their effect on Argon2id parameters, see the 
 <a href="Personal%20Iterations%20Multiplier%20%28PIM%29.html" style="text-align:left; color:#0080c0; text-decoration:none">
 Personal Iterations Multiplier (PIM)</a> section.
 </div>
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 </p></div>
 <div class="wikidoc">
 <div>
 <h1>Authenticity and Integrity</h1>
 <p>VeraCrypt uses encryption to preserve the <em>confidentiality</em> of data it encrypts. VeraCrypt neither preserves nor verifies the integrity or authenticity of data it encrypts or decrypts. Hence, if you allow an adversary to modify data encrypted by VeraCrypt,
 he can set the value of any 16-byte block of the data to a random value or to a previous value, which he was able to obtain in the past. Note that the adversary cannot choose the value that you will obtain when VeraCrypt decrypts the modified block &mdash;
 the value will be random &mdash; unless the attacker restores an older version of the encrypted block, which he was able to obtain in the past. It is your responsibility to verify the integrity and authenticity of data encrypted or decrypted by VeraCrypt (for
 example, by using appropriate third-party software).<br>
 <br>
 See also: <a href="Physical%20Security.html">
 <em>Physical Security</em></a>, <a href="Security%20Model.html">
 <em>Security Model</em></a></p>
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 <title>VeraCrypt - Free Open source disk encryption with strong security for the Paranoid</title>
 <meta name="description" content="VeraCrypt is free open-source disk encryption software for Windows, Mac OS X and Linux. In case an attacker forces you to reveal the password, VeraCrypt provides plausible deniability. In contrast to file encryption, data encryption performed by VeraCrypt is real-time (on-the-fly), automatic, transparent, needs very little memory, and does not involve temporary unencrypted files."/>
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 </p></div>
 <div class="wikidoc">
 <h2>Authors</h2>
 <p>Mounir IDRASSI (<a href="https://amcrypto.jp" target="_blank">AM Crypto</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/idrassi" target="_blank">
 https://www.linkedin.com/in/idrassi</a>) is the creator and main developer of VeraCrypt. He managed all development and deployment aspects on all supported platforms (Windows,Linux and OSX).</p>
 <p>Alex Kolotnikov (<a href="https://ru.linkedin.com/in/alex-kolotnikov-6625568b" target="_blank">https://ru.linkedin.com/in/alex-kolotnikov-6625568b</a>) is the author of VeraCrypt EFI bootloader. He manages all aspects of EFI support and his strong expertise
 helps bring new exciting features to VeraCrypt Windows system encryption.</p>
 <p>&nbsp;</p>
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 <meta name="description" content="VeraCrypt is free open-source disk encryption software for Windows, Mac OS X and Linux. In case an attacker forces you to reveal the password, VeraCrypt provides plausible deniability. In contrast to file encryption, data encryption performed by VeraCrypt is real-time (on-the-fly), automatic, transparent, needs very little memory, and does not involve temporary unencrypted files."/>
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 <a href="Avoid%20Third-Party%20File%20Extensions.html">Avoid Third-Party File Extensions</a>
 </p></div>
 <div class="wikidoc">
 	<h1>Understanding the Risks of Using Third-Party File Extensions with VeraCrypt</h1>
 	<div>
 	  <p>While VeraCrypt provides robust encryption capabilities to secure your data, using third-party file extensions for File Containers or Keyfiles could risk making the encrypted data inaccessible.<br />
 	  This guide provides an in-depth explanation of the associated risks, and it outlines recommendations for best practices to mitigate these risks.</p>
 	</div>
 	<h2>Risks Associated with File Containers</h2>
 	<div>
 	  <p>Using a third-party file extension for File Containers exposes you to several risks:</p>
 	  <ul>
 		<li>Overwritten Metadata: Third-party applications may update their metadata, which could overwrite crucial parts of the File Container.</li>
 		<li>Unintentional Changes: Accidentally launching a File Container with a third-party application could modify its metadata without your consent.</li>
 		<li>Container Corruption: These actions could render the container unreadable or unusable.</li>
 		<li>Data Loss: The data within the container might be permanently lost if the container becomes corrupted.</li>
 	  </ul>
 	</div>
 	<h2>Risks Associated with Keyfiles</h2>
 	<div>
 	  <p>Similar risks are associated with Keyfiles:</p>
 	  <ul>
 		<li>Keyfile Corruption: Inadvertently modifying a Keyfile with a third-party application can make it unusable for decryption.</li>
 		<li>Overwritten Data: Third-party applications may overwrite the portion of the Keyfile that VeraCrypt uses for decryption.</li>
 		<li>Unintentional Changes: Accidental changes can make it impossible to mount the volume unless you have an unaltered backup of the Keyfile.</li>
 	  </ul>
 	</div>
 	<h2>Examples of Extensions to Avoid</h2>
 	<div>
 	  <p>Avoid using the following types of third-party file extensions:</p>
 	  <ul>
 		<li>Media Files: Picture, audio, and video files are subject to metadata changes by their respective software.</li>
 		<li>Archive Files: Zip files can be easily modified, which could disrupt the encrypted volume.</li>
 		<li>Executable Files: Software updates can modify these files, making them unreliable as File Containers or Keyfiles.</li>
 		<li>Document Files: Office and PDF files can be automatically updated by productivity software, making them risky to use.</li>
 	  </ul>
 	</div>
 	<h2>Recommendations</h2>
 	<div>
 	  <p>For secure usage, consider the following best practices:</p>
 	  <ul>
 		<li>Use neutral file extensions for File Containers and Keyfiles to minimize the risk of automatic file association.</li>
 		<li>Keep secure backups of your File Containers and Keyfiles in locations isolated from network access.</li>
 		<li>Disable auto-open settings for the specific file extensions you use for VeraCrypt File Containers and Keyfiles.</li>
 		<li>Always double-check file associations and be cautious when using a new device or third-party application.</li>
 	  </ul>
 	</div>
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 <meta name="description" content="VeraCrypt is free open-source disk encryption software for Windows, Mac OS X and Linux. In case an attacker forces you to reveal the password, VeraCrypt provides plausible deniability. In contrast to file encryption, data encryption performed by VeraCrypt is real-time (on-the-fly), automatic, transparent, needs very little memory, and does not involve temporary unencrypted files."/>
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 <a href="Documentation.html">Documentation</a>
 <img src="arrow_right.gif" alt=">>" style="margin-top: 5px">
 <a href="Hash%20Algorithms.html">Hash Algorithms</a>
 <img src="arrow_right.gif" alt=">>" style="margin-top: 5px">
 <a href="BLAKE2s-256.html">BLAKE2s-256</a>
 </p></div>
 <div class="wikidoc">
 <h1>BLAKE2s-256</h1>
 <div style="text-align:left; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
 <p>
 BLAKE2 is a cryptographic hash function based on BLAKE, created by Jean-Philippe Aumasson, Samuel Neves, Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn, and Christian Winnerlein. It was announced on December 21, 2012. The design goal was to replace the widely used, but broken, MD5 and SHA-1 algorithms in applications requiring high performance in software. BLAKE2 provides better security than SHA-2 and similar to that of SHA-3 (e.g. immunity to length extension, indifferentiability from a random oracle, etc...).<br/>
 BLAKE2 removes addition of constants to message words from BLAKE round function, changes two rotation constants, simplifies padding, adds parameter block that is XOR'ed with initialization vectors, and reduces the number of rounds from 16 to 12 for BLAKE2b (successor of BLAKE-512), and from 14 to 10 for BLAKE2s (successor of BLAKE-256).<br/>
 BLAKE2b and BLAKE2s are specified in RFC 7693.
 </p>
 <p>
 VeraCrypt uses only BLAKE2s with its maximum output size of 32-bytes (256 bits).
 </p>
 </div>
 <div style="text-align:left; margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:19px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px">
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 <a href="Documentation.html">Documentation</a>
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 <a href="Beginner's%20Tutorial.html">Beginner's Tutorial</a>
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 <div class="wikidoc">
 <h1>Beginner's Tutorial</h1>
 <h2>How to Create and Use a VeraCrypt Container</h2>
 <p>This chapter contains step-by-step instructions on how to create, mount, and use a VeraCrypt volume. We strongly recommend that you also read the other sections of this manual, as they contain important information.</p>
 <h4>STEP 1:</h4>
 <p>If you have not done so, download and install VeraCrypt. Then launch VeraCrypt by double-clicking the file VeraCrypt.exe or by clicking the VeraCrypt shortcut in your Windows Start menu.</p>
 <h4>STEP 2:</h4>
 <p><img src="Beginner's Tutorial_Image_001.jpg" alt=""><br>
 <br>
 The main VeraCrypt window should appear. Click <strong>Create Volume </strong>(marked with a red rectangle for clarity).</p>
 <h4>STEP 3:</h4>
 <p><img src="Beginner's Tutorial_Image_002.jpg" alt=""><br>
 <br>
 The VeraCrypt Volume Creation Wizard window should appear.<br>
 <br>
 In this step you need to choose where you wish the VeraCrypt volume to be created. A VeraCrypt volume can reside in a file, which is also called container, in a partition or drive. In this tutorial, we will choose the first option and create a VeraCrypt volume
 within a file.<br>
 <br>
 As the option is selected by default, you can just click <strong>Next</strong>.</p>
 <p>Note: In the following steps, the screenshots will show only the right-hand part of the Wizard window.</p>
 <h4>STEP 4:</h4>
 <p><img src="Beginner's Tutorial_Image_003.jpg" alt=""><br>
 <br>
 In this step you need to choose whether to create a standard or hidden VeraCrypt volume. In this tutorial, we will choose the former option and create a standard VeraCrypt volume.<br>
 <br>
 As the option is selected by default, you can just click <strong>Next</strong>.</p>
 <h4>STEP 5:</h4>
 <p><img src="Beginner's Tutorial_Image_004.jpg" alt=""><br>
 <br>
 In this step you have to specify where you wish the VeraCrypt volume (file container) to be created. Note that a VeraCrypt container is just like any normal file. It can be, for example, moved or deleted as any normal file. It also needs a filename, which you
 will choose in the next step.<br>
 <br>
 Click <strong>Select File</strong>.<br>
 <br>
 The standard Windows file selector should appear (while the window of the VeraCrypt Volume Creation Wizard remains open in the background).</p>
 <h4>STEP 6:</h4>
 <p><img src="Beginner's Tutorial_Image_005.jpg" alt=""><br>
 <br>
 In this tutorial, we will create our VeraCrypt volume in the folder F<em>:\Data\ </em>
 and the filename of the volume (container) will be <em>MyVolume.hc </em>(as can be seen in the screenshot above). You may, of course, choose any other filename and location you like (for example, on a USB memory stick). Note that the file
 <em>MyVolume.hc </em>does not exist yet &ndash; VeraCrypt will create it.</p>
 <p>IMPORTANT: Note that VeraCrypt will <em>not </em>encrypt any existing files (when creating a VeraCrypt file container). If you select an existing file in this step, it will be overwritten and replaced by the newly created volume (so the overwritten file
 will be <em>lost</em>, <em>not </em>encrypted). You will be able to encrypt existing files (later on) by moving them to the VeraCrypt volume that we are creating now.*</p>
 <p>Select the desired path (where you wish the container to be created) in the file selector. Type the desired container file name in the
 <strong>Filename </strong>box.<br>
 <br>
 Click <strong>Save</strong>.<br>
 <br>
 The file selector window should disappear.<br>
 <br>
 In the following steps, we will return to the VeraCrypt Volume Creation Wizard.</p>
 <p>* Note that after you copy existing unencrypted files to a VeraCrypt volume, you should securely erase (wipe) the original unencrypted files. There are software tools that can be used for the purpose of secure erasure (many of them are free).</p>
 <h4>STEP 7:</h4>
 <p><img src="Beginner's Tutorial_Image_007.jpg" alt=""><br>
 <br>
 In the Volume Creation Wizard window, click <strong>Next</strong>.</p>
 <h4>STEP 8:</h4>
 <p><img src="Beginner's Tutorial_Image_008.jpg" alt=""><br>
 <br>
 Here you can choose an encryption algorithm and a hash algorithm for the volume. If you are not sure what to select here, you can use the default settings and click
 <strong>Next </strong>(for more information, see chapters <a href="Encryption Algorithms.html">
 <em>Encryption Algorithms</em></a> and <a href="Hash%20Algorithms.html">
 <em>Hash Algorithms</em></a>).</p>
 <h4>STEP 9:</h4>
 <p><img src="Beginner's Tutorial_Image_009.jpg" alt=""><br>
 <br>
 Here we specify that we wish the size of our VeraCrypt container to be 250 megabyte. You may, of course, specify a different size. After you type the desired size in the input field (marked with a red rectangle), click
 <strong>Next</strong>.</p>
 <h4>STEP 10:</h4>
 <p><img src="Beginner's Tutorial_Image_010.jpg" alt=""><br>
 <br>
 This is one of the most important steps. Here you have to choose a good volume password. Read carefully the information displayed in the Wizard window about what is considered a good password.<br>
 <br>
 After you choose a good password, type it in the first input field. Then re-type it in the input field below the first one and click
 <strong>Next</strong>.</p>
 <p>Note: The button <strong>Next </strong>will be disabled until passwords in both input fields are the same.</p>
 <h4>STEP 11:</h4>
 <p><img src="Beginner's Tutorial_Image_011.jpg" alt=""><br>
 <br>
 Move your mouse as randomly as possible within the Volume Creation Wizard window at least until the randomness indicator becomes green. The longer you move the mouse, the better (moving the mouse for at least 30 seconds is recommended). This significantly increases
 the cryptographic strength of the encryption keys (which increases security).<br>
 <br>
 Click <strong>Format</strong>.<br>
 <br>
 Volume creation should begin. VeraCrypt will now create a file called <em>MyVolume.hc
 </em>in the folder F<em>:\Data\ </em>(as we specified in Step 6). This file will be a VeraCrypt container (it will contain the encrypted VeraCrypt volume). Depending on the size of the volume, the volume creation may take a long time. After it finishes, the
 following dialog box will appear:<br>
 <br>
 <img src="Beginner's Tutorial_Image_012.jpg" alt=""><br>
 <br>
 Click <strong>OK </strong>to close the dialog box.</p>
 <h4>STEP 12:</h4>
 <p><img src="Beginner's Tutorial_Image_013.jpg" alt=""><br>
 <br>
 We have just successfully created a VeraCrypt volume (file container). In the VeraCrypt Volume Creation Wizard window, click
 <strong>Exit</strong>.<br>
 <br>
 The Wizard window should disappear.<br>
 <br>
 In the remaining steps, we will mount the volume we just created. We will return to the main VeraCrypt window (which should still be open, but if it is not, repeat Step 1 to launch VeraCrypt and then continue from Step 13.)</p>
 <h4>STEP 13:</h4>
 <p><img src="Beginner's Tutorial_Image_014.jpg" alt=""><br>
 <br>
 Select a drive letter from the list (marked with a red rectangle). This will be the drive letter to which the VeraCrypt container will be mounted.<br>
 <br>
 Note: In this tutorial, we chose the drive letter M, but you may of course choose any other available drive letter.</p>
 <h4>STEP 14:</h4>
 <p><img src="Beginner's Tutorial_Image_015.jpg" alt=""><br>
 <br>
 Click <strong>Select File</strong>.<br>
 <br>
 The standard file selector window should appear.</p>
 <h4>STEP 15:</h4>
 <p><img src="Beginner's Tutorial_Image_016.jpg" alt=""><br>
 <br>
 In the file selector, browse to the container file (which we created in Steps 6-12) and select it. Click
 <strong>Open </strong>(in the file selector window).<br>
 <br>
 The file selector window should disappear.<br>
 <br>
 In the following steps, we will return to the main VeraCrypt window.</p>
 <h4>STEP 16:</h4>
 <p><img src="Beginner's Tutorial_Image_017.jpg" alt=""><br>
 <br>
 In the main VeraCrypt window, click <strong>Mount</strong>. Password prompt dialog window should appear.</p>
 <h4>STEP 17:</h4>
 <p><img src="Beginner's Tutorial_Image_018.jpg" alt=""><br>
 <br>
 Type the password (which you specified in Step 10) in the password input field (marked with a red rectangle).</p>
 <h4>STEP 18:</h4>
 <p><img src="Beginner's Tutorial_Image_019.jpg" alt=""><br>
 <br>
 Select the PRF algorithm that was used during the creation of the volume (SHA-512 is the default PRF used by VeraCrypt). If you don&rsquo;t remember which PRF was used, just leave it set to &ldquo;autodetection&rdquo; but the mounting process will take more
 time. Click <strong>OK</strong> after entering the password.<br>
 <br>
 VeraCrypt will now attempt to mount the volume. If the password is incorrect (for example, if you typed it incorrectly), VeraCrypt will notify you and you will need to repeat the previous step (type the password again and click
 <strong>OK</strong>). If the password is correct, the volume will be mounted.</p>
 <h4>FINAL STEP:</h4>
 <p><img src="Beginner's Tutorial_Image_020.jpg" alt=""><br>
 <br>
 We have just successfully mounted the container as a virtual disk M:<br>
 <br>
 The virtual disk is entirely encrypted (including file names, allocation tables, free space, etc.) and behaves like a real disk. You can save (or copy, move, etc.) files to this virtual disk and they will be encrypted on the fly as they are being written.<br>
 <br>
 If you open a file stored on a VeraCrypt volume, for example, in media player, the file will be automatically decrypted to RAM (memory) on the fly while it is being read.</p>
 <p>Important: Note that when you open a file stored on a VeraCrypt volume (or when you write/copy a file to/from the VeraCrypt volume) you will not be asked to enter the password again. You need to enter the correct password only when mounting the volume.</p>
 <p>You can open the mounted volume, for example, by selecting it on the list as shown in the screenshot above (blue selection) and then double-clicking on the selected item.</p>
 <p>You can also browse to the mounted volume the way you normally browse to any other types of volumes. For example, by opening the &lsquo;<em>Computer</em>&rsquo; (or &lsquo;<em>My Computer</em>&rsquo;) list and double clicking the corresponding drive letter
 (in this case, it is the letter M).<br>
 <br>
 <img src="Beginner's Tutorial_Image_021.jpg" alt=""><br>
 <br>
 You can copy files (or folders) to and from the VeraCrypt volume just as you would copy them to any normal disk (for example, by simple drag-and-drop operations). Files that are being read or copied from the encrypted VeraCrypt volume are automatically decrypted
 on the fly in RAM (memory). Similarly, files that are being written or copied to the VeraCrypt volume are automatically encrypted on the fly in RAM (right before they are written to the disk).<br>
 <br>
 Note that VeraCrypt never saves any decrypted data to a disk &ndash; it only stores them temporarily in RAM (memory). Even when the volume is mounted, data stored in the volume is still encrypted. When you restart Windows or turn off your computer, the volume
 will be unmounted and all files stored on it will be inaccessible (and encrypted). Even when power supply is suddenly interrupted (without proper system shut down), all files stored on the volume will be inaccessible (and encrypted). To make them accessible
 again, you have to mount the volume. To do so, repeat Steps 13-18.</p>
 <p>If you want to close the volume and make files stored on it inaccessible, either restart your operating system or unmount the volume. To do so, follow these steps:<br>
 <br>
 <img src="Beginner's Tutorial_Image_022.jpg" alt=""><br>
 <br>
 Select the volume from the list of mounted volumes in the main VeraCrypt window (marked with a red rectangle in the screenshot above) and then click
 <strong>Unmount </strong>(also marked with a red rectangle in the screenshot above). To make files stored on the volume accessible again, you will have to mount the volume. To do so, repeat Steps 13-18.</p>
 <h2>How to Create and Use a VeraCrypt-Encrypted Partition/Device</h2>
 <p>Instead of creating file containers, you can also encrypt physical partitions or drives (i.e., create VeraCrypt device-hosted volumes). To do so, repeat the steps 1-3 but in the step 3 select the second or third option. Then follow the remaining instructions
 in the wizard. When you create a device-hosted VeraCrypt volume within a <em>non-system
 </em>partition/drive, you can mount it by clicking <em>Auto-Mount Devices </em>in the main VeraCrypt window. For information pertaining to encrypted
 <em>system </em>partition/drives, see the chapter <a href="System%20Encryption.html">
 <em>System Encryption</em></a>.</p>
 <p>Important: <em>We strongly recommend that you also read the other chapters of this manual, as they contain important information that has been omitted in this tutorial for simplicity.</em></p>
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